The Civil Engineering Handbook, 2nd edition

Cover......Page 1
Preface......Page 7
Contributors......Page 11
Editors-in-Chief......Page 9
Contents......Page 14
Construction......Page 20
Construction Contracts......Page 21
Basic Functions of Construction Engineering......Page 22
Scope of This Section of the Handbook......Page 23
1.2 Estimating Defined......Page 24
1.4 Types of Estimates......Page 25
Rough Weight Check......Page 26
Comparative Cost of Structure......Page 27
Example 4......Page 28
Example 5......Page 29
Parametric Estimating/Panel Method......Page 30
Solution.......Page 31
Cost Indexing......Page 32
Application of Cost Indices......Page 33
Estimating Replacement Costs......Page 34
The Estimating Process......Page 35
Familiarization with Project Characteristics......Page 36
Examine the Project Design......Page 37
Determine the Elements of Cost......Page 38
Labor Resources......Page 39
Cost of Labor......Page 40
Equipment Selection Criteria......Page 41
Ownership Costs......Page 42
Subcontractor Costs......Page 43
Example 13......Page 44
Solution.......Page 45
Profit......Page 47
Method of Bidding/Payment......Page 48
1.6 Computer-Assisted Estimating......Page 49
References......Page 50
Further Information......Page 51
2.1 Introduction......Page 52
Planning and Scheduling......Page 53
Controlling......Page 54
Critical Path Methods......Page 55
Advantages of CPM......Page 56
Basic Terminology for I-J CPM......Page 57
Developing the I-J CPM Logic Diagram......Page 58
I-J Network Time Calculations......Page 61
Reverse Pass......Page 62
Activity Float Times......Page 63
Total Float......Page 64
Activity Start and Finish Times......Page 65
Overlapping Work Items in I-J CPM......Page 67
2.3 Precedence Critical Path Method......Page 69
Precedence Relationships......Page 70
Precedence Time Calculations......Page 72
Precedence Float Calculations......Page 73
Overlapping Work Items......Page 74
2.4 CPM Day to Calendar Day Conversion......Page 75
Frequency of Updating......Page 77
Methods for Revising the Project Network......Page 78
2.6 Other Applications of CPM......Page 79
Defining Terms......Page 80
Further Information......Page 82
3.1 Introduction......Page 83
3.2 Heavy/Highway Construction Projects......Page 84
Bulldozer Productivity......Page 89
Excavator Productivity......Page 92
Solution.......Page 93
Scraper Production......Page 95
3.3 Municipal/Utility Construction Projects......Page 96
The Mechanized Excavation System......Page 99
The Guidance Control System......Page 100
The Control System......Page 101
Equipment Cost......Page 102
Example 4......Page 104
Acknowledgments......Page 105
Further Information......Page 106
4.1 Introduction......Page 107
Lumber......Page 109
Load Duration - CD......Page 110
Stablity - CP......Page 111
Adjustments to base design values:......Page 112
Plywood......Page 113
Engineering Properties of Plywood......Page 114
Allowable Stresses for Plywood......Page 117
Anchors......Page 118
Column Clamps......Page 119
Lateral Pressure of Concrete......Page 120
Recommended Design Values for Form Pressure......Page 122
Column Forms......Page 123
Example 3......Page 124
Gravity Loads on Formwork......Page 125
Considerations for Multistory Construction......Page 126
4.5 Analysis and Design for Formwork......Page 127
Stress Calculations......Page 128
Bending Stress......Page 129
Deflections......Page 130
Example 5......Page 131
Further Information......Page 134
5.1 Introduction......Page 135
5.2 Contracts......Page 136
5.3 Contract Administration......Page 137
Progress Reports......Page 138
Change Order Records......Page 139
5.5 Changes......Page 140
5.6 Notice Requirements......Page 141
5.7 Oral Changes......Page 143
5.8 Contract Interpretation......Page 144
5.11 Differing Site Conditions......Page 145
5.12 Claim Preparation......Page 146
5.13 Dispute Resolution......Page 147
5.14 Summary......Page 148
Further Information......Page 149
6.1 Introduction......Page 150
6.2 Fixed Construction Automation......Page 152
Automated Brick Masonry......Page 153
Applications of Construction Robots......Page 154
Pile-Driving Robot......Page 155
Horizontal Concrete Distributor......Page 156
Blockbots......Page 157
Fireproofing Spray Robot......Page 158
Autonomous Pipe Mapping......Page 159
ODEX......Page 163
Numerical Control......Page 164
6.4 Computer-Integrated Construction (CIC)......Page 165
Computer-Aided Design (CAD) and Geometric Modeling......Page 166
Constructive Solid Geometry (CSG)......Page 167
Walkthrough ™......Page 168
Voice Recognition......Page 169
Track and Drive Tube Conveyors......Page 170
Network Communication......Page 171
6.5 Toward Advanced Construction Automation......Page 174
Global Positioning System (GPS)......Page 175
Construction Robot Path Planning......Page 176
Civil Engineering Works Domain......Page 177
GPS-Based Guiding System......Page 178
Computer Aided Earthmoving System (CAES)......Page 179
Steel Bridge Deck Welding......Page 180
Obayashi’s ABCS......Page 181
Defining Terms......Page 182
References......Page 183
Further Information......Page 187
7.2 Value Engineering......Page 188
Methodology......Page 189
Speculation Phase......Page 190
Analysis Phase......Page 191
Recommendation Phase......Page 192
Implementation......Page 193
7.3 Constructability......Page 194
Engineering and Procurement......Page 195
Implementation......Page 196
7.4 Quality Management......Page 198
Clause 4.1 Management Responsibility......Page 200
Clause 4.3 Contract Review......Page 201
Fishbone Diagram......Page 202
Customer Needs Mapping......Page 203
Quality Function Deployment......Page 204
Implementation......Page 205
Developing a Quality Culture......Page 207
References......Page 208
Quality Management......Page 210
Environmental Engineering......Page 211
References......Page 213
Water Treatment......Page 214
Stream Standards......Page 215
Rules-of-Thumb for Rivers......Page 219
Rules-of-Thumb for Lakes......Page 223
Effluent Standards......Page 225
References......Page 230
Optimum Construction Staging......Page 231
Population Extrapolation Methods......Page 234
Components-of-Change......Page 235
Correlation Methods......Page 237
Federal Permits......Page 238
State and Local Permits......Page 239
8.3 Design Flows and Loads......Page 240
The Average Concentration......Page 241
Annual Average per Caput Flows and Loads......Page 243
Peak Demand......Page 245
Factors Affecting Household Demand......Page 247
Wastewater Treatment......Page 248
Population Equivalents......Page 250
References......Page 252
Debris and Wildlife......Page 253
Floods and Droughts......Page 254
Longitudinal Transport......Page 256
Lateral Distribution......Page 257
Lake and Reservoir Intakes......Page 259
Surface Waves......Page 260
Lake Stratification......Page 262
Algal Growth in the Epilimnion......Page 263
Algal Death in the Hypolimnion......Page 266
Littoral vs. Pelagic Zones......Page 267
Wells......Page 268
Well Construction and Operation......Page 269
References......Page 270
Bar Screens......Page 272
Manually Cleaned Bar Screens......Page 273
Traveling Screens......Page 274
Fish Screens......Page 275
Comminutors and In-Line Grinders......Page 276
Disc Fine Screens......Page 277
References......Page 278
Reaction Order......Page 279
Completely Mixed Reactors......Page 280
Mixed-Cells-in-Series......Page 282
Ideal Plug Flow......Page 283
Plug Flow with Axial Dispersion......Page 284
References......Page 285
Turbulent/Low to Medium Viscosity......Page 286
Camp-Stein Theory......Page 287
Energy Spectrum and Eddy Size......Page 288
Turbines......Page 289
Paddle Wheel Flocculators......Page 292
Batch Mixing Times......Page 295
Turbines......Page 296
Jets......Page 297
Particle Suspension......Page 298
Floatable Solids......Page 299
References......Page 300
Particle Collision Rate......Page 301
Particle Destabilization......Page 302
Design Criteria for Rapid Mixers......Page 303
Perikinetic Flocculation......Page 304
Turbulent Flocculation and Deflocculation......Page 305
Flocculation Rate......Page 306
Deflocculation Rate......Page 308
Flocculation Design Criteria......Page 312
References......Page 313
9.5 Sedimentation......Page 314
Floc Properties......Page 315
Calculation of the Free, Nonflocculent Settling Velocity......Page 316
Theoretical Formulas......Page 317
Empirical Formulas......Page 318
Settling Velocity Measurement......Page 320
Flocculent versus Nonflocculent Settling......Page 321
Design of Rectangular Clarifiers......Page 322
Sedimentation......Page 323
Nonflocculent Settling......Page 324
Scour......Page 325
Density Currents......Page 326
Traditional Rules of Thumb......Page 328
Design of Circular Tanks......Page 329
Free, Flocculent Settling......Page 330
Sedimentation......Page 331
Tube Inlets......Page 334
Clarifier Inlets......Page 335
Launders......Page 336
Weir/Trough Design......Page 338
Combining-Flow Manifold Design......Page 340
Sludge Composition......Page 343
Sludge Collectors/Conveyors......Page 344
Settling Column Tests......Page 345
Kynch’s Method......Page 346
Initial Settling Velocity Method......Page 347
Hindered Settling Zone......Page 348
Compression Zone......Page 350
References......Page 351
9.6 Filtration......Page 355
Performance......Page 356
Filter Box Design......Page 358
Floor Design......Page 359
Clean Filter Headloss......Page 360
Backwashing......Page 361
Water Treatment......Page 363
Single Media Filters......Page 364
Dual Media Filters......Page 365
Operating Modes......Page 366
Wastewater Treatment......Page 368
References......Page 369
9.7 Activated Carbon......Page 371
Uses......Page 372
Disinfection By-Product (DBP) Precursors......Page 373
Wastewater SOC......Page 375
Freundlich......Page 376
Empirical Column Tests......Page 377
The Logistic Model......Page 382
Packed Column Theory......Page 383
Batch and Ideal Plug Flow Reactors......Page 391
Multicomponent Adsorption......Page 392
Granular Activated Carbon......Page 393
References......Page 395
9.8 Aeration and Gas Exchange......Page 397
Mass Transfer Kinetics......Page 398
Oxygen Solubility......Page 400
Salinity and Chlorinity......Page 401
Effect of Pressure......Page 402
Coarse Bubble Diffusion......Page 403
Fine Bubble Diffusers......Page 406
Air Piping......Page 407
Surface Aerators......Page 408
Carbon Dioxide......Page 409
Chlorine......Page 411
Chlorine Dioxide......Page 412
Ozone......Page 413
Packed Towers......Page 414
Henry’s Law Constants......Page 416
Surface Aerators......Page 418
References......Page 420
Opalescence......Page 423
Brownian Movement......Page 425
Particle Size......Page 426
Classification by Stability......Page 427
Stability......Page 428
Coagulation Chemistry......Page 429
Coagulant Dosage......Page 430
The Jar Test......Page 431
Filter Alum......Page 432
Ferrous and Ferric Iron......Page 435
Lime......Page 437
Coagulant Aids......Page 438
Coagulant Choice......Page 439
References......Page 440
10.2 Softening, Stabilization, and Demineralization......Page 442
Lime/Soda Chemistry......Page 443
Calcium and Magnesium Removal......Page 445
Recarbonation......Page 446
Lead and Copper Control......Page 448
Equilibria......Page 449
Health and Ecology Notes......Page 451
Bed Volume and Salt Requirement......Page 452
Partial Softening......Page 453
Waste Brine......Page 454
Chloride Cycle Dealkalization and Desulfurization......Page 455
References......Page 456
Chlorine......Page 457
Chlorine Dioxide......Page 458
Ozone......Page 459
Nondisinfection Uses Of Oxidants......Page 460
References......Page 461
The Total Coliform Rule......Page 462
The Breakpoint Curve......Page 465
Combined Residual Chlorine (Chloramines)......Page 466
Chlorine Dioxide......Page 467
Effect of Microbial Clusters......Page 468
pH Effects......Page 469
Chloramines......Page 471
Mixed-Cells-in-Series......Page 472
Ultraviolet Irradiator Design......Page 473
Disinfection By-Products......Page 474
Halogenated DBPs......Page 475
Inorganic By-products......Page 476
References......Page 477
11.1 Introduction......Page 479
Biokinetics of Carbonaceous BOD Removal......Page 480
State Variables and Kinetic Relations......Page 481
Active Biomass, Xva......Page 482
Inert Influent Particulate Organic Matter, Xvi......Page 483
Soluble Substrate, Ss......Page 484
Observed Volatile Suspended Solids Yield, Yvo......Page 486
Food-to-Microorganism ratio (F/M or F:M)......Page 487
Substrate Uptake and Growth Kinetics......Page 488
Return Sludge Flow Rate......Page 490
Steady State Oxygen Consumption......Page 491
Temperature......Page 492
System Biomass and Waste Solids Production......Page 493
Aeration Tank Volume and Geometry......Page 495
Secondary Clarifiers......Page 496
Operational and Design Problems......Page 500
Phase Scheduling......Page 501
Membrane Activated Sludge......Page 503
System Configuration......Page 504
The Contact-Stabilization Process......Page 505
The Extended Aeration Process......Page 506
Microbiology......Page 508
Biokinetics......Page 509
Design Solids’ Retention Time......Page 510
Two-Stage Nitrification......Page 511
Growth Kinetics......Page 512
Semi-Aerobic Denitrification......Page 514
Two- and Three-Stage Denitrification......Page 519
Biological Phosphorus Removal......Page 520
Microbiology......Page 521
Phosphorus-Laden Recycle Streams......Page 522
Flow Schematics and Performance......Page 523
References......Page 525
11.3 Aerobic Fixed-Film Processes......Page 531
Trickling Filters......Page 532
Packings (Media)......Page 533
Hydraulics and Pneumatics......Page 534
Distributor Systems......Page 535
Aeration......Page 536
National Research Council Formula......Page 538
Galler-Gotaas Correlation......Page 539
Institution of Water and Environmental Managers......Page 540
Effect of Bed Geometry, Recirculation, and Hydraulic Load......Page 541
Tertiary Nitrification......Page 542
Oxygen-Limited Media Volume......Page 543
Combined BOD and TKN Removal......Page 544
Predator Control......Page 545
Filtration Media......Page 546
Dosing......Page 547
Configuration......Page 548
CBOD Removal Kinetics......Page 549
Nitrification......Page 550
Operation and Design Problems......Page 551
PACT™......Page 552
Design Criteria......Page 553
References......Page 554
11.4 Ponds......Page 557
Piping......Page 558
Kinetic Models......Page 559
Configuration......Page 560
Configuration......Page 561
Bottom Sludge......Page 562
Anaerobic Ponds......Page 563
Kinetics......Page 564
11.5 Land Application......Page 565
Treatment Mechanisms......Page 566
Salinity......Page 567
Storage Requirements......Page 568
Irrigation......Page 569
Irrigation Methods......Page 570
Area Requirement for Water......Page 571
Area Requirement for Organic Matter......Page 572
Overland Flow......Page 573
Kinetic Model......Page 574
Constructed Treatment Wetlands......Page 575
Free Water Surface (FWS) Wetlands......Page 576
Subsurface Flow (SSF) Wetlands......Page 577
References......Page 579
pH......Page 580
Biopiles......Page 581
Biofilters and Bioscrubbers......Page 582
Municipal Solid Waste......Page 583
Material, Heat, and Air Balances......Page 584
Free Airspace......Page 588
References......Page 590
11.7 Sludge Stabilization......Page 591
Microbiology and Pattern of Digestion......Page 592
Gas Stoichiometry......Page 594
Kinetics......Page 596
Temperature......Page 598
Moisture Limitation......Page 599
Heat Balance......Page 601
Microbiology......Page 603
pH......Page 604
Land Disposal of Sludges......Page 605
Alternative 1......Page 606
Alternative 3......Page 607
Concentration and Loading Limits for Sewage Sludge......Page 608
References......Page 609
12.1 Introduction......Page 611
12.2 Regulations......Page 612
Attainment and Nonattainment......Page 613
Prevention of Significant Deterioration......Page 614
Hazardous Air Pollutants......Page 615
Compliance Assurance Monitoring......Page 616
State and Local Air Quality Programs......Page 620
12.3 Emissions Estimation......Page 621
Example 12.1......Page 622
12.4 Stack Sampling......Page 624
12.5 Emissions Control......Page 636
Settling Chambers......Page 637
Particle Settling Velocity......Page 639
Cyclones......Page 640
Conventional Cyclone Design Approach......Page 641
Wet Scrubbers......Page 643
Wet Scrubber Design Approach......Page 645
Filtration Media......Page 646
Air-to-Cloth Ratio......Page 647
Ambient Air Dilution......Page 648
Radiation and Free Convection......Page 649
Example 12.2......Page 650
Fuel Conversion......Page 651
Regenerative Systems......Page 652
Low NOx Burners......Page 653
Volatile Organic Compounds......Page 654
Incineration......Page 655
12.6 Odor......Page 656
Characteristics of Odor......Page 657
Odor Control Techniques......Page 658
Wind (Advection)......Page 660
Wind Variations......Page 661
Wind Rose......Page 662
Stability......Page 664
Lapse Rates......Page 665
Plume Characteristics......Page 666
12.8 Dispersion Modeling......Page 671
Effective Stack Height......Page 673
Buoyant Plume Sources......Page 674
Gaseous Dispersion......Page 675
Regulatory Air Models......Page 677
References......Page 679
13. Incinerators......Page 681
Incineration and Clean Air Laws......Page 682
Incinerator Regulation Under the Toxic Substances Control Act......Page 683
Incinerator Regulation Under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act......Page 684
Definition of Solid, Hazardous, and Medical Waste......Page 685
Regulation of Incinerators......Page 686
Oxygen Correction Factors......Page 689
13.2 Principles of Combustion and Incineration Thermodynamics......Page 690
13.3 Combustion Chemistry......Page 695
Particulate and Metal Fume Formation......Page 696
Material and Energy Balances......Page 698
Nonhazardous Waste Incinerators......Page 715
Liquid Injection Incinerators......Page 717
Rotary Kiln Incinerators......Page 720
Fluidized Bed Incinerators......Page 723
Multiple Hearth Incinerators......Page 725
Boilers and Industrial Furnaces......Page 726
Quench......Page 730
Heat Recovery Systems......Page 731
Electrostatic Precipitators......Page 732
Rapping Techniques......Page 734
Fabric Filters......Page 735
Pulse-Jet Bag Cleaning Equipment......Page 737
Fabric Filter System Instruments......Page 738
Gas Atomized (Venturi) Scrubbers......Page 739
Hydrosonics™ Scrubber......Page 741
Ionizing Wet Scrubbers......Page 743
Packed Bed and Tray Tower Scrubbers......Page 744
Dry Scrubbing Systems......Page 745
Compliance Test for Hazardous Waste Incinerators......Page 746
POHC Selection - Incinerability Ranking......Page 749
Defining Terms......Page 750
References......Page 756
14.2 Solid Waste......Page 760
Municipal Solid Waste......Page 761
14.3 Landfills......Page 763
Design Criteria......Page 765
Closure and Postclosure Requirements......Page 766
Remedial Alternatives for Superfund Municipal Landfills......Page 767
Leachate......Page 768
Landfill Gas......Page 771
Defining Terms......Page 772
References......Page 773
Geotechnical Engineering......Page 774
Grain-Size Characteristics of Soils......Page 776
Atterberg Limits and Plasticity......Page 777
The Unified Soil Classification System (USCS)......Page 778
The AASHTO Classification System......Page 780
Example 15.1......Page 781
Example 15.2......Page 783
15.2 Weight, Mass, and Volume Relationships......Page 784
Volume Relationships......Page 785
Density......Page 786
Weight-Volume Problems Involving Defined Quantities......Page 787
Example 15.4 (English Units)......Page 788
Example 15.5 (SI units)......Page 789
Example 15.6......Page 790
Equations among Relationships......Page 791
Section 15.1......Page 792
References......Page 793
Further Information......Page 794
16.2 Probabilistic Preliminaries......Page 795
Solution......Page 796
Moments......Page 797
Solution......Page 798
Solution......Page 799
Solution......Page 800
Solution......Page 802
Solution......Page 804
16.4 Point Estimate Method - One Random Variable......Page 806
16.5 Regression and Correlation......Page 807
16.6 Point Estimate Method - Several Random Variables......Page 808
Solution......Page 809
16.7 Reliability Analysis......Page 810
16.8 Recommended Procedure......Page 812
Example 16.13......Page 813
Solution......Page 814
References......Page 815
Further Information......Page 816
17.2 Strength Parameters Based on Effective Stresses and Total Stresses......Page 817
17.4 Shear Strength of Granular Soils......Page 818
17.5 Shear Strength of Cohesive Soils......Page 820
17.6 Elastic Modulus of Granular Soils......Page 824
Defining Terms......Page 825
References......Page 826
Further Information......Page 827
18.2 Some Fundamentals......Page 828
Bernoulli’s Equation......Page 829
Darcy’s Law......Page 830
Streamlines and Equipotential Lines......Page 832
18.3 The Flow Net......Page 836
Example 18.3......Page 838
Solution......Page 839
18.4 Method of Fragments......Page 840
Solution......Page 843
Solution......Page 844
18.5 Flow in Layered Systems......Page 846
Solution......Page 847
18.6 Piping......Page 848
Solution......Page 851
References......Page 852
Further Information......Page 853
19.1 Components of Total Settlement......Page 854
19.2 Immediate Settlement......Page 855
19.3 Consolidation Settlement......Page 858
Total Consolidation Settlement......Page 859
Rate of Consolidation Settlement......Page 863
19.4 Secondary Compression Settlement......Page 865
References......Page 867
20.1 Elastic Theory (Continuum)......Page 869
Force Normal to Surface (Boussinesq Problem)......Page 870
Solution......Page 871
Uniform Flexible Load over Rectangular Area......Page 872
Two-Dimensional Systems......Page 873
Solution......Page 874
Solution......Page 876
Infinite Strip of Width b......Page 877
Solution......Page 878
Solution......Page 879
Solution......Page 880
Normal Uniform Load over a Rectangular Area......Page 881
Solution......Page 882
Solution......Page 883
References......Page 884
Further Information......Page 885
21.1 Introduction......Page 886
21.2 Factors to Consider......Page 888
21.3 Analytical Approaches......Page 889
Slices as Free Bodies......Page 890
Ordinary Method of Slices......Page 891
Other Slice Methods......Page 892
Irregular and Planar Failure Surfaces......Page 893
Pseudostatic Analysis......Page 895
Dynamic Analysis......Page 896
Eliminate or Reduce the Hazard......Page 897
Cut Slopes in Rock......Page 898
Infiltration and Erosion Protection......Page 900
Surface Drainage Systems......Page 901
Cut Slopes......Page 902
Failing Slopes......Page 903
Sidehill Fills......Page 904
Corrective Treatments......Page 905
Retention......Page 906
Soil Slopes......Page 907
Embankments over Soft Ground......Page 908
21.5 Investigation and Monitoring......Page 909
Instrumentation and Monitoring......Page 910
References......Page 911
22.2 Lateral Earth Pressures......Page 914
22.3 Earth Pressure Theories......Page 916
22.4 Rigid Retaining Walls......Page 917
Solution......Page 920
22.5 Flexible Retaining Structures......Page 921
Solution......Page 924
Defining Terms......Page 925
References......Page 926
Further Information......Page 927
23.1 Effective Stress......Page 928
23.2 Settlement of Foundations......Page 932
Time-Dependent Settlement......Page 936
23.3 Bearing Capacity of Shallow Foundations......Page 938
Toe Resistance......Page 945
Ultimate Resistance - Capacity......Page 946
Analysis of Capacity for Tapered Piles......Page 947
Factor of Safety......Page 948
Empirical Methods for Determining Axial Pile Capacity......Page 949
The Lambda Method......Page 950
Field Testing for Determining Axial Pile Capacity......Page 951
Dynamic Analysis and Testing......Page 952
Installation Phase......Page 954
Summary of Axial Design of Piles......Page 957
Design of Piles for Horizontal Loading......Page 958
Defining Terms......Page 960
References......Page 961
Further Information......Page 962
24.1 Introduction......Page 964
Historical and Recent Developments......Page 965
24.2 Filtration, Drainage, and Erosion Control......Page 967
Applications......Page 968
Prefabricated Drains......Page 969
24.3 Geosynthetics in Temporary and Permanent Roadways and Railroads......Page 970
Reinforced Embankments......Page 971
Reinforced Retaining Walls and Abutments......Page 973
References......Page 975
25.2 Earthquake Strong Shaking......Page 978
25.3 Site-Specific Amplification......Page 980
Site-Specific Amplification......Page 983
25.4 Soil Liquefaction......Page 985
Soil Liquefaction......Page 986
25.5 Seismic Slope Stability......Page 987
Defining Terms......Page 989
References......Page 990
Further Information......Page 992
Waste Disposal Projects......Page 993
Environmental Remediation Projects......Page 996
26.2 Geo-Environmental Containment Systems......Page 997
Low-Permeability Covers......Page 998
Slurry Walls......Page 999
26.3 Liners and Covers......Page 1000
Barrier Layers......Page 1001
Drainage Layers......Page 1003
Vegetative Layer......Page 1004
Barrier Layers......Page 1005
Drainage Layers......Page 1006
Geotextiles......Page 1007
Defining Terms......Page 1008
Further Information......Page 1011
27.2 Subsurface Characterization Methodology......Page 1012
Test Pits......Page 1013
Cone Penetration Testing......Page 1014
Pressuremeter Testing......Page 1017
Vane Shear Test......Page 1019
Seismic Refraction......Page 1020
Other Testing Techniques......Page 1022
Defining Terms......Page 1023
For Further Information......Page 1029
28.1 Introduction......Page 1031
28.2 In Situ Tests......Page 1032
Cone Penetration Test......Page 1033
Pressuremeter Test......Page 1035
Dilatometer Test......Page 1036
28.3 Instrumentation for Monitoring Performance......Page 1037
Instruments for Measurement of Loads and Stresses......Page 1039
Instruments for Measurement of Deformations......Page 1040
Instruments for Measurement of Pore Water Pressure......Page 1042
Construction of Embankments on Soft Ground......Page 1044
Static Load Tests on Deep Foundations......Page 1046
Defining Terms......Page 1048
References......Page 1050
Further Information......Page 1052
Catalogs and Other Publications by Manufacturers......Page 1053
Hydraulic Engineering......Page 1054
IV.1 Introduction......Page 1055
References......Page 1057
29.1 Introduction......Page 1058
Surface Tension and Capillary Effects......Page 1059
Hydrostatics......Page 1060
Forces on Plane Surfaces......Page 1061
Application 1: Force on a Vertical Dam Face......Page 1062
Application 4: Archimedes’ Law of Buoyancy......Page 1063
29.4 Fluids in Non-Uniform Motion......Page 1064
The Bernoulli Theorem......Page 1065
29.5 Fundamental Conservation Laws......Page 1066
The Conservation Equations......Page 1067
Application 6: The Venturi Tube......Page 1069
Application 7: The Rectangular Sharp-Crested Weir......Page 1070
Application 9: Energy Equation in a Pipe System with Pump......Page 1071
The Buckingham-Pi Theorem and Dimensionless Groups......Page 1072
Application 10: Pump Performance Parameters......Page 1073
29.7 Velocity Profiles and Flow Resistance in Pipes and Open Channels......Page 1074
Friction Relationships for Laminar Flows......Page 1075
Friction Relationships for Turbulent Flows in Conduits......Page 1076
Application 12: A Piping System with Minor Losses......Page 1077
The Standard Drag Curve......Page 1078
Pipe Flow Measurements......Page 1079
Open-Channel Flow Measurements......Page 1080
Further Information......Page 1089
30.1 Definitions and Principles......Page 1090
30.2 Balance and Conservation Principles......Page 1092
Piezometric Head......Page 1093
Total Thrust and Specific Force......Page 1094
Balance of Mechanical Energy......Page 1095
Specific Energy......Page 1096
Example 30.1 Subcritical Flow on a Step......Page 1098
Example 30.2 Supercritical Flow on a Step......Page 1099
30.3 Uniform Flow......Page 1100
30.4 Composite Cross-Sections......Page 1102
30.5 Gradually Varied Flow......Page 1104
The M3 Profile (0 < y < yc)......Page 1105
The S2 Profile (yo < y < yc)......Page 1106
The A3 Profile (y < yc)......Page 1107
30.7 Qualitative Solution of Flow Profiles......Page 1108
Phase II - Virtual Control Section (VCS) Determination......Page 1109
Phase III - Profile Sketching......Page 1110
30.8 Methods of Calculation of Flow Profiles......Page 1111
Example 30.4 Direct Step Method......Page 1112
30.9 Unsteady Flows......Page 1113
Defining Terms......Page 1114
Further Information......Page 1115
31.1 Introduction......Page 1116
Historical Development......Page 1117
Average Rainfall over an Area......Page 1118
Intensity - Duration - Frequency (i-d-f) Curves......Page 1120
Dimensionless Mass Curves......Page 1121
Other Probabilistic Aspects......Page 1122
31.3 Evaporation and Transpiration......Page 1123
Evapotranspiration......Page 1125
31.4 Infiltration......Page 1126
Infiltration Models......Page 1127
Horton Equation......Page 1128
31.5 Surface Runoff......Page 1129
Unit Hydrographs......Page 1131
Synthetic Unit Hydrographs......Page 1133
SCS Method......Page 1134
Hydraulic Routing......Page 1135
Hydrologic Channel Routing......Page 1136
Reservoir Routing......Page 1137
Probability Distributions and Parameter Estimates......Page 1138
Frequency Analysis of Hydrologic Data......Page 1139
Water Resources Council Method......Page 1140
Defining Terms......Page 1141
References......Page 1142
Further Information......Page 1143
32.1 Introduction......Page 1145
32.2 The Rational Method......Page 1146
Time of Concentration and Travel Time......Page 1147
32.3 The Soil Conservation Service Methods......Page 1149
Application of the SCS Method......Page 1150
Storage Determination By Using the Rational Method......Page 1151
Detention Storage Layout......Page 1153
References......Page 1155
Further Information......Page 1156
33.1 Urban Runoff......Page 1157
Point Sources......Page 1158
Nonpoint Sources......Page 1159
Nonpoint Source Pollution......Page 1160
Nationwide Urban Runoff Program (NURP)......Page 1161
33.3 Water Quality Regulations and Policies......Page 1164
Lakes......Page 1165
33.4 Modeling......Page 1166
Point Source Models......Page 1167
33.5 Best Management Practices......Page 1169
Point Source Programs......Page 1170
Total Maximum Daily Loads......Page 1173
Structural Measures......Page 1175
Defining Terms......Page 1176
References......Page 1177
Further Information......Page 1179
Subsurface Water......Page 1180
Physical Properties......Page 1181
Darcy’s Law......Page 1183
Transient Flow to a Well......Page 1184
Pumping Tests......Page 1186
Multiple Wells and Boundaries......Page 1187
Construction Methods......Page 1189
Calculation of Subsidence......Page 1190
Diffusion and Dispersion......Page 1191
Sorption......Page 1192
Multiphase Flow......Page 1193
34.6 Remediation......Page 1195
Wellhead Protection......Page 1196
34.7 Landfills......Page 1197
34.8 Geostatistics......Page 1199
Estimation......Page 1200
34.9 Groundwater Modeling......Page 1201
Software......Page 1203
References......Page 1204
Further Information......Page 1206
35.1 Introduction......Page 1208
Angle of Repose......Page 1209
35.3 Flow Characteristics and Dimensionless Parameters; Notation......Page 1210
Example 35.1......Page 1212
35.5 Flow Resistance and Stage-Discharge Predictors......Page 1213
Form and Grain Resistance Approach......Page 1214
Overall Resistance Approach......Page 1215
Critical Velocity......Page 1216
35.6 Sediment Transport......Page 1217
Suspended Load Models......Page 1218
Bed-Load Models and Formulae......Page 1219
Example 35.5......Page 1220
Local Scour......Page 1221
Unsteady Aspects......Page 1222
Gravel-Bed Streams......Page 1224
Defining Terms......Page 1225
References......Page 1226
Further Information......Page 1227
36.1 Wave Mechanics......Page 1228
Progressive, Small-Amplitude Waves - Properties......Page 1229
Particle Motions......Page 1230
Wave Energy......Page 1232
Wave Refraction......Page 1234
Wave Diffraction......Page 1235
Wave Breaking......Page 1236
36.2 Ocean Wave Climate......Page 1237
Wave Prediction......Page 1238
Tides......Page 1240
Seiches......Page 1241
Climatologic Effects......Page 1242
Beach Profiles......Page 1243
Longshore Currents......Page 1244
Sediment Transport......Page 1245
36.5 Coastal Structures and Design......Page 1246
Environmental Impacts of Coastal Structures......Page 1247
Further Information......Page 1248
Defining Terms......Page 1249
References......Page 1250
37.2 Reservoirs......Page 1251
Reservoir Characteristics......Page 1252
Capacity of a Reservoir......Page 1253
Reservoir Sedimentation......Page 1254
Impacts of Dams and Reservoirs......Page 1255
Stability of Gravity Dams......Page 1259
Earth Dams......Page 1261
Overflow Spillways......Page 1263
Other Types of Spillways......Page 1265
Spillway Crest Gates......Page 1268
Hydraulics of Outlet Works......Page 1269
37.6 Energy Dissipation Structures......Page 1270
37.8 Open Channel Transitions......Page 1272
37.9 Culverts......Page 1273
Inlets......Page 1274
Sedimentation and Scour......Page 1275
Backwater Computation......Page 1276
Discharge Estimation......Page 1278
Networks......Page 1279
Hydraulic Transients and Water Hammer......Page 1281
Surge Protection and Surge Tanks......Page 1282
Cavitation......Page 1283
Forces on Pipes and Temperature Stresses......Page 1285
37.12 Pumps......Page 1286
Pump Characteristics......Page 1287
Pump Systems......Page 1288
Defining Terms......Page 1289
References......Page 1290
Further Information......Page 1294
38.2 Some Commonly Used Models......Page 1295
Summary of TR-20 Input Structure......Page 1299
Tabular Data......Page 1300
Preparation of Input Data......Page 1301
Computer Input......Page 1302
Example 38.2......Page 1304
Calculations......Page 1306
Example 38.3......Page 1307
Computer Input......Page 1309
Summary......Page 1310
38.4 The HEC-HMS Model......Page 1312
Basin Models......Page 1314
Control Specifications......Page 1315
Hydrologic Input Data......Page 1316
Output......Page 1318
38.5 The HEC-RAS Model......Page 1319
Unsteady Flow Simulation......Page 1320
HEC-RAS Hydraulic Model Structure......Page 1321
Hydraulic Input Data......Page 1322
HEC-RAS Output......Page 1323
38.6 XP-SWMM......Page 1324
Water Quality Simulation......Page 1326
RUNOFF Block......Page 1327
Results......Page 1328
Further Information......Page 1329
Water Resources Decision Making......Page 1330
Optimization vs. Simulation Models......Page 1332
Lumped vs. Distributed Data Models......Page 1334
39.2 Evaluation of Management Alternatives......Page 1335
39.3 Water Quantity Management Modeling......Page 1336
Reservoir Storage Requirements......Page 1337
Flood Control Planning......Page 1338
Water Supply Objectives......Page 1339
Real-Time Operations......Page 1340
Stochastic Reservoir Modeling......Page 1341
Water Quality Modeling......Page 1342
39.4 Data Considerations......Page 1343
Defining Terms......Page 1344
References......Page 1345
Further Information......Page 1347
Materials Engineering......Page 1348
40.1 Introduction......Page 1350
Portland Cement......Page 1351
Supplementary Cementitious Materials......Page 1354
40.3 Aggregates......Page 1355
40.4 Water......Page 1357
Water Reducing and Retarding Admixtures......Page 1358
40.6 Hydration and Structure of Cement Paste......Page 1360
40.7 Mixture Design......Page 1361
40.8 Properties of Fresh Concrete......Page 1362
40.9 Properties of Hardened Concrete......Page 1363
Compressive Strength......Page 1364
Modulus of Elasticity......Page 1365
References......Page 1366
Further Information......Page 1368
41.1 Introduction......Page 1369
41.2 Permeation Properties......Page 1370
Carbonation......Page 1371
Propagation Stage of Corrosion......Page 1372
Control Strategy......Page 1373
41.5 Sulfate Attack......Page 1374
Internal Sulfate......Page 1375
Action On Sewers......Page 1376
41.9 Frost Action......Page 1377
41.11 Design for Durability......Page 1378
Concrete Quality......Page 1379
Further Information......Page 1380
42.1 Concreting in Extreme Climatic Conditions......Page 1381
Cold Climatic Condition......Page 1382
Issues Relating to Properties of Hardened Concrete......Page 1383
Temperature Control......Page 1384
Potential Cracking in Fresh Concrete......Page 1385
42.2 Polymer Modified Concrete......Page 1386
Polymer Cement Concrete......Page 1387
Polymer Concrete......Page 1388
References......Page 1390
Definitions......Page 1391
High Performance Criteria......Page 1392
Cements, Chemical Admixtures, Mineral Additives, Fibers and Special Reinforcement......Page 1393
Self-Leveling Concrete for Foundation of Raffles City - Singapore......Page 1394
High Strength Concrete Projects......Page 1395
Hibernia Offshore Platform - Grand Banks, offshore Newfoundland, Canada......Page 1397
Harbour Tunnel - Australia......Page 1398
Sustainability as Key Criterion......Page 1399
References......Page 1400
42.4 Self-Compacting Concrete......Page 1401
References......Page 1402
Compressive Strength and Water-to-Binder Ratio......Page 1403
Mechanical Properties......Page 1404
Drying Shrinkage and Creep Characteristics......Page 1407
Corrosion of Steel Reinforcement......Page 1408
Sulphate Resistance......Page 1411
Basis for Applications......Page 1414
Service Life Designs......Page 1415
Choice for Sustainability......Page 1417
Current Developments......Page 1418
References......Page 1419
Further Information......Page 1420
Moving Forward......Page 1421
Optimum Use of Natural, Industrial By-Products and Recycled Materials......Page 1422
Application of Design Principles With Respect to Life-Cycle Cost......Page 1423
References......Page 1424
Further Information......Page 1425
Websites......Page 1426
What Is Wood?......Page 1427
Wood Chemistry and Anatomy......Page 1428
43.2 Wood Defects as They Affect Wood Strength......Page 1429
Specific Gravity (SG)......Page 1432
Durability......Page 1433
43.4 Mechanical Properties of Selected Species......Page 1434
Strengths and Weaknesses......Page 1437
Age Effects......Page 1438
43.5 Structural Products and Their Uses......Page 1439
43.7 Grades and Grading of Wood Products......Page 1443
43.9 Where Do Designers Go Wrong? Typical Problems in Wood Construction......Page 1445
43.10 Wood and the Environment......Page 1449
Defining Terms......Page 1450
References......Page 1452
Further Information......Page 1453
44.1 Properties and Processes......Page 1454
Structural Properties......Page 1457
Heat Treatment......Page 1459
Welding......Page 1460
44.2 Service Performance......Page 1461
Fatigue......Page 1463
Performance in Fire......Page 1466
Creep and Relaxation......Page 1468
Corrosion and Corrosion Protection......Page 1469
References......Page 1470
Corrosion, Corrosion Protection......Page 1471
45.2 Bituminous Materials......Page 1472
Solubility Test......Page 1473
Viscosity Tests......Page 1474
Ring & Ball Softening Point Test......Page 1475
Conventional Methods of Grading and Specifications of Asphalt Cements......Page 1476
Dynamic Shear Rheometer Test......Page 1479
Direct Tension Test......Page 1481
Superpave Binder Specification......Page 1482
Effects of Viscoelastic Properties of Asphalt......Page 1483
Effects of Newtonian and Non-Newtonian Flow Properties of Asphalt......Page 1484
Effects of Hardening Characteristics of Asphalt......Page 1485
Types and Grades of Emulsified Asphalts......Page 1487
Classification by Composition and Characteristics......Page 1489
Aggregate Gradation......Page 1490
Maximum Aggregate Size......Page 1491
Aggregate Shape and Texture......Page 1492
Strength and Toughness......Page 1493
Different Volumes in a Compacted Asphalt Mixture......Page 1494
Percent Voids Filled with Asphalt......Page 1495
Marshall Mix Design Method......Page 1496
Hveem Mix Design Method......Page 1499
Superpave Volumetric Mix Design Method......Page 1500
GTM Mix Design Method......Page 1503
References......Page 1505
Further Information......Page 1506
Journals......Page 1507
Structural Engineering......Page 1508
46. Mechanics of Materials......Page 1510
Definition of Stress......Page 1511
Differential Equations for Equilibrium......Page 1512
Stress Analysis of Axially Loaded Bars......Page 1513
Hooke’s Law......Page 1514
Constitutive Relations......Page 1518
Deformation of Axially Loaded Bars......Page 1519
Thermal Strain and Deformation......Page 1520
Elastic Strain Energy for Uniaxial Stress......Page 1521
Mathematical Definition of Strain......Page 1522
E, G, and Relationship......Page 1524
46.5 Torsion......Page 1525
Angle-of-Twist of Circular Members......Page 1526
Torsion of Solid Noncircular Members......Page 1527
Torsion of Thin-Walled Hollow Members......Page 1529
46.6 Bending......Page 1531
The Elastic Flexure Formula......Page 1532
Unsymmetric Bending and Bending with Axial Loads......Page 1533
Bending of Beams with Unsymmetric Cross Section......Page 1534
Area Moments of Inertia......Page 1535
46.7 Shear Stresses in Beams......Page 1536
Shear-Stress Formula for Beams......Page 1538
Shear Stresses in a Rectangular Beam......Page 1539
Shear Stresses in Beam Flanges......Page 1540
Shear Center......Page 1542
46.8 Transformation of Stress and Strain......Page 1543
Maximum Shear Stress......Page 1544
Mohr’s Circle of Stress......Page 1545
Principal Stresses for a General State of Stress......Page 1546
Transformation of Strain......Page 1547
Yield and Fracture Criteria......Page 1548
46.9 Stability of Equilibrium: Columns......Page 1551
Buckling Theory for Columns......Page 1552
Generalized Euler Buckling Load Formulas......Page 1554
Eccentric Loads and the Secant Formula......Page 1555
Differential Equations for Beam-Columns......Page 1556
Defining Terms......Page 1557
Further Information......Page 1558
47. Theory and Analysis of Structures......Page 1559
Boundary Conditions......Page 1560
Loads and Reactions......Page 1561
Relation between Load, Shear Force, and Bending Moment......Page 1563
Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagrams......Page 1564
Fixed-End Beams......Page 1565
Continuous Beams......Page 1568
Example 47.1......Page 1570
Beam Deflection......Page 1571
Moment Area Method......Page 1572
Circumferential Stresses......Page 1574
Example 47.2......Page 1576
47.3 Trusses......Page 1577
Example 47.3......Page 1579
Compound Trusses......Page 1581
Slope Deflection Method......Page 1582
Example 47.4......Page 1583
Fixed-End Moments......Page 1586
Moment Distribution for Frames......Page 1588
Method of Consistent Deformations......Page 1589
Structures with Several Redundants......Page 1591
Example 47.5......Page 1592
47.5 Plates......Page 1595
Clamped Edge......Page 1598
Free Edge......Page 1599
Bending of Rectangular Plates......Page 1600
Bending of Circular Plates......Page 1607
Strain Energy of Simple Plates......Page 1608
Equilateral Triangular Plates......Page 1611
Rectangular Plate Supported at Corners......Page 1612
47.6 Shells......Page 1613
Shells of Revolution......Page 1616
Conical Shells......Page 1617
Cylindrical Shells......Page 1619
Symmetrically Loaded Circular Cylindrical Shells......Page 1620
Influence Lines for Shear in Simple Beams......Page 1623
Influence Lines for Trusses......Page 1624
Influence Lines for Continuous Beams......Page 1625
Strain Energy Due to Uniaxial Stress......Page 1626
Strain Energy in Shear......Page 1628
The Law of Conservation of Energy......Page 1629
The Theorem of Minimum Potential Energy......Page 1630
Solution:......Page 1631
Example 47.7......Page 1632
Unit Load Method......Page 1633
Solution:......Page 1634
Flexibility Method......Page 1635
Stiffness Method......Page 1637
Flexural Member......Page 1638
Structure Stiffness Matrix......Page 1641
Example 47.9......Page 1643
Example 47.10......Page 1644
Loading between Nodes......Page 1646
Semirigid End Connection......Page 1647
Basic Principle......Page 1648
Elastic Formulation......Page 1649
Plane Strain......Page 1650
Choice of Displacement Function......Page 1651
Isoparametric Elements......Page 1653
Formulation of Stiffness Matrix......Page 1654
Plates Subjected to In-Plane Forces......Page 1659
Beam Element......Page 1661
Plate Element......Page 1663
47.11 Inelastic Analysis......Page 1667
Redistribution of Forces......Page 1668
Plastic Moment Capacity......Page 1670
Upper Bound Theorem......Page 1673
Example 47.11: Continuous Beam......Page 1674
Example 47.12: Portal Frame......Page 1676
Types of Mechanisms......Page 1678
Example 47.13: Rectangular Frame......Page 1680
Example 47.14: Frame Subjected to Distributed Load......Page 1681
Example 47.15: Gable Frame......Page 1682
Solution:......Page 1683
Analysis Aids for Gable Frames......Page 1686
Grillages......Page 1688
Six-Beam Grillage......Page 1689
Vierendeel Girders......Page 1691
Elastic Buckling Analysis......Page 1692
Second-Order Elastic Analysis......Page 1693
Second-Order Inelastic Analysis......Page 1694
Column Stability......Page 1695
Column with Pinned Ends......Page 1696
Column with Fixed Ends......Page 1697
Column with One End Fixed and One End Free......Page 1698
Stability of Beam-Columns......Page 1699
Beam-Column Subjected to Transverse Loading......Page 1702
Beam-Column Subjected to End Moments......Page 1703
Slope Deflection Equations......Page 1704
Member with a Hinge at One End......Page 1706
Member with End Restraints......Page 1707
Second-Order Elastic Analysis......Page 1708
Modification for End Connections......Page 1711
Second-Order Refined Plastic Hinge Analysis......Page 1712
Second-Order Spread of Plasticity Analysis......Page 1713
Three-Dimensional Frame Element......Page 1714
Buckling of Thin Plates......Page 1716
Circular Plates......Page 1718
Buckling of Shells......Page 1719
Free Vibration......Page 1720
Example 47.16: Undamped Free Vibration......Page 1721
Example 47.17: Damped Free Vibration......Page 1722
Forced Vibration......Page 1723
Response to Suddenly Applied Load......Page 1724
Multiple Degree Systems......Page 1725
Flexural Vibration of Beams......Page 1726
Combined Shear and Flexure......Page 1727
Natural Frequency of Multistory Building Frames......Page 1728
Portal Frames......Page 1729
Numerical Analysis......Page 1732
References......Page 1733
48. Design of Steel Structures......Page 1736
Fireproofing of Steel......Page 1737
Corrosion Protection of Steel......Page 1739
Bolts......Page 1740
Weldability of Steel......Page 1741
Design Formats......Page 1742
Tension Member Design......Page 1744
Allowable Stress Design......Page 1745
Example 48.1......Page 1747
Load and Resistance Factor Design......Page 1750
48.4 Compression Members......Page 1751
Load and Resistance Design......Page 1753
Built-up Compression Members......Page 1757
Example 48.2......Page 1758
Column Bracing......Page 1760
48.5 Flexural Members......Page 1761
Flexural Member Design......Page 1762
Criteria for Concentrated Loads......Page 1764
Example 48.3......Page 1765
Load and Resistance Factor Design......Page 1767
Shear Strength Criterion......Page 1770
Criteria for Concentrated Loads......Page 1771
Example 48.4......Page 1773
Strength Requirement for Lateral Bracing......Page 1776
Strength Requirement for Torsional Bracing......Page 1777
Design for Combined Flexure and Axial Force......Page 1778
Load and Resistance Factor Design......Page 1779
Example 48.6......Page 1781
Load and Resistance Factor Design......Page 1782
48.9 Frames......Page 1783
48.10 Plate Girders......Page 1784
Allowable Shear Stress......Page 1785
Flexural Strength Criterion......Page 1786
Flexure-Shear Interaction......Page 1788
Intermediate Stiffeners......Page 1789
Example 48.7......Page 1790
Example 48.8......Page 1792
Bolted Connections......Page 1793
Allowable Stress Design......Page 1794
Load and Resistance Factor Design......Page 1795
Load and Resistance Factor Design......Page 1796
Bearing Strength at Fastener Holes......Page 1797
Maximum Fastener Spacing......Page 1798
Example 48.9......Page 1799
Bolted Hanger-Type Connections......Page 1800
Bolted Shear Connections......Page 1802
Design of Moment-Resisting Connections......Page 1803
Welding Symbols......Page 1805
Strength of Welds......Page 1806
Effective Area of Welds......Page 1807
Size and Length Limitations of Welds......Page 1808
Welded Connections for Tension Members......Page 1809
Welded Connections with Welds Subjected to Combined Shear and Flexure......Page 1810
Welded Shear Connections......Page 1811
Welded Moment-Resisting Connections......Page 1812
Shop-Welded and Field-Bolted Connections......Page 1813
48.12 Column Base Plates and Beam Bearing Plates (LRFD Approach)......Page 1814
Axially Loaded Base Plates......Page 1815
Small Eccentricity......Page 1817
Base Plates with Shear......Page 1818
Anchor Bolts......Page 1819
Beam Bearing Plates......Page 1820
Composite Columns......Page 1821
Design Compressive Strength......Page 1822
Steel Beams with Shear Connectors......Page 1823
Composite Floor Slabs......Page 1824
48.14 Plastic Design......Page 1827
Plastic Design of Beam-Columns......Page 1828
Reduced Beam Section......Page 1829
Defining Terms......Page 1831
References......Page 1832
Plastic Design......Page 1834
Load and Resistance Factor Design......Page 1835
49.1 Introduction to Cold-Formed Steel Sections......Page 1836
Manufacturing Methods......Page 1837
Applications of Cold-Formed Steel......Page 1838
Properties of Steel......Page 1839
Properties of Corners......Page 1840
49.2 Local Buckling of Plate Elements......Page 1841
Local Buckling Analysis......Page 1844
Postbuckling Analysis......Page 1845
The Effective Width Concept......Page 1846
Classification of Elements......Page 1847
Stiffened Elements under Eccentric Compression......Page 1848
Unstiffened Elements......Page 1849
Intermediate Stiffeners......Page 1850
Reductions in Capacity for High Width-to-Thickness Ratios......Page 1851
Example 49.1......Page 1852
Solution:......Page 1853
Laterally Stable Beams......Page 1854
Moment Capacity......Page 1855
Plastic Bending Capacity......Page 1856
Web Crushing......Page 1857
Combined Effects......Page 1858
Combined Bending and Shear......Page 1859
Elastic Lateral Buckling Resistance Moment......Page 1860
Variation in Moment along a Beam......Page 1861
Solution: Calculation of Sectional Properties......Page 1862
Short Struts......Page 1866
Effective Lengths......Page 1867
Effects of Neutral Axis Shift......Page 1868
Torsional Flexural Buckling......Page 1869
Members under Combined Bending and Compression......Page 1870
Example 49.4......Page 1872
Solution:......Page 1873
Types of Fastener......Page 1874
Blind Rivets......Page 1875
49.6 Sheeting and Decking......Page 1876
Profiles for Roof Decking......Page 1877
Composite Panels......Page 1878
Uprights......Page 1879
Defining Terms......Page 1880
References......Page 1882
Further Information......Page 1883
50. Structural Concrete Design......Page 1884
Properties of Concrete......Page 1885
Lightweight Concrete......Page 1886
Reinforcing Steel......Page 1887
50.2 Proportioning and Mixing Concrete......Page 1889
Admixtures......Page 1890
Analysis of Rectangular Beams with Tension Reinforcement Only......Page 1891
Equation for Mn and fMn : Tension Steel Elastic.......Page 1892
Analysis of Beams with Tension and Compression Reinforcement......Page 1893
Equation for Mn: Compression Steel Yields.......Page 1894
Reinforcement Ratios.......Page 1895
Flexural Strength......Page 1896
50.4 Columns under Bending and Axial Load......Page 1897
Slenderness Effects......Page 1898
Bresler Load Contour Method......Page 1901
50.5 Shear and Torsion......Page 1902
Shear Strength Provided by Concrete.......Page 1903
Torsional Strength Provided by Concrete.......Page 1904
Design of Stirrup Reinforcement for Shear and Torsion......Page 1905
Design of Deep Beams......Page 1906
Minimum Reinforcement.......Page 1908
Development of Bars in Compression......Page 1909
End-Bearing Splices.......Page 1910
50.7 Two-Way Systems......Page 1911
Design Procedures......Page 1913
Minimum Slab Thickness and Reinforcement......Page 1915
Direct Design Method......Page 1916
Equivalent Frame Method......Page 1917
Detailing......Page 1919
Analysis of Frames......Page 1921
Approximate Analysis......Page 1922
Limit Analysis......Page 1923
Flexural Members......Page 1924
Columns......Page 1925
Joints of Frames......Page 1926
50.9 Brackets and Corbels......Page 1928
50.10 Footings......Page 1929
Types of Footings......Page 1930
Size of Footings......Page 1931
Flexural Reinforcement and Footing Reinforcement......Page 1932
Bending Capacity of Column at Base......Page 1934
Development Length of the Reinforcing Bars......Page 1935
Wall Footings......Page 1936
Single-Column Spread Footings......Page 1937
Combined Footings......Page 1938
Two-Column Footings......Page 1939
Strip, Grid, and Mat Foundations......Page 1940
Footings on Piles......Page 1943
50.11 Walls......Page 1944
Basement Walls......Page 1945
Shear Walls......Page 1946
References......Page 1948
51.1 Introduction......Page 1950
Buildings......Page 1951
Case Studies......Page 1952
One Raffles Link, Singapore......Page 1953
51.2 Composite Construction Systems for Buildings......Page 1954
Composite Beams and Girders......Page 1956
Beams with Web Openings......Page 1957
Haunched Beams......Page 1958
Composite Trusses......Page 1959
Prestressed Composite Beams......Page 1960
Composite Column Systems......Page 1961
Mild Structural Steel......Page 1963
Confined Concrete......Page 1964
Reinforcing Steel......Page 1965
Shear Connectors......Page 1966
Serviceability......Page 1967
Strength......Page 1968
Vertical Shear Failure......Page 1969
AS 2327.1-1996......Page 1970
Vibrations......Page 1971
Strength......Page 1972
Partial Shear Connection (b < 1.0)......Page 1973
Influence of Shear on Flexural Strength......Page 1974
BS 5950, Part 3......Page 1975
Partial Shear Connection......Page 1976
Deformations......Page 1977
Plastic Neutral Axis in the Concrete Slab (Full Shear Connection, b = 1.0)......Page 1978
51.8 Composite Columns......Page 1979
Concrete-Filled Circular Hollow Sections......Page 1980
Effective Elastic Flexural Stiffness......Page 1983
Resistance of Members to Axial Compression......Page 1985
Combined Compression and Uniaxial Bending......Page 1986
Interaction Curve for Compression and Uniaxial Bending......Page 1987
Analysis of Bending Moments Due to Second-Order Effects......Page 1989
Resistance of Members under Combined Compression and Uniaxial Bending......Page 1990
Combined Compression and Biaxial Bending......Page 1991
Axially Loaded Column......Page 1992
Flexural Strength......Page 1993
Australian Standards AS 3600 and AS 4100......Page 1994
Post-Local Buckling......Page 1995
Steel Approach, AS 4100......Page 1997
Effects of Local Buckling......Page 1998
Core Braced Systems......Page 1999
Moment-Truss Systems......Page 2001
Outrigger and Belt Truss Systems......Page 2002
Frame Tube Systems......Page 2003
Steel-Concrete Composite Systems......Page 2005
Notation......Page 2007
References......Page 2009
Further Information......Page 2011
Definition of Reliability......Page 2012
52.2 Basic Probability Concepts......Page 2013
Expectation and Moments......Page 2014
Joint Distribution and Correlation Coefficient......Page 2017
Fundamental Case......Page 2018
Hasofer-Lind Reliability Index......Page 2020
Reliability Estimate by FORM......Page 2021
Reliability Estimate by Monte Carlo Simulation......Page 2022
Systems in Structural Reliability Context......Page 2023
First-Order Probability Bounds......Page 2025
Second-Order Probability Bounds......Page 2026
Applications to Structural Systems......Page 2027
Code Calibration Procedure......Page 2029
Evaluation of Load and Resistance Factors......Page 2031
References......Page 2033
Related Journals and Conferences......Page 2034
Surveying Engineering......Page 2035
Scope of This Section of the Handbook......Page 2037
53. General Mathematical and Physical Concepts......Page 2038
Three-Dimensional Coordinate Systems......Page 2039
Slope of a Line between Two Points......Page 2040
Bearing......Page 2041
General Equation of a Line......Page 2042
Perpendicular Distance from the Origin to a Line......Page 2043
Angle between Two Lines......Page 2044
Intersection of a Line and a Circle......Page 2045
Segment (Less Than a Semicircle).......Page 2046
Equation of a Straight Line......Page 2048
Vector Operations......Page 2049
Vector Products......Page 2050
Types of Matrices......Page 2052
Basic Matrix Operations......Page 2054
Matrix Inverse......Page 2055
Matrix Inverse by Partitioning......Page 2057
The Eigenvalue Problem......Page 2058
Bilinear and Quadratic Forms......Page 2059
Two-Dimensional Linear Transformations......Page 2060
Four-Parameter Transformation.......Page 2062
Three-Dimensional Linear Transformations......Page 2063
Nonlinear Transformations......Page 2065
One Function of Two Variables......Page 2067
Two Functions of Two Variables Each......Page 2068
General Case of m Functions of n Variables......Page 2069
53.8 Map Projections......Page 2070
53.9 Observational Data Adjustment......Page 2074
Data Preprocessing......Page 2075
Least Squares Adjustment......Page 2076
Techniques of Least Squares......Page 2077
Test for Blunders or Outliers......Page 2081
Level Net......Page 2082
Defining Terms......Page 2083
Further Information......Page 2084
54.1 Introduction......Page 2085
Tacheometry......Page 2086
Taping......Page 2087
Example 54.1......Page 2088
Electronic Distance Measurement......Page 2089
Benchmark (BM)......Page 2090
Builder’s Level.......Page 2091
Automatic Compensator Instruments......Page 2092
Level Rods......Page 2093
Rod Targets......Page 2094
Instrument Adjustment......Page 2095
Leveling Closure......Page 2096
Precise Leveling......Page 2097
54.4 Angle Measurement......Page 2098
Direction Angles......Page 2100
Repeating Optical Theodolite......Page 2101
Total Stations......Page 2102
Fundamental Relationships......Page 2103
Prolonging a Straight Line......Page 2104
Horizontal Angles by Direction......Page 2105
Traverse......Page 2106
Partitioning Land......Page 2111
54.6 Horizontal Curves......Page 2112
54.7 Vertical Curves......Page 2115
General......Page 2118
Counting Squares......Page 2119
Volume Computations - Road Construction......Page 2120
Volume Computations - Building Excavation......Page 2121
References......Page 2122
Further Information......Page 2123
55.1 Introduction......Page 2124
Two-Dimensional......Page 2125
Three-Dimensional Polar Coordinates: Ellipsoidal......Page 2126
Transformations of Different Kind......Page 2127
Transformations of Same Kind......Page 2129
Curvilinear Coordinates and Transformations......Page 2130
Curvilinear Coordinate Changes in Terms of Cartesian Coordinate Changes......Page 2131
Curvilinear Coordinate Changes Due to a Similarity Transformation......Page 2132
55.3 Coordinate Frames Used in Geodesy and Some Additional Relationships......Page 2134
An Important Relationship Using an Orthogonal Transformation......Page 2135
Some Important Relationships Using Similarity and Datum Transformations......Page 2136
Inertial and Quasi-Inertial......Page 2137
Relation between Earth-Fixed and Inertial......Page 2138
Time and Sidereal Time......Page 2139
Polar Motion......Page 2140
Precession and Nutation......Page 2143
55.4 Mapping......Page 2144
Two Worlds......Page 2147
Conformal Mapping Using Cartesian Differential Coordinates......Page 2148
Conformal Mapping Using Polar Differential Coordinates......Page 2150
Coordinate Transformations and Conformal Mapping......Page 2153
Law of Inertia......Page 2154
Law of Gravitation......Page 2155
Potential......Page 2157
Numerical Solution of Three Second-Order Differential Equations......Page 2158
Analytical Solution of Three Second-Order Differential Equations......Page 2159
Orientation of the Orbital Ellipse......Page 2160
Reference Frame in the Plane of the Orbit......Page 2161
Transformation from Keplerian to Cartesian Orbital Elements......Page 2162
Transformation from Cartesian to Keplerian Orbital Elements......Page 2163
Orbit of a Satellite in a Noncentral Force Field......Page 2167
The Global Positioning System......Page 2168
Positioning......Page 2169
Limiting Factors......Page 2170
Pseudoranging......Page 2171
Phase (Carrier Wave) Differencing......Page 2172
GIS, Heights, and High-Accuracy Reference Networks......Page 2173
55.7 Gravity Field and Related Issues......Page 2174
Three-Dimensional Positioning: Geocentric Positions and Full Three-dimensional Control......Page 2176
Geodetic Reference System 1967......Page 2177
1987 Best Values and Secular Changes......Page 2182
WGS 84 Coordinate Frame......Page 2183
WGS 84 Earth Gravitational Model......Page 2184
Datum and Reference Frame Transformations......Page 2185
References......Page 2188
Further Information......Page 2189
Journals and Organizations......Page 2190
56.1 Basic Concepts in Photogrammetry......Page 2192
Relief and Tilt Displacement......Page 2193
Parallax and Stereo......Page 2195
56.2 Sensors and Platforms......Page 2196
56.3 Mathematics of Photogrammetry......Page 2197
Collinearity Equations......Page 2198
Coplanarity Equation......Page 2200
Scale Restraint Equation......Page 2201
Block Adjustment by Bundles......Page 2202
Block Adjustment by Models......Page 2203
Strip Formation and Block Adjustment by Polynomials......Page 2204
Image Coordinate Refinement......Page 2205
Space Rectangular Coordinates......Page 2206
Map Projections Coordinates......Page 2207
Stereo Restitution: Analogue, Analytical, Softcopy......Page 2208
Scanners......Page 2210
56.5 Photogrammetric Products......Page 2211
Random Data Points......Page 2212
Geographic Information Systems and Photogrammetry......Page 2213
Histogram Analysis and Modification......Page 2214
Filtering......Page 2215
Matching Techniques......Page 2216
Least Squares Matching......Page 2217
Epipolar Matching......Page 2218
Flight Planning......Page 2219
Control Points......Page 2220
Data Sources......Page 2222
Orbital Mechanics......Page 2223
Platform and Sensor Modeling......Page 2226
Multispectral Analysis......Page 2227
Change Detection......Page 2228
Further Information......Page 2229
57.1 Introduction......Page 2231
Applications......Page 2232
Geometry (Graphics)......Page 2235
Vector......Page 2236
Topology......Page 2238
Layer-Based Approaches......Page 2239
Relational Approaches......Page 2240
Object-Oriented Approaches......Page 2241
Security and Information Sharing in a GIS......Page 2243
Reference Coordinate Systems......Page 2244
Data Sources......Page 2245
Data Entry and Processing......Page 2246
Structure/Topology......Page 2247
Coupling to External Analyses/Applications......Page 2248
Data Interchange Standards and Formats......Page 2249
Displays and Reporting......Page 2250
Spatial Query Languages......Page 2251
Facilities Management......Page 2252
Development Tools (Means to Customize/Build New Applications)......Page 2253
References......Page 2254
Transportation Engineering......Page 2255
What Is Transportation Planning?......Page 2258
The Transportation Planning Process......Page 2259
58.2 Transportation Planning Models......Page 2260
Linear Regression Models......Page 2261
Origin and Destination Choice......Page 2262
Gravity Models......Page 2263
A General Probabilistic Model of Choice......Page 2265
Logit Models......Page 2266
Nested Logit Models......Page 2267
Automobile Commuters......Page 2268
Transit Travelers......Page 2270
Automobile Commuters......Page 2271
Combining the Models......Page 2272
The Decision to Travel......Page 2274
An Example of the Gravity Model......Page 2275
An Example of the Fratar Model......Page 2276
Mode Choice......Page 2278
Highway Path Choice......Page 2279
Transit Path Choice......Page 2281
The Models......Page 2282
Using the Models......Page 2283
Defining Terms......Page 2284
References......Page 2285
Further Information......Page 2288
59.1 The Air Transportation System......Page 2289
Civil Engineering and Airport Planning and Design......Page 2290
The Airport System: After September 11, 2001......Page 2291
Ownership and Management......Page 2293
59.2 The Airport Planning Process......Page 2294
Airport Issues and Existing Conditions......Page 2295
Large, Medium, and Small Hubs......Page 2296
Small Commercial and General Aviation Airports......Page 2301
59.4 Requirements Analysis: Capacity and Delay......Page 2303
Example 59.1......Page 2306
Airways, Airspace, and Air Traffic Control......Page 2308
Instrument Approaches......Page 2310
Minimum Altitude Calculations......Page 2311
Minimum Visibility......Page 2312
Weather Effects......Page 2313
Criteria for NAVAIDs and Weather Observation......Page 2314
Terminal Design Concepts......Page 2316
Size Estimate Using Gates......Page 2317
Size Estimate Using Typical Peak Hour Passenger......Page 2318
Size Estimate Using the Equivalent Aircraft Factor......Page 2320
Airport Airside Access......Page 2321
Airport Landside Access......Page 2322
Terminal Curbside Dimensions......Page 2323
Parking......Page 2324
Mandatory Control/Ownership......Page 2326
Obstacle Control......Page 2329
Orientation for Winds......Page 2332
Noise......Page 2334
Integrated Noise Model......Page 2337
59.8 Airside Layout and Design......Page 2339
Runway Length......Page 2342
Runway and Taxiway Width and Clearance Design Standards......Page 2345
Runway Gradients......Page 2346
Transverse Gradients......Page 2348
Drainage......Page 2349
Approach to the Runway......Page 2350
Runway Pavement Design......Page 2354
Airport Layout Plan......Page 2355
Other Plans......Page 2357
Defining Terms......Page 2359
Acronyms......Page 2361
References......Page 2362
Further Information......Page 2363
Purpose......Page 2365
Brief History......Page 2367
60.2 Systems and Planning Issues......Page 2369
Market Demand......Page 2371
California HSR Case: Expectations of the Final Plan of HSR Implementation in the State [25,27]......Page 2372
Corridor Development......Page 2373
Cost Estimate......Page 2374
Schedule Performance......Page 2375
Safety......Page 2376
Noise......Page 2377
Energy Conversion Efficiency......Page 2378
System-Wide Parameters......Page 2379
Geometric Design......Page 2380
Track and Ties......Page 2384
Ballast-Subgrade......Page 2385
Tilt Trains [12,32-35]......Page 2386
Train-Track Dynamics......Page 2387
France: The TGV [12,14]......Page 2391
Germany: The ICE [12,13]......Page 2392
Japan: The Shinkansen (Bullet Train) [12,19,65]......Page 2393
Other Examples......Page 2395
60.7 Magnetic Levitation Technology......Page 2396
60.8 Conclusions......Page 2400
Terminology......Page 2401
References......Page 2403
Further Information......Page 2406
Bus......Page 2407
Metro......Page 2408
Line Capacity......Page 2409
Transit Financing......Page 2410
Fundamental Operating Parameters and Relationships......Page 2411
Basic Schedule Design......Page 2412
Example 61.1......Page 2414
61.4 Frequency Determination......Page 2417
Deficit Function Analysis......Page 2419
Network Analysis......Page 2420
Automated Scheduling......Page 2421
Interlining and Through-Routing......Page 2422
Pulse (Timed Transfer) Systems......Page 2423
Alternating Deadheading......Page 2424
Short-Turning......Page 2425
Predicting Changes......Page 2426
Revenue Forecasting and Pricing......Page 2428
61.7 Operating Cost Models......Page 2429
Operations Monitoring......Page 2430
Passenger Counting......Page 2431
Service Standards......Page 2432
61.9 Ridership Estimation and Sampling......Page 2434
Direct Estimation with Simple Random Sampling......Page 2435
Using Conversion Factors......Page 2436
References......Page 2437
Further Information......Page 2439
62.1 Introduction......Page 2440
62.2 Pavement Types and Materials......Page 2441
Base Course......Page 2442
Subbase Course......Page 2444
Rigid Pavement......Page 2445
62.3 Traffic Loading Analysis for Highway Pavements......Page 2446
Traffic Stream Composition......Page 2447
Traffic-Loading Computation......Page 2448
Example 62.2......Page 2449
Directional Split......Page 2455
Formula for Computing Total Design Loading......Page 2456
Computation of Traffic Loading......Page 2457
Equal Stress ESWL......Page 2459
Equal Deflection ESWL......Page 2461
Reliability......Page 2462
Effective Roadbed Soil Resilient Modulus......Page 2463
Pavement Layer Modulus......Page 2464
Thickness Requirements......Page 2465
Example 62.9......Page 2467
Subgrade Resilient Modulus......Page 2468
Example 62.12......Page 2469
Pavement Thickness Requirements......Page 2472
Example 62.14......Page 2475
Mechanistic Approach for Flexible Pavement Design......Page 2478
62.6 Structural Design of Rigid Pavements......Page 2480
Pavement Material Properties......Page 2481
Effective Modulus of Subgrade Reaction......Page 2482
Load Transfer Coefficient......Page 2483
Example 62.17......Page 2484
Reinforcement Design for JRCP......Page 2485
Longitudinal Reinforcement Design for CRCP......Page 2487
PCA Thickness Design Procedure for Rigid Highway Pavements......Page 2492
Example 62.20......Page 2493
FAA Method for Rigid Airport Pavement Design......Page 2495
FAA Thickness Design Procedure for Rigid Airport Pavements......Page 2497
FAA Joint Spacing and Reinforcement Design for Rigid Airport Pavements......Page 2499
62.7 Pavement Overlay Design......Page 2500
AI Effective Thickness Approach......Page 2501
Example 62.24......Page 2502
AI Deflection-Based Approach......Page 2503
Example 62.25......Page 2504
AI Effective Thickness Procedure......Page 2505
AI Deflection-Based Procedure......Page 2506
Example 62.26......Page 2507
PCA Design Procedure for Concrete Overlay on Concrete Highway Pavement......Page 2508
Design of Unbonded Overlay......Page 2509
Design of Bonded Overlay......Page 2510
FAA Design Procedure for Flexible Overlay on Flexible Airport Pavement......Page 2511
FAA Design Procedure for Flexible Overlay on Concrete Airport Pavement......Page 2513
FAA Design Procedure for Concrete Overlay on Concrete Airport Pavement......Page 2514
References......Page 2515
Further Information......Page 2516
63.1 Introduction......Page 2518
Highway Types......Page 2519
Traffic Characteristics......Page 2520
Bicycle Facilities......Page 2522
Stopping Sight Distance......Page 2523
Passing Sight Distance......Page 2524
Decision Sight Distance......Page 2525
Design Heights for Sight Distances......Page 2526
Simple Horizontal Curves......Page 2527
Simple Vertical Curves......Page 2528
Maximum Superelevation......Page 2529
Example 63.2......Page 2530
Method of Attaining Superelevation......Page 2532
Sight Distance on Horizontal Curves......Page 2533
Vertical Alignment......Page 2534
Climbing Lanes......Page 2535
Example 63.5......Page 2536
Cross Section Elements......Page 2537
Traveled Way......Page 2538
Curbs......Page 2539
Modern Roundabouts......Page 2540
Railroad-Highway Grade Crossings......Page 2541
Case B1......Page 2542
Example 63.6......Page 2543
Interchanges......Page 2544
Individual Alignments......Page 2545
Cross Sections and Intersections......Page 2546
Design Aids......Page 2547
Compound Horizontal Curves......Page 2548
Three-Dimensional Alignments......Page 2549
63.5 Emerging Design Concepts......Page 2550
Smart Design......Page 2551
63.7 Summary: Key Ingredients......Page 2552
References......Page 2553
Further Information......Page 2555
64.1 Introduction......Page 2557
Traffic Flow Characteristics......Page 2558
Fundamental Traffic Flow Relationship......Page 2559
Estimating Space-Mean Speed and Traffic Density from Spot Observations......Page 2560
Spot Observations......Page 2562
64.4 Relationships between Volume, Speed, and Density......Page 2563
Theories......Page 2564
Field Observations......Page 2565
Shock Waves......Page 2567
Cumulative Counts......Page 2569
Bottleneck with Uninterrupted Traffic......Page 2571
Unsignalized Intersections......Page 2572
64.6 Highway Capacity......Page 2573
Unsignalized Intersections......Page 2574
Signalized Intersections......Page 2575
64.7 Traffic Quality......Page 2576
64.8 Traffic Control......Page 2578
References......Page 2579
65. Intelligent Transportation Systems......Page 2581
65.2 Role of ITS in Tomorrow’s Transportation Systems......Page 2582
Productivity......Page 2583
Advanced Traffic Management Systems......Page 2584
Advanced Vehicle Control Systems......Page 2585
Advanced Public Transportation Systems......Page 2586
Advanced Rural Transportation Systems......Page 2587
65.4 ITS Restructuring and Progress......Page 2588
65.5 What We Have Learned [32]......Page 2590
How It Was Done......Page 2591
Traveler Information Systems......Page 2592
Commercial Vehicle Operations......Page 2593
Conclusions......Page 2594
Systems......Page 2595
Mainstreaming......Page 2596
The Positioning of ITS......Page 2597
65.6 Benefits of ITS......Page 2598
Taxonomy and Measures of Effectiveness......Page 2600
Intelligent Infrastructure and Intelligent Vehicles......Page 2605
ITS Program Strategies......Page 2606
Key Activities and Milestones......Page 2607
Rural and Statewide ITS Infrastructure Program Area......Page 2608
Key Activities and Milestones......Page 2609
Key Activities and Milestones......Page 2610
Key Activities and Milestones......Page 2611
The National ITS Architecture and ITS Standards......Page 2612
Emerging Program Activities......Page 2613
Update of ITS User Services......Page 2614
Programmatic Theme 1......Page 2615
The Stakeholders......Page 2616
Nonrecurring Congestion: Incidents......Page 2617
Incidents......Page 2618
Formulation of Incident Detection Problem......Page 2619
Need for All Incident Management Stages to Perform......Page 2621
References......Page 2627
Further Information......Page 2629
Appendix......Page 2632
66.1 Introduction......Page 2642
The Depreciation Approach for Highway Asset Valuation......Page 2643
Highway Physical Facilities......Page 2644
System Objectives......Page 2645
Usefulness of Pavement Management Systems......Page 2646
PMS Data Types......Page 2647
Sample Size Requirements for Data Collection......Page 2650
Defining Pavement Segments for Data Collection......Page 2651
Data Collection Technologies......Page 2654
Project Selection Methods......Page 2656
Bridge Management Systems......Page 2658
Data Collection and Database Development......Page 2659
Data Analysis......Page 2660
Life Cycle Cost Analysis......Page 2662
Identification of Promising Alternatives......Page 2663
Assignment of Relative Weights......Page 2664
Maintenance Management Systems......Page 2665
Components and Features of a Maintenance Management System......Page 2666
Maintenance Needs Assessment......Page 2667
Integration......Page 2668
Sophistication......Page 2669
Safety Management System......Page 2670
66.5 General Requirements of Highway Asset Management System......Page 2671
Defining Terms......Page 2672
References......Page 2673
67.1 The Environmental Process......Page 2676
Transportation Noise......Page 2677
Legislation and Regulations Affecting Transportation Noise......Page 2681
Estimating Transportation Noise Impacts......Page 2682
Mitigation of Transportation Noise......Page 2688
Transportation and Air Quality......Page 2690
Air Quality Legislation and Regulations......Page 2691
Modeling of Air Pollutants from Transportation......Page 2694
Water Quality as Related to Transportation......Page 2699
Modeling of Water Impacts......Page 2700
Ecological Impacts......Page 2702
67.3 Summation......Page 2703
References......Page 2704
Further Information......Page 2707
Appendix - Mathematics, Symbols, and Physical Constants......Page 2708
Greek Alphabet......Page 2709
Definitions of SI Base Units......Page 2710
SI Derived Units with Special Names and Symbols......Page 2711
Conversion Constants and Multipliers......Page 2712
Conversion Factors - General*......Page 2713
Physical Constants......Page 2714
Numerical Constants......Page 2715
Elementary Algebra and Geometry......Page 2716
Logarithms......Page 2717
Progression......Page 2718
Polar Form......Page 2719
Cubic......Page 2720
Geometry......Page 2721
Determinants, Matrices, and Linear Systems of Equations......Page 2722
Properties of Determinants......Page 2723
Operations......Page 2724
Inverse Matrix......Page 2725
Solution by Determinants (Cramer’s Rule)......Page 2726
Trigonometry......Page 2727
z-Transform and the Laplace Transform......Page 2728
Inverse Trigonometric Functions......Page 2731
Distance between Two Points; Slope......Page 2732
Equations of Straight Lines......Page 2733
Distance from a Point to a Line......Page 2734
Parabola......Page 2735
Ellipse......Page 2736
Hyperbola (e > 1)......Page 2737
Translation......Page 2738
Series......Page 2739
Series of Functions......Page 2740
Binomial......Page 2743
Taylor......Page 2744
Exponential......Page 2745
Trigonometric......Page 2746
Radius of Curvature......Page 2747
Taylor’s Formula......Page 2748
Examples......Page 2749
Functions of Two Variables......Page 2750
Integral Calculus......Page 2751
Mean Value of a Function......Page 2752
Cylindrical and Spherical Coordinates......Page 2753
Double Integration......Page 2754
Magnitude of F......Page 2755
Vector Differentiation......Page 2757
Planar Motion in Polar Coordinates......Page 2758
Laplace Transforms......Page 2759
Table of Laplace Transforms......Page 2760
Trigonometric Identities......Page 2761
z-Transforms of Sampled Functions......Page 2762
Bessel Functions......Page 2763
Legendre Polynomials......Page 2765
Orthogonality......Page 2767
Harmonic Mean......Page 2768
Probability......Page 2769
Mean of Binomially Distributed Variable......Page 2770
Example......Page 2771
Tables of Probability and Statistics......Page 2772
Table of Derivatives......Page 2777
Additional Relations with Derivatives......Page 2779
Integrals......Page 2780
Forms Containing (a + bx)......Page 2781
The Fourier Transforms......Page 2783
Fourier Transforms......Page 2784
Finite Sine Transforms......Page 2785
Finite Cosine Transforms......Page 2786
Fourier Cosine Transforms......Page 2787
Fourier Transforms......Page 2788
Secant Method for Solving f (x) = 0......Page 2789
Uniform Interval h......Page 2790
Interpolation......Page 2792
Steffenson’s Formula......Page 2793
Bessel’s Formula (Unmodified)......Page 2794
Newton’s Divided Difference Formula......Page 2795
Reciprocal Differences......Page 2796
Marginal and Conditional Probability......Page 2798
Probability Function (Discrete Case)......Page 2799
Expected Value......Page 2800
Change of Base......Page 2801
Examples......Page 2802
Publications......Page 2803
Other Activities......Page 2804
Publications......Page 2805
Publications......Page 2806
Publications......Page 2807
Publications......Page 2808
Publications......Page 2809
Ethics......Page 2810
Guidelines to Practice Under the Fundamental Canons of Ethics......Page 2811