The Conodonta: Morphology, Taxonomy, Paleoecology, and Evolutionary History of a Long-Extinct Animal Phylum (Oxford Monographs on Geology and Geophysics 10)

THE CONODONTA: MORPHOLOGY, TAXONOMY, PALEOECOLOGY, AND EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY OF A LONG-EXTINCT ANIMAL PHYLUM......Page 1
Title Page......Page 3
Preface......Page 6
Contents......Page 8
1.1 History of Discovery and Study......Page 14
1.2 Achievements......Page 18
1.3 Pending Problems......Page 19
References......Page 20
2.1 Composition of Conodont Elements......Page 22
2.2 Structure of Skeletal Elements......Page 23
2.3 Shapes of Element Crowns......Page 25
2.3.1 Coniform crowns......Page 26
2.3.2 Ramiform crowns......Page 27
2.3.3 Rastrate crowns......Page 29
2.3.4 Pectiniform crowns......Page 30
2.4 Symmetry- and Curvature-Transition Series......Page 33
2.5 Skeletal Apparatuses......Page 34
2.6 Symmetry of Elements, Element Pairs, and Apparatuses......Page 36
References......Page 37
3.1 The Scottish Carboniferous Specimens......Page 39
3.2 The Waukesha Specimen......Page 43
3.4 Summary......Page 44
References......Page 45
4.1 Form Taxonomy......Page 46
4.2 Multielement Taxonomy......Page 47
4.2.1 Multielement methodology......Page 48
4.4 A Revised Multielement Classification......Page 52
References......Page 54
Notes......Page 55
5.3 The Proconontida (Cavidonti) and Its Families (Fig. 5.1)......Page 56
5.4 The Belodellida and Its Families (Fig. 5.1)......Page 60
5.5 Order Protopanderodontida, New......Page 62
5.5.1 Family Protopanderodontidae Lindström, 1970......Page 63
5.5.2 Family Clavohamulidae Lindström, 1970......Page 64
5.5.4 Family Drepanoistodontidae Fåhraeus and Nowlan, 1978......Page 65
5.6 The Panderodontida......Page 66
5.6.1 Family Panderodontidae Lindström, 1970......Page 67
5.7 The Prioniodontida Dzik, 1976......Page 70
5.7.1 Family Oistodontidae Lindström, 1970......Page 71
5.7.2 Family Prioniodontidae Bassler, 1925......Page 73
5.7.3 Family Balognathidae Hass, 1959......Page 74
5.7.4 Family Icriodellidae, new......Page 76
5.7.5 Family Distomodontidae Klapper, 1981......Page 78
5.7.6 Family Icriodontidae Müller and Müller, 1957......Page 80
5.7.7 Family Polyplacognathidae Bergström, 1981......Page 82
5.7.8 Family Multioistodontidae Harris, 1964......Page 83
5.7.9 Family Plectodinidae, new......Page 84
5.7.10 Family Cyrtoniodontidae Hass, 1959......Page 85
5.7.11 Family Rhipidognathidae Lindström, 1970......Page 86
5.7.12 Family Periodontidae Linström, 1970......Page 87
5.8 The Prioniodinida, New......Page 89
5.8.1 Family Chirognathidae Branson and Mehl, 1944......Page 90
5.8.2 Family Prioniodinidae Bassler, 1925......Page 92
5.8.3 Family Bactrognathidae Lindström, 1970......Page 94
5.8.4 Family Ellisoniidae Clark, 1972......Page 96
5.8.5 Family Gondolellidae Lindström, 1970......Page 98
5.9 The Ozarkodinida Dzik, 1976......Page 100
5.9.1 Family Spathognathodontidae Hass, 1959......Page 101
5.9.2 Family Kockelellidae Klapper, 1981......Page 108
5.9.3 Family Pterospathodontidae Cooper, 1977......Page 109
5.9.4 Family Polygnathidae Bassler, 1925......Page 110
5.9.5 Family Palmatolepidae, new......Page 113
5.9.6 Family Elictognathidae Austin and Rhodes, 1981......Page 117
5.9.7 Family Gnathodontidae, new......Page 120
5.9.8 Lochriea and Vogelgnathus......Page 122
5.9.9 Family Idiognathodontidae Harris and Hollingsworth, 1933......Page 124
5.9.10 Family Anchignathodontidae Clark, 1972......Page 126
5.9.11 Family Sweetognathidae Ritter, 1986......Page 128
5.9.12 Family Cavusgnathidae Austin and Rhodes, 1981......Page 131
5.9.13 Family Mestognathidae Austin and Rhodes, 1981......Page 133
5.10.1 Family Coleodontidae Branson and Mehl, 1944......Page 134
References......Page 135
6.1 Introduction......Page 140
6.2 Diversity Patterns......Page 141
6.2.2 Long-term cycles......Page 143
6.3.1 Cycles I and II......Page 144
6.3.3 Silurian cycles......Page 145
6.3.4 Devonian and Carboniferous cycles......Page 146
6.3.5 Permian and Triassic cycles......Page 148
6.4 Extinction......Page 149
6.5 Iterative Evolutionary Patterns......Page 151
6.6.1 Apparatus elaboration......Page 153
6.6.2 Apparatus reduction......Page 154
6.6.3 Elaboration of elements in P positions......Page 155
6.7.1 Recapitulation......Page 156
6.8 Summary......Page 157
References......Page 158
7.2 Mode of Life, or Habit, of Conodonts......Page 160
7.3 Ecologic Models......Page 161
7.3.1 The depth-stratification model......Page 162
7.4.1 Ordovician paleoecology of Cincinnati Region......Page 163
7.4.2 Mississipian paleoecology, western United States......Page 168
7.4.3 Paleoecology of Pennsylvanian conodonts......Page 171
7.5 Ecologic Generalizations......Page 175
7.5.3 Nearshore and offshore faunas......Page 176
7.6 Paleobiogeography......Page 177
7.6.2 Later Paleozoic and Triassic paleobiogeography......Page 178
References......Page 179
8.2 Summary of Conodont Characters......Page 181
8.3.1 Arthropod and Annelid connections......Page 182
8.3.2 Molluscan connections......Page 183
8.3.3 Connections with other invertebrates......Page 184
8.4.2 Newberry, Hinde, Huxley and Myxine......Page 186
8.4.5 Discovery and interpretation of basal bony material......Page 187
8.4.7 Interpretations of the Scottish Carboniferous specimens......Page 188
8.4.8 The lingual apparatus of Myxine......Page 190
8.4.9 Summary of features indicating chordate affinities......Page 192
8.5 L'Envoi......Page 193
References......Page 194
Appendix A. A Summary Classification of the Conodonta......Page 196
References......Page 200
A-B......Page 216
C-D......Page 217
E-F-G-H......Page 218
I-J-K-L-M-N......Page 219
O-P......Page 220
Q......Page 221
R-S-T-U......Page 222
W-X-Y-Z......Page 223