The Chinese National Character: From Nationhood to Individuality

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This unique survey of the evolution of the modern Chinese national character incorporates a rich blend of history and theory as well as nation, gender, and film studies. It begins with the dawn of the concept of "nation" in China at the end of the Imperial period, and follows its development from early Republican China to the present People's Republic, drawing on themes of national identity, "Orientalness," racial evolution and purity, cultural and gender roles, regional animosities, historical impediments, and more. The book also takes up the changing American perceptions of Chinese personality development and gender, using materials from American popular culture.

Historian Sun chronologically examines the development of the discourse related to the idea of Chinese identity. He defines six distinct periods in the discourse of Chinese opinion leaders. Beginning with the demise of the Confucian ecumenism, he argues that, after a failed experiment with "yellow racialism," a concept of "national psychology" (a meld of several Western schools of thought mediated through the Japanese) held sway. In the May Fourth era (1917-1921) two movements arose employing a broader category of civilization, alternately emphasizing cosmopolitanism or the unity of Eastern peoples. Lu Xun would go on to stress a form of nationalism conflated with biologism until the rise of anthropogeographical ideas in the 1930s and 1940s that stressed the link between character and specific Chinese regions. Finally, Sun argues the discourse of individualism was imported from the Americans and their post-WWII studies of different nations. Annotation c. Book News, Inc., Portland, OR (booknews.com)

From Library Journal

A thoroughly researched and footnoted study of 20th-century China's assessment of its own national character, this rather dense tome makes for fascinating reading. Sun (history, Washington Univ.) begins with a discussion of early ideas that militated against nationhood, then moves into various Chinese scholars' ideas of the national character. Most of the scholars make comparisons with Western personality traits, almost always to the detriment of the Chinese, whom they characterize as dependent, cowardly, lazy, and selfish, mostly owing to military defeats in the early part of the century. Other studies make a sharp dichotomy between northern China (energetic but stupid) and southern China (lazy but smart). Freud, the interest in eugenics, and changing sex roles allow for even more theories. Less intent on exploding myths than on exploring types of people and the move to individuality, Sun eventually acknowledges that the national characteristics of almost all peoples derive mostly from mass media portrayals, namely, movies and television, and that China is no exception. Recommended for academic libraries. Kitty Chen Dean, Nassau Community Coll., Garden City, NY
Copyright 2002 Reed Business Information, Inc.

About the Author

Lung-kee Sun was born in China but grew up in Hong Kong. He spent his college years in Taiwan and went on to advanced studies in the United States, first getting a masters degree in Russian history from the University of Minnesota and then his Ph.D. in East Asian history from Stanford University. Dr. Sun has taught at the University of Kansas, Washington University (St. Louis), the University of Alberta, and the University of Memphis. Among his numerous publications, the most influential one was The “Deep Structure” of Chinese Culture, excerpts of which have been translated into English; a complete German translation, Des Ummauerte Ich: Die Tiefenstruktur der chinesischen Mentalitat, was published in 1994.

Author(s): Lung-Kee Sun & Longji Sun & Warren Sun
Publisher: M. E. Sharpe
Year: 2001

Language: English
Commentary: OCR (Clearscan), Bookmarked
Pages: 299
City: Armonk
Tags: Chinese, National Characteristics

Front Cover
Half Title Page
Studies on Modern China
Full Title Page
ISBN 0-7656-0826-X
Contents
Acknowledgments
Introduction
The Project's Warp and Woof
Nationhood and Group Mind
Orientalness and Corporeality
Lu Xun and the Problem of Chinese Individuality
Corporeality and Regionality
Orientalness and Individuality
National Character, Nationalism, and Orientalism
The Vicissitudes of "National Character"
Disturbing Implications of the Postcolonial Stance
More Than Two Intentions
A Methodological Note
The Limitations of Binarist Thinking
The Insertion of a Third Term
From the National to the Individual
Notes to Introduction
1 The Birth of a "Nation"
The End of an Autocosm
The "All-under-Heaven" Syndrome
The Confucian-Evolutionist Synthesis
The "One World" Vision
Gestation of "Nation " in the Womb of Ecumenism
Racial Thinking as a New Episteme
From Racial Preservation to Racial Revolution
Asiatic Racial Solidarity
Japan as the "Racial" Model
Japan's Public Relations Stunts in China
Common Threat and Common Stock
The Yellow-White Condominium
Parity with the White Race
The Coming Racial Armageddon
Proud to Be a "Peril"
Liang Qichao's Transition to "Nationalism"
His Outgrowing of Pan-Asianism
State, Country, Nation, and Guo-A Matter of Difference
Nation in the Age of Imperialism
Rereading Herbert Spencer
"Survival of the Fittest" in the International Arena
Ancient Imperium and Modern Imperialism
Nationhood Defined As an Absence
Point of Departure: People's Moral Character
The Discourse on the Slave Character
A Nation Scorned
Decentering Confucius
Homey Virtues in a Darwinian World
The Orientalist Trap
Retrieving the Han Identity
Inventing the Nation via Public Memory
National Essence and Local Identities
Reimagining the Manchu-Han Animus
The Yellow Empire as the Font of "National" History
From Dynastic to National Genealogy
The Creation of a "National" Pantheon
The Making of an Estranged Genealogy
The "Conqueror" Fixation
The Contemporaneity of Origins, the Hybridity of Identity
Notes
2 National Psychology
Europe's Seminal Experience
The Advent of Social Psychology
Outgrowing Herbert Spencer
One Alternative: The State as Organism
The Other Alternative: Nation as Group Mind
Spencer Dies Hard
The Historical Backdrop
Historical Race versus Natural Race
Introducing a New Racial Concept
The "Racial Science"
The Racial Hierarchy
The Enigma of "National Psychology"
German Völkerpsychologie?
French Psychologie des Peoples?
The Bluntschli Factor
National Spirit and National Soul
From Montesquieu to the German Romantics
Spirit and Soul: Which Is the Evil Double ?
Innate or Implanted ?
Souls Multiply
National Psychology and National Education
Pestalozzi and Fichte
The Bastardization of the Pestalozzi Vision
National Education as a Site of the National Character Discourse
National Psychology and National Revolution
The Volatile Latin Character
A Contested Site: The French Revolution
Will There Be a Nation After the Revolution?
The Optimist
A Balance Sheet
Is the Republic Lacking in Character?
The Elusive Character of the Republic
Quest for a Moral Foundation for the New Republic
Making a Virtue Out of Immaturity
China 's Senility as Her Best Defense
Yuan Shikai's Corruption of the Chinese Psychology
Blame It on the French Virus
The Nationalists and the Progressives at Crossroads
National Character Discussions as Anti- Yuan Innuendos
The Heyday of National Psychology, and Its Decline
The Yuan Regime 's Official Parlance
From Mexico to Russia
National Psychology as New History
Notes
3 Orientalness and Degeneration
Confucianism and the National Psychology
The Kulturkampf in the Nascent Republic
Yuan Shikai 's "Psychologyof Venerating Confucius"
Chen Duxiu's "The Psychology of the Confucian Nation"
The Problem of "Eastern Civilization"
The Shidai Rhetoric
The New Culture Mode of Discourse
Postcolonial Critique?
Evolutionary Stages ? or ldeotypes?
Ah Q's "Spiritual" Victory
Evolution's Shadow: Degeneration
Darwin and Lamarck
The Degeneration Scare in Europe
The New Culture Dilemma
Early Chinese Understanding of Heredity
Yan Fu's Darwin
Liang Qichao, the Lamarckian
A Protean Notion
Nature versus Nurture
Heredity Against Instinct
Is the Human World Unnatural ?
Lu Xun Collapsed the Altruistic and Selfish Instincts
Civilization Against Nature
The Fin-de-Siècle Mood
The Chinese Civilization Is Life-denying
The Specter of Racial Degeneration
The Senility Metaphor
The Similes of Feminization and lnfantilism
Degenerescence in Political Polemics
A Voguish Discourse
The Beginning of Chinese Eugenic Thinking
Race Advancement as a Reformist Program
Eugenics and the Chinese Enlightenment
Varieties of Eugenics in the May Fourth Era
Eugenics and the Cult of Genius
Refuting the Altruistic Instinct
Evolution of the Few
Civilization as Syphilisation
Europe's Maladie fin de siècle
A Weapon of Chinese Iconoclasm
Notes
4 Superman and Underman
China's First Proto-Modernist
Identifying the Fin de Siècle
Conflating the Romantic "National Icon" and the Modernist "Outsider"
Critique of Mass Society as "National Salvation"
Proto-Modernism, Modernism, and Postmodernism
The Madman as Visionary
Lu Xun, the Hesitant Decadent
Madness as a Modern Condition
The Doppelganger's Monodrama
The Shadow Persona
The Doppelganger Persona
The Pathetic Superman versus the Apathetic Masses
The Empathetic Misanthrope
An Antinational Project
How Lu Xun Was Pressganged into "National Salvation"
Retrieving the Personal Dimension
The Vengeful Misanthrope Posed as Jesus
The Chinese Herd
Enslavement of the Spirit
The Sado-Masochisdc Wimp
The Victim-Victimizer Cycle
The Devouring Masses
A Chinese Demonology
Cannibals
Claustrophobia
The Living Dead
Fiends
Somnipathy
The Chinese as Sexual Degenerates
The Zhou Brothers' "Sexual Modernism"
Below the Belt and on Top of the Scalp
The Fin-de-siècle Sadistic Imagination
The Perversion-Heredity-Degenerescenece Cycle
The Epigones
Notes
5 North and South
Heredity and Environment
The Regional Strategy of Anti-Manchuism
Forging a Southern Identity
Contestation over the Site of Pristine China
The North and the South as Belligerents
The First Round: The South's "Independence" from Beijing
The Second Round: Yuan and the "Southern" Opposition
The Third Round: The Nationalists and the Beiyang Warlords
The Fourth Round: Nanjing Regime and Its Enemies
The North-South Cultural Animus
A Tale of Two Cities
Two Opposing Ethoi
Southern Supremacy
Shifting Centers
Echoes in the West
Geography, Temperament, and Race
Regions and Humors
Terrain and Cranium
Eugenics Since the May Fourth Era
Geography and Eugenics
The North Temperate Zone Theory
A Time-Honored Thesis
Its Racialist Applications
Huntington's Version
Adverse Environment, Bad Heredity, and the "Chosen People"
China's Exceptionalism
North China, the Killing Field
The Northern Chinese in Arthur Smith's Eyes
South China as the Purer China
The Flower of the Chinese People
The Fad of Anthropogeography
Zhang Junjun's Racial Reform Program
Exhausted Spirit
Stunted Corporeality
The Regional Other
Pseudoscientific Explanations
Zonal Determinism
Desperate Measures
Lin Yutang's Pseudo-Regionality
Degeneration and Regeneration
Civilization and Barbarism
Nature and Artifice
Evolution and Eugenics
The Persistence of Regional Typologies
Hu Xianjian's Regional Stereotypes
Stereotypes Die Hard
Multiple Chinas
Continental China versus Maritime China
The Post-Mao Quest for Diversity
Yellow and Blue
Nostalgia or Anti-Nostalgia?
A Versatile Schematic
Notes
6 "The Rock from a Distant Hill"
A Foretaste of Multiculturalism
The Study of Cultures at a Distance
Changing Paradigm: Culture over Biology
A Cosmopolitan Stance
Personality as the Metonym of Culture
Culture as Personality Writ Large
The Psychologization of Culture
Chinese Childhood and Sexual Growth
The Ambivalent Early Chinese Childhood
Individuation Aborted
The Chinese Reversal of Gender Roles
The "Castrating Mother"
Rewarding Passivity
The Maternal Conspiracy
A Matter of Power and Control
Fear of Passivity and "Depletion"
The Sapping of Virility
Cold War and Cold Sex
The Impaired Ability for Aggression
The Neglected Father
Filial Piety = Moral Masochism
Sexualizing and Gendering Passivity
Individuation as Parenticidal Drama
"The King Must Die"
The Campaign against Momism
From the Oedipal to the Matricidal
The Sexual Revolution Magnified the Problem
Matricide as "Party Line"
China as a Foil
Ramifications of the Matricidal Syndrome
The Morbidity of Domineering and Clinging
The Phallic Woman in Popular Culture
Sleeping with the Enemy: Male Version
The Hysteria toward Clinging
The Trope of the Mental Ward
The Dark Female
Mental Ward as a Symbol of Victimization
Rational Control Enables Dominance, Now Ungendered
The Silence of the Moth
Chinese as Marginal Text
From Pathology to Paragon
The Lost Horizon
From Redoubt to Receptacle
The Blurring of Rational Ego Boundaries
Care versus Instrumental Rationality
Some Consolations
Notes
Epilogue: Toward a Postnational Age?
The Options We have
"Three in the Morning, Four in the Evening"
A Hegemony That Compels Diversity
The Postnational Condition and the Ahistorical Individual
Postnational, Posttraumatic, and Postliterate
Another "End of History" Scenario?
Notes
Bibliography
Abbreviations
Index
Lung-kee Sun