The Crusader World

THE CRUSADER WORLD - FRONT COVER
THE CRUSADER WORLD
TITLE PAGE
COPYRIGHT PAGE
CONTENTS
ILLUSTRATIONS
CONTRIBUTORS
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
PART I: IDEOLOGY, CRUSADE, WARFARE AND PEACE-MAKING
CHAPTER TWO: POPE URBAN II AND THE IDEOLOGY OF THE CRUSADES
A LOVELY ILLUSION
MONISM VERSUS PERSPECTIVALISM
A MEDITERRANEAN POWER SHIFT IN THE MAKING
TRANSLATIO REGNI
THE EXEGETE OF HISTORY
POPE URBAN’S ESCHATOLOGICAL VISION AND HIS MANY “CRUSADES”
CRUSADING IDEOLOGY: A GUIDE, NOT A STRAITJACKET, FOR ACTION
PAPAL PARTICIPATION IN THE CRUSADES: A STEP-BY-STEP DEVELOPMENT
RODRIGO DÍAZ DE VIVAR (EL CID): CRUSADER PRINCE AND “PROPAGATOR OF THE FAITH”
THE VALENCIA-ROME CRUSADING AXIS
CRUSADER SOVEREIGN OR ṬĀʾIFAH KING?
THE 1095 PARADIGM VERSUS POPE URBAN’S UNDERSTANDING OF THE CRUSADES
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
NOTES
REFERENCES
CHAPTER THREE: WOMEN’S INVOLVEMENT IN THE CRUSADES
RECRUITMENT
WOMEN IN CRUSADE CAMPAIGNS
COMBATANTS
PILGRIMS AND CRUSADERS
WOMEN LIVING IN CRUSADING REGIONS
SUPPORTING THE CRUSADE
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
CHAPTER FOUR: ‘CRUSADING’ WARFARE IN THE TWELFTH CENTURY
NOTES
CHAPTER FIVE: PAID TROOPS IN THE SERVICE OF MILITARY ORDERS DURING THE TWELFTH AND THIRTEENTH CENTURIES
NOTES
REFERENCES
CHAPTER SIX: PEACEMAKING IN AN AGE OF WAR: WHEN WERE CROSS-RELIGIOUS ALLIANCES IN THE LATIN EAST CONSIDERED TREASON?
NOTES
REFERENCES
PART II: THE CRUSADER WEST
CHAPTER SEVEN: THE MILITARY-RELIGIOUS ORDERS IN THE CRUSADER WEST
ADMINISTRATION IN THE WEST
WESTERN POSSESSIONS
WESTERN RESOURCES
BIBLIOGRAPHY
CHAPTER EIGHT: CRUSADE, EMPIRE AND THE PROCESS OF WAR IN STAUFEN GERMANY, 1180-1220
CRUSADE AND EMPIRE: FREDERICK I
EMPIRE AND CRUSADE: HENRY VI AND FREDERICK II
THE PROCESS OF WAR
BEYOND THE STATE
CONCLUSION
NOTES
CHAPTER NINE: NORTHERN CRUSADES: BETWEEN HOLY WAR AND MISSION
INTO THE NEW LANDS
THE MAGDEBURG CHARTER OF 1108
THE CONQUEST OF POMERANIA
THE WENDISH CRUSADE
THE POLISH EXPEDITIONS TO PRUSSIA IN 1147, 1166, 1192
THE BALTIC CRUSADES
THE CHRISTIANISATION OF PRUSSIA
CONCLUSION
NOTES
REFERENCES
CHAPTER TEN: CHRISTIAN EXPANSION IN MEDIEVAL IBERIA: RECONQUISTA OR CRUSADE?
RESISTANCE, SOCIAL CHANGES AND EMERGENGE AND GROWTH OF NEW IBERIAN CHRISTIAN POLITIES, EIGHTH TO EARLY ELEVENTH CENTURIES
AL-ANDALUS DWINDLES TO MINIMA: THE GREAT CHRISTIAN EXPANSION, MID-ELEVENTH TO MID-THIRTEENTH CENTURIES
RECONQUISTA AFTER THE END OF THE RECONQUISTA? CHRISTIAN KINGDOMS AND THE EMIRATE OF GRANADA, MID-THIRTEENTH TO LATE FIFTEENTH CENTURIES
NOTES
PART III: THE LATIN EAST
CHAPTER ELEVEN: THE VENETIAN PRESENCE IN THE CRUSADER LORDSHIP OF TYRE: A TALE OF DECLINE
NOTES
REFERENCES
CHAPTER TWELVE: THE ANTIOCHENE WAR OF SUCCESSION
ROADS TO WAR
MILITARY CAMPAIGNS
LEGAL DEBATES
REAL AND IMAGINED ALLIANCES
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
CHAPTER THIRTEEN: WESTERN UPPER GALILEE UNDER CRUSADER RULE
PREVIOUS RESEARCH
GENERAL HISTORY OF THE REGION DURING THE CRUSADER PERIOD
FRANKISH OWNERSHIP AND ACTIVITIES IN THE REGION OF ACRE
CONCLUSIONS
NOTES
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
REFERENCES
CHAPTER FOURTEEN: QUEEN ALICE OF CYPRUS
A NOTE ON THE COUNTY OF JAFFA AFTER ALICE’S DEATH
NOTES
REFERENCES
CHAPTER FIFTEEN: THE FRANCISCAN RETURN TO THE HOLY LAND (1333) AND MT SION: PILGRIMAGE AND THE APOSTOLIC MISSION
I
II
III
NOTES
PART IV: MEDIEVAL BYZANTIUM
CHAPTER SIXTEEN: BYZANTINE CRUSADERS: HOLY WAR AND CRUSADE RHETORIC IN BYZANTINE CONTACTS WITH THE WEST (1905–1341)
BYZANTIUM AND HOLY WAR
BYZANTIUM AND THE CRUSADE
MEANS AND METHODS OF BYZANTINE PROPAGANDA
DEVELOPMENT OF BYZANTINE ‘CRUSADING’ DIPLOMACY (TWELFTH TO FOURTEENTH CENTURY)
CONCLUSION
NOTES
REFERENCES
CHAPTER SEVENTEEN: MEMORY AND IDEOLOGY: THE IMAGE OF THE CRUSADES IN BYZANTINE HISTORIOGRAPHY, ELEVENTH–THIRTEENTH CENTURIES
NOTES
REFERENCES
CHAPTER EIGHTEEN: THE FALL OF JERUSALEM (1187) AS VIEWED FROM BYZANTIUM
NOTES
REFERENCES
PART V: MEETING ISLAM
CHAPTER NINETEEN: AN ILLUSION OF IGNORANCE? THE MUSLIMS OF THE MIDDLE EAST AND THE FRANKS BEFORE THE CRUSADES
INTRODUCTION
MUSLIM GEOGRAPHERS’ IMAGES OF THE FRANKS
PROBLEMS WITH THE ACCEPTED IMAGE
SOURCES OF INFORMATION
AN ILLUSION OF IGNORANCE?
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
CHAPTER TWENTY: THE EARLY MAMLŪKS AND THE END OF THE CRUSADER PRESENCE IN SYRIA (1250-1291)
BACKGROUND TO POLITICAL CHANGE
THE EARLY YEARS OF THE MAMLŪK RULE
THE COMING OF THE MONGOLS
THE MAMLŪK SULTANATE COMES INTO ITS OWN
THE ONGOING STRUGGLE WITH THE MONGOLS
ACTIVITIES VIS-À-VIS THE FRANKS IN THE LEVANT
THE WIDER PICTURE
NOTES
CHAPTER TWENTY-ONE: THE MUSLIM POLITICAL WORLD AS MIRRORED IN THE FIRST CRUSADE CHRONICLES
NOTES
CHAPTER TWENTY-TWO: CRUSADERS, MUSLIMS AND BIBLICAL STORIES: SALADIN AND JOSEPH
INTRODUCTION
SOURCES
THE POLITICAL CAREER OF SALADIN: PROPAGANDA AND IMAGE
JOSEPH (YŪSUF) IN THE QUR’AN AND IN ISLAMIC TRADITION
SALADIN YŪSUF AND THE BIBLICAL JOSEPH
SUMMARY
NOTES
BIBLIOGRAPHY
CHAPTER TWENTY-THREE: HISTORICAL MOTIFS IN THE WRITING OF MUSLIM AUTHORS OF THE CRUSADING ERA
CONCLUSIONS
APPENDIX
NOTES
CHAPTER TWENTY-FOUR: LATIN CYPRUS AND ITS RELATIONS WITH THE MAMLUK SULTANATE, 1250-1517
WARFARE
DIPLOMACY
CULTURAL AND RELIGIOUS EXCHANGES
TRADE AND SETTLEMENT
CONCLUDING REMARKS
NOTES
REFERENCES
CHAPTER TWENTY-FIVE: CHRISTIAN MERCENARIES IN MUSLIM LANDS: THEIR STATUS IN MEDIEVAL ISLAMIC AND CANON LAW
ISLAMIC JURISPRUDENCE ON MILITARY ASSISTANCE FROM NON-MUSLIMS
CANON LAW ON CHRISTIAN MERCENARIES
LATIN CHRISTIAN RELIGIOUS AUTHORITIES ON MILITARY AID TO MUSLIMS
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
PART VI: ARCHAEOLOGY OF THE CRUSADES
CHAPTER TWENTY-SIX: CRUSADER FORTIFICATIONS: BETWEEN TRADITION AND INNOVATION
HISTORY OF RESEARCH
FORTIFICATION AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE CRUSADER STATES
AN APOGEE IN THE ART OF FORTIFICATION
REVIVAL AFTER SALADIN’S CAMPAIGNS
THE ERA OF THE GREAT FORTRESSES
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
CHAPTER TWENTY-SEVEN: CRUSADER BATTLEFIELDS: ENVIRONMENTAL AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES
A SHORT SUMMARY OF THE EVENTS OF THE BATTLE OF HATTIN
A SHORT SUMMARY OF THE EVENTS OF THE BATTLE OF ARSUF
ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS
ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASPECTS
THE LOCATION OF THE BATTLE OF ARSUF AND THE LOCATION OF THE ARSUF (SHARON) FOREST
CONCLUSION
NOTES
BIBLIOGRAPHY
CHAPTER TWENTY-EIGHT: THE HOSPITALLER CASTLE OF BELVOIR: SETTING THE SCENE FOR A DISCUSSION OF THE TOPOGRAPHY, GEOLOGY AND ARCHITECTURE
INTRODUCTION
OUTSTANDING QUESTIONS
THE CASTLE CHAPEL
SYNTHESIS: DATING, IDENTITY AND MATERIALITY
CONCLUSIONS
NOTES
CHAPTER TWENTY-NINE: MARITIME COMMERCE IN THE LATIN EAST AS REFLECTED IN THE IMPORT OF CERAMICS
INTRODUCTION
BACKGROUND
THE CERAMIC EVIDENCE
CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
CHAPTER THIRTY: DOMESTIC LIFE IN THE LATIN EAST
URBAN LIFE
RURAL LIFE
LIFE IN A CASTLE
LIFE IN MONASTERIES AND IN THE MILITARY ORDERS
COMMERCIAL ACTIVITIES
INDUSTRY
HOUSEHOLD WORK AND LEISURE
MUSIC
ILLNESS AND DEATH
NOTE
REFERENCES
CHAPTER THIRTY-ONE: CONQUEST AND EUROPEANISATION: THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF THE CRUSADES IN LIVONIA, PRUSSIA AND LITHUANIA
INTRODUCTION
THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF THE CRUSADES IN LIVONIA AND ESTONIA
THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF THE CRUSADE IN PRUSSIA
THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF THE LITHUANIAN REISEN
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
CHAPTER THIRTY-TWO: INTESTINAL PARASITES IN THE CRUSADES: EVIDENCE FOR DISEASE, DIET AND MIGRATION
INTRODUCTION
HOW TO DETECT ANCIENT PARASITES
PARASITES IN THE MIDDLE EAST PRIOR TO THE CRUSADES
PARASITES IN EUROPE PRIOR TO THE CRUSADES
EXCAVATIONS AT CRUSADER SITES
WHAT THESE DISCOVERIES TELL US
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
PART VII: ART AND LITERATURE
CHAPTER THIRTY-THREE: DECORATIVE ARCHITECTURAL SCULPTURE IN CRUSADER JERUSALEM: THE EASTERN, WESTERN, AND ARMENIAN SOURCES OF A LOCAL VISUAL CULTURE
A NEW URBAN PANORAMA
MELISENDE AS PATRON
THE GOUDRON FRIEZE: MEANING AND ICONOGRAPHY
THE GOUDRON FRIEZE IN TWELFTH-CENTURY JERUSALEM
THE WORKSHOPS
THE ARMENIANS IN JERUSALEM: ASPECTS OF HISTORY AND VISUAL CULTURE
THE TWELFTH-CENTURY ARMENIAN BUILDING PROJECTS
THE GOUDRON FRIEZES: THEIR ROLE AND MEANING IN THE NEW BUILDING PROJECTS
THE GOUDRON FRIEZE IN THE WEST
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
CHAPTER THIRTY-FOUR CRUSADER ART AND THE WEST: THOUGHTS ON ASSESSING THE IMPACT OF ART FROM THE CRUS
INTRODUCTION
NOTES
CHAPTER THIRTY-FIVE: NARRATOLOGICAL READINGS OF CRUSADE TEXTS
NARRATIVE UNDERSTANDING AS A TECHNICAL DISCIPLINE
WHAT IS A NARRATIVE AND WHAT IS NARRATOLOGY?
NARRATOLOGICAL SUBJECTS: TIME
TIME, COORDINATION AND REFERENCE
THE COMMUNICATIVE MODEL: IMPLIED AUTHORS AND NARRATORS
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
PART VIII: STUDYING THE CRUSADES
CHAPTER THIRTY-SIX: FROM SEPPHORIS TO NAZARETH: ASPECTS OF CRUSADER HISTORIOGRAPHY AND A NEW READING OF THE NAZARETH SCULPTURE
INTRODUCTION
ASPECTS OF CRUSADER HISTORIOGRAPHY IN THE LATE TWENTIETH AND EARLY TWENTY-FIRST CENTURIES: PATRONS, VIEWERS AND IDENTITIES
THE SCULPTURAL PROGRAMS OF THE CHURCH OF THE ANNUNCIATION IN NAZARETH: ASPECTS OF HISTORIOGRAPHY
THE ARCHBISHOP OF NAZARETH AND THE SCULPTURAL PROGRAMS OF HIS CHURCH: A NEW INTERPRETATION
SEPPHORIS AND ITS STRUGGLE FOR PILGRIMS
CONCLUSION
NOTES
REFERENCES
CHAPTER THIRTY-SEVEN: AFTER TWENTY-FIVE YEARS: JOSHUA PRAWER’S CONTRIBUTION TO THE STUDY OF THE CRUSADES AND THE LATIN KINGDOM OF JERUSALEM RECONSIDERED
NOTES
CHAPTER THIRTY-EIGHT: WHAT ARE THE CRUSADES?
NOTES
REFERENCES
INDEX