The Challenge of Child Labour in International Law

Half-title......Page 3
Series-title......Page 5
Title......Page 7
Copyright......Page 8
Contents......Page 9
Abbreviations......Page 14
Foreword......Page 17
Acknowledgements......Page 19
I. The problem of child labour and the international community......Page 21
II. The trade and labour linkage......Page 22
1. The current state of affairs......Page 24
a) The fair trade/free trade debate......Page 26
b) The race to the bottom......Page 28
d) Effectiveness arguments/Trade measures for human rights......Page 30
B. Contents......Page 31
I. Trade sanctions and trade measures......Page 32
II. Effectiveness......Page 33
I. Introduction......Page 34
1. Changing historical attitudes......Page 35
2. Diverging cultural attitudes......Page 36
III. The concept of child labour......Page 37
I. Hazardous working conditions......Page 39
II. Domestic service......Page 40
1. Child slavery......Page 41
D. Statistics: Distribution of child labour......Page 42
2. Migration......Page 45
5. Education......Page 46
6. Attitudes and poor law enforcement......Page 47
8. Discrimination against minorities......Page 48
1. The nimble fingers and lower costs argument......Page 49
3. The role of technology......Page 50
1. Legislation......Page 51
3. Further policy measures......Page 52
H. Conclusion of Chapter 1......Page 53
I. The Slavery Convention......Page 55
2. The definition of slavery......Page 56
II. The Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery, the Slave Trade, and Institutions and Practices Similar to Slavery......Page 58
2. The definition of slavery and practices similar to slavery......Page 59
3. State obligations......Page 64
a) The definition of slavery......Page 65
b) The definition of servitude......Page 66
3. The legal nature of the UDHR......Page 67
1. Wording......Page 73
b) The definition of servitude......Page 74
c) The definition of forced or compulsory labour......Page 77
3. State obligations......Page 79
4. Conclusion......Page 80
2. Scope and content of the norm......Page 81
1. Wording......Page 82
2. Scope and content of the norm......Page 83
3. State obligations......Page 84
4. Conclusion......Page 86
1. Wording......Page 87
2. Scope and content of the norm......Page 88
3. State obligations......Page 92
4. Conclusion......Page 93
2. Scope and content of the norm......Page 95
4. Conclusion......Page 96
4. Conclusion......Page 97
1. Wording......Page 98
XII. The Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflicts......Page 99
1. Scope and content of the norms......Page 100
2. State obligations......Page 101
a) The definition of forced and compulsory labour......Page 102
2. State obligations......Page 105
1. Scope and content of Convention No. 105......Page 106
III. Conventions concerning conditions of work and employment......Page 107
a) The total abolition of child labour......Page 108
b) Fixing a minimum age......Page 109
c) Hazardous work......Page 110
e) Light work......Page 112
2. State obligations......Page 113
3. Conclusion......Page 114
a) The relationship to ILO Convention No. 138......Page 115
c) The worst forms of child labour......Page 116
d) Determining hazardous work......Page 119
2. State obligations......Page 120
3. Conclusion......Page 122
1. Scope and content of the Declaration......Page 123
2. The new approach taken by the Declaration......Page 124
1. Scope and content of the norms......Page 127
3. The ILO Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work......Page 129
E. The protection from exploitative child labour as a general principle of law......Page 130
F. The protection from exploitative child labour as ius cogens......Page 134
G. Conclusion of Chapter 2......Page 139
A. Introduction......Page 142
I. Introduction......Page 143
a) The Human Rights Committee......Page 144
b) The reporting system......Page 145
d) The interstate complaints procedure......Page 149
e) The individual complaints procedure......Page 150
b) Principal activities of the Committee......Page 152
d) Complaints procedures......Page 155
b) Principal activities of the Committee......Page 157
c) Changes in law and practice......Page 161
5. Evaluation of the treaty-based implementation mechanism......Page 162
2. The Human Rights Council......Page 165
3. The universal periodic review......Page 166
4. Special procedures......Page 167
5. The complaint procedure......Page 169
6. Promotional activities......Page 171
7. Assessment......Page 172
IV. Conclusion......Page 173
I. Introduction......Page 174
1. Reports on ratified conventions......Page 175
a) Reports of the Committee of Experts......Page 177
b) Discussion of reports by the Conference Committee......Page 179
a) Cases of progress......Page 180
b) Cases of concern......Page 183
c) Assessment......Page 184
5. The interpretative authority of ILO bodies......Page 185
6. Members' compliance with reporting obligations......Page 186
1. Introduction......Page 187
b) Reporting details......Page 188
3. The InFocus Programme......Page 189
5. The promotional approach of the ILO Declaration......Page 190
V. The special procedures......Page 192
1. Representations......Page 193
2. The complaints procedure......Page 194
a) Overview......Page 198
b) IPEC – The international programme on the elimination of child labour......Page 199
1. Reporting obligations......Page 203
a) The Commission of Inquiry......Page 204
b) Reactions by Myanmar and measures adopted by the ILO bodies......Page 205
c) The scope and content of Art. 33 of the ILO Constitution......Page 206
d) The legal nature of recommendations of the International Labour Conference......Page 207
e) Reaction by Myanmar and measures taken by ILO constituents......Page 208
f) The direct contacts procedure......Page 210
4. Conclusion......Page 211
VIII. Evaluation of the ILO implementation system......Page 212
D. Conclusion of Chapter 3......Page 214
I. Introduction......Page 215
a) Introduction......Page 217
b) Enforcement obligations......Page 218
c) Institutional framework and general provisions......Page 221
d) Public communications......Page 223
e) Cooperative consultations and evaluations......Page 226
f) Resolution of disputes......Page 230
g) Application of the NAALC......Page 238
h) Conclusion......Page 242
b) Enforcement obligations......Page 246
c) Cooperation and consultations......Page 250
d) Dispute settlement......Page 251
e) Cases......Page 253
f) Conclusion......Page 254
b) Enforcement obligations......Page 256
c) Cooperation and consultations......Page 259
d) Dispute resolution......Page 261
f) Conclusion......Page 266
a) Introduction......Page 268
b) The labour rights provisions and their implementation......Page 269
c) Conclusion......Page 272
a) The objective of the Cotonou Agreement......Page 273
b) Institutional structure......Page 274
c) Social clauses......Page 275
a) Objective of the CARIFORUM-EU EPA......Page 284
b) Institutional structure......Page 285
c) Social clauses......Page 286
b) Institutional structure......Page 291
c) Social clauses......Page 292
a) Objective of the EU–Jordan Association Agreement......Page 294
c) Social clauses......Page 295
5. Conclusion......Page 297
IV. Conclusion......Page 299
I. Introduction......Page 304
1. Introduction......Page 305
a) Granting and withdrawing of tariff preferences......Page 306
b) The reporting and review process......Page 310
c) Political and economic bias......Page 313
e) Other criticisms......Page 314
4. Changes in law and practice......Page 315
5. Value of trade preferences to developing countries......Page 317
6. Lessons drawn from the US GSP......Page 319
1. Introduction......Page 320
a) Granting of preferences under the special incentive arrangement......Page 321
b) Temporary withdrawal......Page 324
a) Granting of preferences......Page 328
b) Use of the withdrawal procedure......Page 329
4. Value of trade preferences to developing countries......Page 332
5. Lessons drawn from the EU GSP......Page 333
IV. Conclusion......Page 335
1. Section 307 of the Tariff Act of 1930......Page 338
2. Application of Section 307 of the Tariff Act of 1930......Page 340
3. Conclusion......Page 341
III. The Massachusetts Act on Burma (Myanmar)......Page 342
1. Introduction......Page 343
2. The social labelling system......Page 344
3. Evaluation......Page 347
1. The Scheme......Page 349
2. Evaluation......Page 350
VI. Conclusion......Page 351
I. Introduction......Page 352
1. Extraterritorial legislation......Page 353
2. The concept of corporate social responsibility......Page 355
II. Codes of conduct......Page 356
a) The OECD Guidelines......Page 357
b) The ILO Tripartite Declaration......Page 360
c) The UN Global Compact......Page 361
d) The UN Norms......Page 364
e) Miscellaneous codes......Page 367
a) Corporate codes of conduct......Page 368
b) Business Associations codes......Page 372
c) Multi-stakeholder and model codes......Page 374
d) International framework agreements......Page 377
3. Evaluation......Page 379
2. Examples......Page 380
a) Care and Fair......Page 381
b) RugMark......Page 382
c) STEP......Page 383
3. Evaluation......Page 384
IV. Socially responsible investment......Page 386
V. Global reporting......Page 387
1. The Bangladeshi exporters' initiative......Page 388
2. Transnational companies' initiative in Indian seed production......Page 389
VII. Evaluation......Page 391
F. Conclusion of Chapter 4......Page 393
A. Introduction......Page 396
B. Addressing the fear of protectionism......Page 397
I. Trade-related or country-related standards?......Page 399
II. Institutional structure......Page 400
III. Cooperative activities......Page 401
IV. Public communications......Page 402
VI. Dispute settlement......Page 403
A. Summary of results......Page 406
B. Epilogue......Page 408
Bibliography......Page 410
Index......Page 438
CAMBRIDGE STUDIES IN INTERNATIONAL AND COMPARATIVE LAW......Page 456