The Development of Children and Adolescents: An Applied Perspective

Cover
......Page 1
Title page
......Page 5
Copyright Page
......Page 6
About the Authors......Page 7
Dedication......Page 8
Brief Contents......Page 9
Contents......Page 10
Part 1 } INTRODUCTION......Page 31
MAKING A DIFFERENCE: All Children Have Birthdays......Page 33
Children and Their Development......Page 34
WHEN SYSTEMS CONNECT: Developmental Domains......Page 35
Issues in Development......Page 36
A Child's Journey in the 21st Century......Page 39
Parenting: Children in the Home......Page 40
Children and Their Cultural Communities......Page 42
Children in a Technological World......Page 43
Culture and Parents' Views on Children's Disabilities......Page 44
Practice: Video Games and Learning......Page 45
Psychoanalytically Based Theories......Page 46
Cognitive Theories......Page 48
Learning Theories......Page 53
Ethological Theories......Page 55
Systems Theories......Page 56
Focus On: Urie Bronfenbrenner......Page 58
The Scientific Method......Page 59
Designing Research Studies......Page 60
Collecting Data......Page 67
Reporting Research Results......Page 68
Policy: Ethical Considerations......Page 69
CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 70
Real Development......Page 71
MAKING A DIFFERENCE: It Can Start with Cells......Page 73
The Biology of Life......Page 74
DNA, RNA, and Protein......Page 75
Research Insights: "Turning Off" Genes......Page 77
Genes and Chromosomes......Page 78
Culture, Genetics, and Human Migration......Page 80
Patterns of Heredity......Page 81
Chromosomal Disorders......Page 86
Parenting: Genetic Counseling......Page 88
Mechanisms of Interaction Between Genes and Environment......Page 89
Research on Gene-Environment Interactions: Kinship Studies......Page 93
The Brain and Nervous System......Page 96
The Endocrine System and the Physiology of Stress......Page 102
WHEN SYSTEMS CONNECT: Stress and Child Development......Page 103
Children's Well-Being in Society......Page 104
Health Care among American Children......Page 105
Policy: Who Is Covered by Insurance, and How?......Page 106
Practice: A Hmong Child in the American Health-Care System......Page 107
CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 108
Real Development......Page 109
MAKING A DIFFERENCE: Advocating for Care of Pregnant Women......Page 111
Gametes and Meiosis......Page 112
Fertilization......Page 114
The Germinal Period: 0 to 2 Weeks......Page 115
Policy: The Politics of Stem Cell Research......Page 116
The Period of the Embryo: 3 to 8 Weeks......Page 117
The Period of the Fetus: 9 Weeks to Birth......Page 118
The Developing Brain: A Closer Look......Page 120
Research Insights: Learning Before Birth......Page 121
Chemical Substances......Page 122
Focus On: Ann Streissguth and Fetal Alcohol Syndrome......Page 125
Maternal Disease, Illness, and Stress......Page 127
Environmental Pollutants and Hazards......Page 131
Physiology of Pregnancy......Page 132
Culture and Pregnancy......Page 133
Complications of Pregnancy and High-Risk Pregnancies......Page 134
A Special High-Risk Case: The Pregnant Adolescent......Page 136
Access to Health Care......Page 138
Infertility......Page 139
Parenting and ART: Telling the Children......Page 143
Parenting: Health, Family, and Culture......Page 144
CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 146
Real Development......Page 147
MAKING A DIFFERENCE: An Unexpected Birth Experience......Page 149
Birth......Page 150
Preparing for the Birth of the Baby......Page 151
Parenting: Writing a Birth Plan......Page 152
Stages of Labor......Page 153
Childbirth and Pain......Page 154
The Place of Childbirth: Home or Hospital?......Page 155
Focus On: Pioneers in the Natural Childbirth Movement......Page 156
Research Insights: Risks in Planned Cesarean Delivery......Page 159
Prematurity and Birth Weight......Page 160
Prematurity and Developmental Outcomes......Page 161
A Different Beginning for Parents, Too......Page 162
Research Insights: The Long-Term Risks of Prematurity......Page 163
Focus On: Heidelise Als......Page 164
Neonatal Mortality......Page 165
Policy: The Fourth Millennium Development Goals......Page 167
A Dramatic Transition......Page 168
THE DEVELOPING BRAIN: Newborn Reflexes and Behavioral States......Page 169
The Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale......Page 171
Sensory Capacities and the Social Newborn......Page 172
Breast-Feeding: A Developmental Issue......Page 177
Practice: The UNICEF/WHO Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative......Page 178
Developmental Tasks Facing the Newborn......Page 179
Research Insights: Effects of Breast-Feeding on Intelligence......Page 180
Culture and Crying......Page 181
KEY TERMS......Page 182
Real Development......Page 183
MAKING A DIFFERENCE: Beating the Odds......Page 185
A Framework for Children's Health and Physical Development......Page 186
Biology of Health: Physical, Motor, and Perceptual Development......Page 188
New Directions in Infant Motor Research......Page 189
What Happens in the Brain? Beginning to Walk......Page 190
Physical Development: How Babies Grow into Toddlers......Page 192
Motor Development: From Sitting to Jumping......Page 193
Research Insights: Climbing Stairs......Page 195
Theories of Motor Development......Page 196
Sensory and Perceptual Development: Taking in the World......Page 199
The Developing Brain: Biology of Health......Page 202
Focus On: Santiago Ramon y Cajal and Wilder Penfield, Pioneers in Brain Research......Page 203
Research Insights: Mirror Neurons......Page 205
Pruning: Refining the Brain Through Experience......Page 206
Nutrition for Infants and Toddlers......Page 207
Nutritional Problems......Page 208
Policy: The Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC)......Page 209
The Physical Environment......Page 212
The Caregiving Environment......Page 213
Culture and Sleeping Arrangements......Page 214
Parenting: Products for Infants......Page 215
Practice: Infant and Toddler Child-Care Settings......Page 216
Motor Development in Different Cultural Environments......Page 217
Cerebral Palsy......Page 219
Down Syndrome......Page 220
Policy: Early Intervention......Page 221
CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 223
CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS......Page 224
Real Development......Page 225
MAKING A DIFFERENCE: Does Infant Stimulation Matter?......Page 227
Theories of Cognitive Development......Page 228
Piaget's Sensorimotor Stage......Page 229
Vygotsky's Sociocultural Perspective......Page 233
Other Theories......Page 235
Information-Processing Approaches......Page 236
THE DEVELOPING BRAIN: The Basis for Cognitive Gains......Page 240
Research Methods......Page 241
Visual Preference Procedures......Page 242
Practice: Making Sense of Media Reports......Page 244
Neuroimaging Techniques......Page 245
Standardized Tests of Infant Cognitive Development......Page 246
The Language Areas of the Brain......Page 247
Theories of Language Development......Page 248
Acquiring Language: From Speech Perception to First Words......Page 249
The Role of Experience in Language Development......Page 251
Research Insights: The Video Deficit......Page 253
Raising a Bilingual Child......Page 254
Focus On: James J. Heckman, Nobel Prize Winner in Economics......Page 255
High-Quality Programs for Infants and Toddlers......Page 256
CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 257
KEY TERMS......Page 258
Real Development......Page 259
MAKING A DIFFERENCE: The Infant Mental Health Professional......Page 261
Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory......Page 262
Bowlby's Attachment Theory......Page 263
WHEN SYSTEMS CONNECT: The Transactional Model......Page 264
How Does Attachment Develop?......Page 265
Measuring Attachment......Page 266
Cultural Differences in Attachment......Page 268
Long-Term Effects of Early Attachment......Page 269
Policy: Maternal Employment During the First Year and How It Affects Attachment......Page 270
The Effects of Early Adverse Experiences......Page 271
THE DEVELOPING BRAIN: The Limbic System......Page 273
Expressing Emotion......Page 275
Transitions in Emotional Development in the First Years......Page 277
Emotional Regulation......Page 278
Social Competence......Page 280
Parenting: Red Flags for Autism Spectrum Disorder......Page 282
Erikson, Stern, and the Sense of Self......Page 283
Self-Recognition and Self-Concept......Page 284
Empathy......Page 285
Research Insights: The Beginnings of Moral Development......Page 286
Cultural Differences in Parenting Practices During Infancy......Page 287
Focus On: Marian Wright Edelman and the Children's Defense Fund......Page 288
Fathers and Their Infants......Page 289
The Role of Siblings and Peers......Page 291
Practice: The Enduring Effects of Early Child Care......Page 292
The Role of Temperament......Page 294
Parenting: Goodness of Fit......Page 296
CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 297
CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS......Page 298
Real Development......Page 299
MILESTONES IN INFANCY AND TODDLERHOOD......Page 300
MAKING A DIFFERENCE: Soap......Page 303
Growth and Size......Page 304
Brain Development......Page 306
THE DEVELOPING BRAIN: Stress......Page 309
WHEN SYSTEMS CONNECT: National Well-Being and Young Brains......Page 310
Focus On: Jack P. Shonkoff, MD, and the Center on the Developing Child at Harvard University......Page 311
Health Promotion and Disease Prevention......Page 317
Practice: Well-Child Visits and Developmental Screening......Page 318
Nutrition, Food Allergies, and Malnutrition......Page 319
Policy: Food Insecurity and Food Deserts......Page 323
Immunizations and Vaccines......Page 324
Research Insights: Lessons from the Autism"“Vaccine Controversy......Page 326
Policy: Dental Health and Fluoride......Page 327
Parenting: Health Literacy......Page 328
Kids, Germs, and Early Child Care......Page 329
Safety at Home and in the Community......Page 331
Asthma......Page 335
Culture and Medical Beliefs......Page 337
Ear Infections: Otitis Media......Page 338
CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 339
CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS......Page 340
Real Development......Page 341
MAKING A DIFFERENCE: The Harlem Children's Zone......Page 343
Advances and Limitations in Preoperational Thought......Page 345
Practice: Implications of Piaget's Theory for Preschool Classrooms......Page 349
Features of Vygotsky's Theory......Page 350
Criticisms of Vygotsky's Theory......Page 352
Practice: Implications of Vygotsky's Theory for Preschool Classrooms......Page 353
Information Processing Theory......Page 354
WHEN SYSTEMS CONNECT: The Role of Executive Function......Page 355
THE DEVELOPING BRAIN: A Growth Spurt in Executive Function......Page 356
Practice: Implications of Information Processing Theory for Preschool Classrooms......Page 360
Research Insights: Can We Teach Executive Function Skills to Young Children?......Page 361
Vocabulary Growth......Page 362
Grammar Usage......Page 364
Speaking Two Languages......Page 366
School Readiness......Page 368
Emergent Reading......Page 369
What Happens in the Brain? Beginning to Read......Page 370
Emergent Writing......Page 372
Emergent Number Concepts......Page 374
Culture and Learning Numbers......Page 375
Research Insights: Young Children and Board Games......Page 377
Policy: P.L. 104-193: The Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act......Page 378
KEY TERMS......Page 382
Real Development......Page 383
MAKING A DIFFERENCE: Being a Voice for a Child......Page 385
Psychosocial Theory......Page 386
Emotional Regulation......Page 387
Culture and Showing Pride and Shame......Page 388
Self-Concept......Page 390
Gender-Role Development......Page 391
Play......Page 397
Friendships......Page 399
Policy: The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)......Page 402
Prosocial and Antisocial Behaviors......Page 403
Focus On: Albert Bandura......Page 406
WHEN SYSTEMS CONNECT: Developing a Theory of Mind......Page 407
Moral Development......Page 409
Right and Wrong......Page 410
Distributive Justice......Page 412
Parenting Practices......Page 413
Parenting Styles......Page 414
Parenting: Spanking as a Form of Discipline......Page 416
Maltreatment of Children......Page 417
Policy: The Federal Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act (CAPTA)......Page 418
Research Insights: The Effects of Extreme Emotional Neglect......Page 421
KEY TERMS......Page 422
Real Development......Page 423
MILESTONES IN EARLY CHILDHOOD......Page 424
MAKING A DIFFERENCE: School Health......Page 427
Growth and Size......Page 428
THE DEVELOPING BRAIN: Middle Childhood......Page 431
Motor Development in Middle Childhood......Page 434
Research Insights: Degrees of Freedom......Page 435
Health Promotion and Disease Prevention......Page 438
Nutrition......Page 441
Culture and Body Weight......Page 443
WHEN SYSTEMS CONNECT: Why the Incidence of Overweight and Obesity Has Increased......Page 444
Parenting: Family Mealtime......Page 446
Physical Activity......Page 447
Capacity for Health: Caregivers and Community......Page 449
Safety from Unintentional Injuries......Page 450
Sports......Page 452
School Health......Page 454
Practice: The Coordinated School Health Program (CSHP) Model......Page 455
Chronic Conditions in Childhood......Page 457
CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 461
CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS......Page 462
Real Development......Page 463
MAKING A DIFFERENCE: Be a Buddy......Page 465
Piaget's Theory and Concrete Operational Thought......Page 466
Accomplishments of the Concrete Operational Period......Page 467
Practice: Helping Children Develop Their Cognitive Skills in the Classroom......Page 469
Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory......Page 470
Development in Middle Childhood......Page 471
Practice: Vygotsky in the Classroom......Page 472
Criticisms of Vygotsky's Theory......Page 473
Attention......Page 474
THE DEVELOPING BRAIN: Attention......Page 477
Memory......Page 478
Research Insights: Children with Problems with Attention......Page 479
Focus On: Eric Kandel......Page 482
Practice: Teaching Effective Memory Strategies......Page 486
Intelligence and Thinking......Page 487
Culture and Views on Intelligence......Page 488
Binet, Wechsler, and Intelligence Testing......Page 489
A Theory of Multiple Intelligences......Page 491
The Triarchic Theory of Intelligence......Page 492
Language Development......Page 493
Policy: English Language Learners......Page 495
Literacy Skills......Page 497
Mathematical Skills......Page 498
WHEN SYSTEMS CONNECT: Mathematical Skills and Executive Functioning......Page 499
Parenting: Parental Engagement in Children's Schooling......Page 500
CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 501
CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS......Page 502
Real Development......Page 503
MAKING A DIFFERENCE: Service Learning......Page 505
Emotional Development......Page 506
Antisocial Behavior......Page 507
Research Insights: Do Violent Video Games Promote Aggression?......Page 508
Prosocial Behavior......Page 509
Emotional Regulation......Page 510
WHEN SYSTEMS CONNECT: Coping with Stress......Page 511
The Developing Sense of Self......Page 512
Self-Esteem......Page 514
Parenting: Building Self-Esteem......Page 516
THE DEVELOPING BRAIN: The Social Brain......Page 517
Understanding Others......Page 519
What Happens in the Brain? Emotional Self-Regulation in Middle Childhood......Page 520
Interacting with Peers......Page 524
Interacting with Parents......Page 526
Parenting: Supporting Children's Well-Being After Divorce......Page 529
Interacting with Siblings......Page 530
Interacting at School......Page 532
Policy: Anti-Bullying Legislation......Page 534
Cognitive-Developmental Theory: Piaget and Kohlberg......Page 535
Telling the Truth......Page 536
Distributive Justice......Page 537
Practice: Making Moral Principles Meaningful......Page 538
CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 540
Real Development......Page 541
MILESTONES IN MIDDLE CHILDHOOD......Page 542
MAKING A DIFFERENCE: Youth Advocating for Youth......Page 545
Focus On: G. Stanley Hall......Page 546
Puberty......Page 547
The Timing of Puberty......Page 550
Hormones, Emotions, and Behavior......Page 551
Culture and Menarche......Page 552
Brain Development......Page 554
Foundations of Health: Health Promotion and Disease Prevention......Page 556
Nutrition and Physical Activity......Page 557
Sleep and Stress......Page 561
Adolescent Health Behaviors: Injury, Sexual Activity, and Substance Use......Page 562
Policy: Cervical Cancer, Human Papillomavirus, and a Vaccine......Page 567
Health Education and Prevention: Focus on Sex and Alcohol......Page 569
Parenting: The Role of Parents in Adolescent Sexual Behavior......Page 570
Alcohol and Drug Prevention Programs......Page 571
Motor Vehicle Safety......Page 572
Access to Health Care for Adolescents......Page 573
What Happens in the Brain? Having a Conversation While Driving a Car......Page 574
Safety: Sports and Injury......Page 576
Practice: Treating Concussions in Adolescents......Page 577
WHEN SYSTEMS CONNECT: An Uneven Playing Field......Page 578
Common Disruptions in Health: Managing Chronic Illness......Page 579
CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 581
CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS......Page 582
Real Development......Page 583
MAKING A DIFFERENCE: Teen-to-Teen Tutors......Page 585
Cognitive Changes in the Formal Operational Period......Page 586
Adolescent Egocentrism......Page 590
Contributions and Criticisms of Piaget's Theory......Page 591
Acquiring Academic Language......Page 592
Practice: Peer Tutoring......Page 593
Contributions of Vygotsky's Theory......Page 594
Cognitive Changes in Processing......Page 595
Changes in Metacognition......Page 597
Decision Making......Page 598
Contributions of the Information Processing Approach......Page 600
Changes in the Prefrontal Cortex......Page 601
Synaptic Pruning and Increased Myelination......Page 602
WHEN SYSTEMS CONNECT: The Effects of Experience......Page 603
Sex Differences in Math and Verbal Skills......Page 604
Academic Motivation......Page 606
Research Insights: Can Knowledge About Income Difference Motivate Students?......Page 608
Research Insights: Can You Grow Your Intelligence?......Page 609
School Transitions......Page 610
School Completion......Page 612
WHEN SYSTEMS CONNECT: School Completion......Page 613
Culture and Learning Models......Page 615
School and Work......Page 616
CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 617
CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS......Page 618
Real Development......Page 619
MAKING A DIFFERENCE: Peer Court......Page 621
Erikson's Theory......Page 622
Marcia's Patterns of Identity Status......Page 623
Ethnic and Racial Identity......Page 624
Focus On: Janet E. Helms......Page 626
Culture and the Immigrant Paradox......Page 627
Sexual Identity......Page 628
Adolescent-Parent Relationships......Page 629
Parenting: Psychological Control......Page 632
Adolescent-Peer Relationships......Page 633
Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Reasoning......Page 638
Criticisms of Kohlberg's Theory......Page 640
THE DEVELOPING BRAIN: Moral Judgments......Page 641
Prosocial and Antisocial Behavior......Page 643
Research Insights: Impulsivity and Reward Seeking......Page 644
Policy: Trying Juveniles as Adults......Page 647
WHEN SYSTEMS CONNECT: Risk Factors for Depression......Page 648
Research Insights: Treatment for Adolescents with Depression......Page 650
Adolescent Eating Disorders......Page 651
Practice: Positive Youth Development......Page 653
CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 655
CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS......Page 656
Real Development......Page 657
MILESTONES IN ADOLESCENCE......Page 658
References......Page 661
Glossary......Page 733
Name Index......Page 745
Subject Index......Page 765