The Cambridge Handbook of Sociopragmatics

Frontmatter
Contents
Figures
Tables
Contributors
Acknowledgements
Introduction
1.1 The Genesis of the Present Handbook
1.2 The Scope of Sociopragmatics
1.3 Overview
1.4 Closing Thoughts
References
I. Fundamentals of Sociopragmatics
Sociopragmatics (Roots and Definition) - Culpeper
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Positioning Sociopragmatics in Pragmatics
2.3 Sociopragmatics: Foundations
2.3.1 Austin: A Precursor?
2.3.2 Sociopragmatics and Pragmalinguistics
2.3.3 Sociopragmatics and Context
2.4 Conclusion
References
Inference and Implicature - Terkourafi
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Key Concepts and Theories: Definitional Issues
3.2.1 Inference in a Broad and in a Narrow Sense
3.2.2 Inference versus Implicature
3.2.3 Inference and Implicature as Process and Product
3.3 Matters of Process
3.4 Critical Overview and Future Directions
References
Speaker Meaning, Commitment and Accountability - Elder
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Key Issues and Theories
4.2.1 Grice’s ‘Speaker Meaning’
4.2.2 Communication As Inferential
4.2.3 Commitment-Based Communication
4.2.4 Interactional Achievement and Accountability
4.3 Combining Eclectic Perspectives on Speaker Meaning, Commitment and Accountability
4.4 Case Studies
4.4.1 Case Study I: Ascribing Speaker Meanings to Hinting Utterances
4.4.2 Case Study II: Manipulating Implicatures in Political Discourse
4.5 Conclusion
References
Social Actions - Deppermann
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Approaches to the Study of Social Action
5.3 Social Action Formats
5.4 The Relevance of Contextual Orders to Action-Formation and Action-Ascription
5.4.1 Sequentiality in Action-Formation and Action-Ascription
5.4.2 Activity Types, Deontics, Epistemics and Common Ground as Contexts for Actions
5.5 Action-Ascription, Responses and Intentions
5.6 Conclusion
References
Stance and Evaluation - Siromaa & Rauniomaa
6.1 Introduction
6.2 A Dialogic and Reflexive Take on Stance in Interaction
6.3 From Attitudes to Evaluative Practices
6.4 Stance and Evaluation Research within Sociolinguistics
6.5 Stance and Evaluation in Storytelling: The Case of the Sagging Face
6.6 Conclusion
References
Reflexivity and Meta-awareness - Verschueren
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Metalinguistic Activity Types
7.2.1 Talk about Linguistic Forms and Utterances
7.2.2 Talk about Language(s)
7.2.3 Quoted and Reported Speech
7.2.4 Self-Reflexive Speech
7.3 Indicators of Reflexive Awareness
7.3.1 Indexical Forms or ‘Shifters’
7.3.2 Contextual Adjustment and Contextualization (Cues)
7.4 The Interactional Role of Metapragmatic Awareness
7.5 The Significance of Cross-Linguistic Variability
7.6 Methodological Challenges
References
Participation and Footing - Holt & O'Driscoll
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Key Concepts and Issues: A Scalar Approach
8.2.1 Utterance
8.2.1.1 Producing Utterances
8.2.1.2 Receiving Utterances
8.2.2 Talk
8.2.2.1 Producing Talk
8.2.2.2 Receiving Talk
8.2.2.3 Producing and Receiving Together
8.2.3 Events
8.2.3.1 Social Roles
8.2.3.2 Peripheral Participation
8.2.4 Interaction – with a Fuzzy Focus
8.3 Technology-Mediated Communication
8.4 Conclusion: Future Directions
References
Conventionalization and Conventions - Kádár & House
9.1 Introduction
9.2 The Pragmatic Complexity of Conventions
9.3 Facets of Language Use with Complex Implications forConvention and Practice
9.3.1 Conventions, Practices and Time
9.3.2 Conventions, Practices and Pragmatic Units
9.3.3 Conventions, Practices and Intercultural Pragmatics
9.3.4 Conventions and Language Acquisition and Socialization
9.3.5 Conventions and Rituals
9.4 Further Directions
References
Synchronic and Diachronic Pragmatic Variability - Barron
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Key Theoretical Approaches
10.2.1 Intralingual Synchronic Pragmatic Variation
10.2.2 Intralingual Diachronic Pragmatic Variation
10.3 Critical Overview of Research through Case Study
10.3.1 Pragmatic Variable – What Is Equivalence?
10.3.2 Methodologies: Data Type
10.3.3 Interaction of Diachronic and Synchronic Perspectives
10.4 Summary and Future Directions
References
Activity Types and Genres - Archer, Jagodziński & Jagodziński
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Key Concepts and Theories
11.2.1 The Concept of Activity Type, Its Origins and Its Use in Pragmatics
11.2.2 The Concept of Genre, Its Origins and Its Use in Pragmatics
11.2.3 Activity Type and Genre: Similarities and Differences with Each Other
11.2.4 Activity Type and Genre: Similarities and Differences with Other Concepts
11.3 Critical Overview through Two Case Studies
11.3.1 Culpeper and McIntyre (2010)
11.3.2 Tardy and Swales (2014)
11.4 Summary and Future Directions
References
Social Groups and Relational Networks - Boxer & Cortés-Conde
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Key Concepts and Theories
12.2.1 Social Groupings and Identity
12.2.2 Sociopragmatics, Linguistic Ethnography and Interactional Sociolinguistics
12.2.3 From the Speech Community, to the Social Network, to Communities of Practice
12.2.4 Politeness and Relational Networks
12.3 Overview of Research: Case Studies
12.3.1 Social Groups and Relational Networks in Online Communities
12.4 Summary and Future Directions
References
II. Topics and Settings in Sociopragmatics
Face, Facework and Face-Threatening Acts - Sifianou & Tzanne
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Key Concepts and Theories
13.2.1 The Concept of ‘Face’
13.2.2 The Concept of ‘Face-Threatening Act’ (FTA)
13.2.3 The Concept of ‘Facework’
13.3 Developments in the Conceptualization of ‘Face’
13.3.1 Finer Distinctions and Alternatives
13.3.2 Return to the Goffmanian Concept of Face
13.3.3 Distinction between Face1 and Face2
13.3.4 Disentangling Face from Politeness
13.4 Concluding Remarks and Future Directions
References
Relationships and Relating - Arundale
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Conceptual Frameworks in Research on Relationships and Relating
14.3 Comparing Models and Theories of the Sociopragmatics of Relationships and Relating
14.4 Conceptualizations of Relationships and Relating in Inquiry and in Practice
References
Analysing Identity - Blitvich & Georgakopoulou
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Identities-in-Interaction
15.3 Identity in Sociopragmatics
15.4 Identity and Face in Im/politeness Research
15.5 Summary and Avenues for Further Research
15.5.1 Identities in Pragmalinguistic Approaches
15.5.2 Other Directions for Research
References
(Im)politeness and Sociopragmatics - Culpeper & Haugh
16.1 Introduction
16.2 The Fundamental Connections between (Im)politeness and Sociopragmatics
16.3 A Brief History of (Im)politeness Theories
16.4 Foundational Sociopragmatic Concepts in (Im)politeness Research
16.4.1 Context
16.4.2 Strategies
16.4.3 Indirectness
16.4.4 Norms
16.5 Case Study: User and Observer Perspectives in (Im)politeness Research
16.6 Future Directions
References
Affect and Emotion - Alba-Juez
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Key Concepts and Main Approaches to Affect and Emotion
17.3 A Sociopragmatic Approach to Emotion
17.3.1 Stancetaking and Emotion
17.3.2 Emotion and (Im)politeness
17.3.3 Humour, Irony and Emotion
17.4 A Sociopragmatic Case Study of Oral Narrative: Oprah Winfrey’s Happiest Christmas
17.4.1 Narrative and Emotion
17.4.2 A Case Study
17.5 Summary and Future Directions
Transcription Conventions
References
Power - Leezenberg
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Concepts of Power in Linguistic and Social Theory
18.3 Positioning Power: The Linguistic and the Social
18.4 Power, Authority and Speech Acts
18.4.1 A Case Study: Power and Pornography
18.5 Politeness, Impoliteness and Power
18.6 Conclusion
References
Morality in Sociopragmatics - Blitvich & Kádár
19.1 Introduction
19.2 An Overview of the Moral Order and Morality
19.2.1 The Moral Order
19.2.2 Morality
19.2.3 Morality and the Moral Order
19.3 The Interface of Im/morality and Im/politeness
19.4 Case Study
19.5 Discussion and Future Directions
References
Conversational Humour - Dynel & Sinkeviciute
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Key Concepts and Theories
20.2.1 Categories of Conversational Humour
20.2.2 Concepts and Approaches
20.3 Sources of Data
20.4 Sociopragmatic Variables
20.5 Functions of Humour
20.6 Case Study: Teasing among Speakers of Australian English and Its Local Functions
20.7 Summary and Future Directions
References
Gesture and Prosody in Multimodal Communication - Brown & Prieto
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Key Concepts and Theories
21.2.1 Gesture
21.2.2 Prosody
21.2.3 Other Multimodal Resources
21.3 Critical Overview of Research
21.3.1 Information Status
21.3.2 Phrase Structure, Discourse Structure and Turn-Taking
21.3.3 Epistemic Stance
21.3.4 (Im)politeness
21.3.5 Irony
21.3.6 Speaker Identity
21.3.7 Overview
21.4 Summary and Future Directions
References
Digitally Mediated Communication - Xie & Yus
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Sociopragmatics, Ethnography and Data Gathering on the Internet
22.3 Digital Communication and Research Interests for Sociopragmatics
22.3.1 Discourse Used in Digital Communication
22.3.2 Digitally Mediated Interactions
22.3.3 The Social Side of Internet Communication
22.4 Future Directions
References
Workplace and Institutional Discourse - Marra & Dawson
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Key Theoretical Issues
23.2.1 Institutional Talk versus Workplace Discourse
23.2.2 Cross-Cultural Analysis of Speech Acts
23.2.3 (Im)politeness in the Workplace
23.2.4 Community of Practice
23.3 Critical Overview of Research through Case Studies
23.3.1 Case Studies of Disagreement
23.3.2 Social Impact of Workplace Research
23.4 Summary and Future Directions
References
Service Encounter Discourse - Félix-Brasdefer & Reiter
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Key Elements of Service Encounters
24.2.1 Towards a Multidisciplinary Understanding of Service Encounters
24.2.2 On the Dichotomy between Interpersonal and Transactional Talk
24.3 Contexts of Service Encounters
24.3.1 Small Shops
24.3.2 Cafés and Bars
24.3.3 Call Centres: Service Encounters over the Telephone
24.4 Globalization and Sociopragmatic Variation
24.5 Computer-Mediated Discourse: Online Service Encounters in a Global World
24.6 Methodological Considerations
24.7 Conclusion
References
Argumentative, Political and Legal Discourse - Fetzer & Witczak-Plisiecka
25.1 Introduction
25.2 The Pragmatics of Argumentative Discourse
25.3 Political Discourse as Communicative Action
25.4 Legal Discourse
25.5 Conclusion
Data Sources
References
The Pragmatics of Translation - House
26.1 Introduction: How Context Is Viewed in Different Disciplines
26.2 Overview of Linguistic Approaches to Translation
26.2.1 Early Linguistic, Textual and Communicative Approaches
26.2.2 Discourse, Pragmatic and Functional Approaches to Translation
26.3 Defining Translation as Re-contextualization
26.4 Functional Equivalence in Re-contextualization
26.4.1 Overt and Covert Translation
26.5 The “Cultural Filter” and Contrastive Pragmatics
26.6 Translation as Re-contextualization and English as a Lingua Franca
26.7 Conclusion
References
III. Approaches and Methods in Sociopragmatics
Interpersonal Pragmatics - Locher & Graham
27.1 Introduction
27.2 History and Key Concepts in Interpersonal Pragmatics
27.3 Interpersonal Pragmatics in Health Contexts
27.3.1 The Hospitalk Project
27.3.2 An Interactional Sociolinguistic Approach
27.3.3 A Critical Discourse Approach
27.3.4 A Multimodal Approach
27.3.5 An Ethnographic Approach
27.4 Challenges and Opportunities
References
Sociocognitive Pragmatics - Kecskes
28.1 Introduction
28.2 The Idealized View of Communication in Pragmatics
28.3 Communication in the Sociocognitive Approach
28.4 Intention and Salience
28.4.1 Types of Intention
28.4.2 Linguistic Salience: Inter-label Hierarchy and Intralabel Hierarchy
28.4.3 Shaping Speaker’s Utterance
28.5 Contextual Effects on Meaning
28.6 Common Ground
28.6.1 What Is Common Ground in SCA?
28.6.2 Nature and Dynamism of Common Ground
28.7 Summary and Future Research
References
Conversation Analysis and Sociopragmatics - Clift & Haugh
29.1 Introduction
29.2 The Fundamentals of CA Method: Transcription and Collections
29.2.1 Transcription
29.2.2 Collections
29.2.3 External versus Internal Evidence in Collections
29.3 CA-Grounded Sociopragmatics
29.3.1 Case Study 1: Social Action and Indirectness
29.3.2 Case Study 2: Inference and Identity
29.4 Conclusion
Appendix: Key CA Transcription Conventions
References
Corpus Pragmatics - Adolphs & Chen
30.1 Introduction
30.2 Corpus Methods and Pragmatic Analysis
30.3 Research in Corpus Pragmatics
30.4 Issues in Corpus Pragmatics
30.5 Multimodal Corpus Pragmatics: A Case Study of (Do) You Know/See What I Mean
30.5.1 Coding the Data
30.5.1.1 Coding Speech Function Based on Co-text
30.5.1.2 Demarcating Gesture Phases
30.5.1.3 Interrater Reliability Test
30.5.2 Data Analysis: Identifying Gesture Patterns in Each Speech Function
30.5.3 The Functional Speech–Gesture Profile for ‘(Do) You Know/See What I Mean’
30.6 Conclusion
References
Variational Pragmatics - Schneider
31.1 Introduction
31.2 The Original Framework
31.2.1 The Variational Component: Macro-social Factors
31.2.2 The Pragmatic Component: Levels of Analysis
31.3 Modifying the Framework
31.3.1 Modifying the Variational Component
31.3.2 Modifying the Pragmatic Component
31.4 Theoretical Issues
31.5 Methodological Issues
31.5.1 Three Methodological Principles
31.5.2 Data Types and Data Collection
31.6 Research in Variational Pragmatics
31.7 Conclusions
References
Historical Sociopragmatics - Leitner & Jucker
32.1 Introduction
32.2 Key Concepts in Historical Sociopragmatics
32.3 The Discursive Turn in Historical Sociopragmatics
32.3.1 Theoretical Background
32.3.2 Case Study
32.4 Recent Trends
32.5 Conclusion
Sources
References
Emancipatory Pragmatics - Saft, Ide & Ueno
33.1 Introduction
33.2 Examples of EP Research Findings
33.2.1 Politeness
33.2.2 Turn-Taking and Overlap
33.3 EP and Theory
33.3.1 Ba Theory
33.3.2 Ba Theory and English
33.4 Future Directions
References
Cross-Cultural and Intercultural Pragmatics - McConachy & Spencer-Oatey
34.1 Introduction
34.2 Key Concepts
34.2.1 Culture
34.2.2 Context
34.2.3 Etic and Emic Research Perspectives
34.3 Summary of Main Research Findings
34.3.1 Cross-Cultural Pragmatics: Main Perspectives and Studies
34.3.2 Intercultural Pragmatics: Main Perspectives and Studies
34.3.2.1 (Socio)cognitive Perspectives
34.3.2.2 Interactional and Interpersonal Perspectives
34.3.2.3 Critical Perspectives
34.4 Challenges and Opportunities
34.4.1 Challenges
34.4.2 Promising Areas
34.5 Conclusion
References
Second Language Pragmatics - Ifantidou
35.1 Introduction
35.2 (Socio)pragmatic Competence
35.3 From Sociopragmatics of Use to Sociopragmatics of Development
35.4 Pragmatic Inference within Second Language Pragmatics (SLP)
35.5 Case Study: Metaphor Comprehension in Second Language Pragmatics
35.6 Implications for Future Research
References
Index