The Carnation Genome

Preface to the Series
Preface
Contents
Contributors
Abbreviations
1 Draft Genome Sequence
Abstract
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Genome Assembly of Carnation
1.2.1 Genome Sequencing
1.2.2 Estimation of Genome Size
1.2.3 Genome Assembly
1.2.4 Repetitive Sequences
1.2.5 Gene Prediction
1.2.6 Gene Annotation
1.3 Complete Chloroplast Genome Sequences
1.3.1 Cultivar Developed at Central South University of Forestry and Technology
1.3.2 Cultivar ‘Francesco’
1.4 Databases
1.4.1 Carnation DB
1.4.2 Plant Genome Database of Japan (PGDBj)
1.5 Conclusion
References
2 Transcriptome Analysis in Carnation
Abstract
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Gene Expression Analysis
2.2.1 Transcriptome Analysis in Carnation
2.2.2 Transcriptome Analysis Using RNA-Seq in Carnation
2.3 Conclusion
References
3 Construction of Linkage Maps and Development of Useful DNA Markers for Carnation Breeding
Abstract
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Construction of Genetic Linkage Maps in Carnations
3.2.1 Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) Marker-Based Linkage Map
3.2.2 SSR Marker-Based Linkage Map
3.2.3 Construction of a Reference Linkage Map
3.2.4 Higher-Density Linkage Map
3.3 Development of a Useful DNA Marker
3.3.1 CBW Resistance Derived from D. capitatus
3.3.2 Breeding of ‘Karen Rouge’ by MAS
3.3.3 CBW Resistance from Line 85–11
3.3.4 Mapping of Flower Color
3.3.5 Doubleness
3.3.6 Flowering Time
3.4 The Future of Carnation Genomics and Genetics
Acknowledgements
References
4 Recent Topics on Flower Opening and Senescence in Cut Carnation Flowers
Abstract
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Promotion by a Xyloglucan Oligosaccharide Mixture of Flower Opening in Carnation
4.3 Acceleration by Pyridinecarboxylic Acid Isomers of Flower Opening in Spray-Type Carnation
4.3.1 Acceleration of Flower Opening by Treatment with 2,4-Pyridinedicarboxylic Acid
4.3.2 Acceleration by Various Pyridinedicarboxylic Acid Isomers of Flower Opening in Spray-Type Carnation
4.3.3 Acceleration by 3-pyridinecarboxylic Acid (3-PCA) of Flower Opening in Spray-Type Carnation
4.4 Allelic Nature of Two Forms (Variants) of DcACS1 Gene, DcACS1a, and DcACS1b
4.4.1 Genomic DNA Structure of a Carnation ACS Gene, DcACS1
4.4.2 Allelic Nature of DcACS1a and DcACS1b Genes
References
5 Cross-Breeding for Flower Vase Life and Their Molecular Mechanism
Abstract
5.1 Introduction
5.1.1 Cross-Breeding for Long Vase Life Cultivars
5.1.2 Molecular Mechanism of Long Vase Life Carnation
5.1.3 Ultra-Long Vase Life Cultivars
5.1.4 Genetic Variation in Ethylene Sensitivity
5.1.5 Ultra-Long Vase Life Line with Low Ethylene Sensitivity
5.2 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
6 Flower Pigments Responsible for Cyanic, Yellow, and Cream-White Coloration in Carnation
Abstract
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Anthocyanins, Pigments Responsible for Cyanic Coloration
6.2.1 Characteristics of Anthocyanidins
6.2.2 Characteristics of Conjugated Sugars
6.2.3 Characteristics of Acylated Organic Acid
6.2.4 Physicochemical Properties
6.2.5 Cyanic Flower Coloration and Anthocyanins
6.3 Chalcone Glycoside, Pigment Responsible for Yellow Coloration
6.3.1 Characteristics of Aglycone
6.3.2 Characteristics of Conjugated Sugar
6.3.3 Characteristics of Conjugated Organic Acid
6.3.4 Physicochemical Properties
6.3.5 Yellow Flower Coloration and Chalcone 2′-O-Glucoside
6.4 Flavones, Co-Pigments Responsible for Blue-Purple Coloration
6.4.1 Characteristics of Aglycone
6.4.2 Characteristics of Conjugated Sugars
6.4.3 Characteristics of Conjugated Organic Acid
6.4.4 Physicochemical Properties
6.4.5 Blue-Purple Transgenic Flower Coloration and Flavones
6.5 Flavonols, Pigments Responsible for Cream-White Coloration
6.5.1 Characteristics of Aglycone
6.5.2 Characteristics of Conjugated Sugars
6.5.3 Characteristics of the Conjugated Organic Acid
6.5.4 Physicochemical Properties
6.5.5 Cream-White Flower Coloration and Flavonols
6.6 Flower Color Patterns
6.7 Flavonoids Detected in Tissues Other than Flowers
6.8 Analytical Techniques and Conditions
Acknowledgements
Appendix
References
7 Carotenoid and Chlorophyll Accumulation in Flower Petals of Carnation
Abstract
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Carotenoids in Leaves and Petals
7.3 Overview of Carotenoid Metabolism
7.3.1 Biosynthesis
7.3.2 Degradation
7.4 Yellow-Flowered Carnations
7.5 Carotenoid Metabolic Gene Expression in Petals of Carnation
7.6 Chlorophylls in Leaves and Petals
7.7 Overview of Chlorophyll Metabolism
7.7.1 Biosynthesis
7.7.2 Chlorophyll Cycle
7.7.3 Degradation
7.8 Chlorophyll Biosynthetic Gene Expression in Carnation Petals
7.9 Chlorophyll Catabolic Gene Expression in Carnation Petals
7.10 Transcription Factors Involved in the Regulation of Chlorophyll Metabolic Pathway in Petals
7.11 Conclusion
References
8 Molecular Mechanisms of Carnation Flower Colors via Anthocyanin and Flavonoid Biosynthetic Pathways
Abstract
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Genes Encoding Enzymes in the Phenylpropanoid Pathway
8.3 Genes for Enzymes Involved in Anthocyanin and Flavonoid Aglycone Synthetic Pathways
8.4 Genes Encoding Cytosolic Enzymes for UDP-Glucose-Dependent Glycosylation of Anthocyanins and Flavonols and for Transportation into Vacuoles
8.5 Transportation of Anthocyanin into Vacuoles as a Final Destination
8.6 Acylation and Glucosylation in Vacuoles Using Acyl-Glucose as Donors in Carnation Petals
8.7 Acyanic Colors of Carnation—Yellow and Orange
8.8 Acyanic Flower Color—Pure and Paper White Color in Carnation
8.9 The Remaining Questions and Future Perspectives
References
9 Advances in Mutation Technology to Create Novel Carnation Varieties
Abstract
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Generation of a Wide Variety of Flower Color and Shape Mutants by Ion Beam Mutagenesis
9.2.1 Application of Ion Beams to Carnation
9.2.2 Characteristics of the Mutants Obtained by Ion Beam Irradiation
9.3 Mutagenic Effects of Acute and Chronic Gamma Irradiations on Flower Mutation
9.3.1 Irradiation Effect of Chronic and Acute Gamma Irradiation
9.3.2 Floral Mutants: Mutation Rates and Spectra
9.3.3 Genetic Background of the Yellow Mutants
9.4 Crossbreeding of a Metallic Color Carnation and Diversification of the Peculiar Coloration by Ion Beam Irradiation
9.4.1 Heredity of the Peculiar Color Phenotype and Linkage with the Presence of AVIs
9.4.2 Anthocyanin Composition of the Peculiar Color Line
9.4.3 Diversification of Metallic Color by Ion Beam Irradiation
9.4.4 Characteristics of AVIs in the Metallic Color Lines
9.4.5 Genetic Basis of the Peculiar Color Lines
9.5 Conclusion and Perspectives
Acknowledgements
References
10 Development of Violet Transgenic Carnations and Analysis of Inserted Transgenes
Abstract
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Development of Violet Carnations
10.2.1 Key Success Factors to Develop and Commercialize Transgenic Plants
10.2.2 Engineering the Carnation Flavonoid Biosynthetic Pathway to Alter Flower Color
10.3 Analysis of Transgenes in Violet Carnations
10.4 ‘Moonshadow’ FLO-11363–2
10.5 ‘Moonlite’ FLO-40644–6
10.6 ‘Moonvista’ FLO-40685–2
10.7 ‘Moonaqua’ FLO-40689–6
10.8 ‘Moontea’ SHD-27531–4
10.9 ‘Moonberry’ IFD-25958–3 and ‘Moonvelvet’ IFD-26407–2
10.10 Concluding Remarks
References
11 The Characteristics of Flower Scents in Carnations
Abstract
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Scent Diversity in Carnations
11.2.1 Wild Dianthus Scents
11.2.2 Carnation Scents
11.2.3 Scent-Biosynthetic Genes in Current Cultivars
References
12 Breeding of Interspecific Hybridization Among Carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.), Dianthus japonicus Thunb., and Dianthus × isensis Hirahata et Kitam.
Abstract
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Carnation × D. Japonicus
12.3 Artificial Chromosome-Doubling and Fertile Amphidiploid Induction
12.4 D. Japonicus × Dianthus ×  isensis
12.5 Natural and Artificial Chromosome-Doubling in Interspecific Hybrids
12.6 Carnation × Dianthus ×  isensis
12.7 Nondiploid Hybrid Formation by Unreduced Gametes
12.8 Relationship Among D. caryophyllus, D. japonicus, and D. × isensis
12.9 Conclusions
References
13 Carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus) Cultivars Developed for Aichi Prefecture
Abstract
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Carnation Production, Consumer Trends, and Joint Research with NARO
13.3 “Kane Ainou 1-go” Development and Characteristics
13.4 Conclusion
References