The Britannica Guide to Inventions That Changed the Modern World

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Publisher: Britannica
Year: 2009

Language: English
Pages: 387

The Britannica Guide to Inventions That Changed the Modern World (December 2009) (ATTiCA)......Page 1
Copyright......Page 4
CONTENTS......Page 5
Introduction......Page 12
ORIGINS IN SUMERIA......Page 21
AKKADIAN CUNEIFORM......Page 23
IN ANCIENT EGYPT......Page 25
IN ANCIENT GREECE......Page 27
THE GREEK ALPHABET......Page 29
THE LATIN ALPHABET......Page 32
PARCHMENT AND VELLUM......Page 34
PAPER......Page 37
ORIGINS IN CHINA......Page 40
REINVENTION IN EUROPE......Page 42
PHOTOGRAPHY......Page 46
ANTECEDENTS......Page 47
HELIOGRAPHY......Page 48
DAGUERREOTYPE......Page 49
PREELECTRIC TELEGRAPH SYSTEMS......Page 51
THE MORSE SYSTEM......Page 52
THE TELEPHONE......Page 54
EARLY SOUND TRANSMITTERS......Page 55
GRAY AND BELL: THE TRANSMISSION OF SPEECH......Page 56
THE PHONOGRAPH......Page 62
THE GRAPHOPHONE AND GRAMOPHONE......Page 63
THE RACE TO MARKET......Page 64
COIN SLOTS AND HOME PHONOGRAPHS......Page 66
SEQUENTIAL PHOTOGRAPHS......Page 68
EDISON’S KINETOGRAPH AND KINETOSCOPE......Page 69
THE CINÉMATOGRAPHE......Page 71
HERTZ: RADIO-WAVE EXPERIMENTS......Page 72
MARCONI’S WIRELESS TELEGRAPH......Page 73
THE FLEMING DIODE AND DE FOREST AUDION......Page 74
TRANSMISSION OF SPEECH......Page 75
MECHANICAL SYSTEMS......Page 76
ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS......Page 79
THE TRANSISTOR......Page 82
MOTIVATION AND EARLY RADAR RESEARCH......Page 83
INNOVATION AT BELL LABS......Page 84
THE COMMUNICATIONS SATELLITE......Page 87
THE PERSONAL COMPUTER......Page 90
THE INTERNET......Page 95
THE WHEELED CHARIOT......Page 102
FROM ROWED VESSELS TO SAILS......Page 104
TYPES OF SAILS......Page 106
THE COMPASS......Page 109
THE STEAMBOAT......Page 113
FULTON’S STEAMBOAT......Page 114
THE RAILROAD......Page 116
THE STOCKTON AND DARLINGTON RAILWAY......Page 117
THE LIVERPOOL AND MANCHESTER RAILWAY......Page 119
FROM VELOCIPEDES TO BONESHAKERS......Page 121
THE PENNY-FARTHING......Page 122
THE SAFETY BICYCLE......Page 123
THE AUTOMOBILE......Page 124
THE FOUR-STROKE GASOLINE ENGINE......Page 125
KARL BENZ......Page 126
GOTTLIEB DAIMLER......Page 127
THE AIRPLANE......Page 128
EARLY EXPERIMENTS......Page 129
THE WRIGHT BROTHERS......Page 130
THE SPACE LAUNCHER......Page 133
TSIOLKOVSKY, GODDARD, AND OBERTH......Page 134
FROM THE V-2 TO THE ICBM......Page 135
THE JETLINER......Page 137
GPS......Page 141
CONTROLLED FIRE......Page 144
THE WATERWHEEL......Page 146
THE WINDMILL......Page 149
THE STEAM ENGINE......Page 153
GALVANI AND VOLTA......Page 158
APPLICATIONS IN CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS......Page 160
THE ELECTRIC GENERATOR AND MOTOR......Page 161
THE INCANDESCENT LIGHTBULB......Page 163
EARLY PRECURSORS......Page 167
MODERN STEAM TURBINES......Page 168
THE GASOLINE ENGINE......Page 170
THE JET ENGINE......Page 173
THE NUCLEAR REACTOR......Page 178
THE LASER......Page 180
THE WIND TURBINE......Page 184
THE SOLAR CELL......Page 187
THE FUEL CELL......Page 190
THE ARCH......Page 192
ORIGINS IN THE POST AND LINTEL......Page 193
DEVELOPMENT OF THE ARCH......Page 194
BRICK......Page 196
THE ROMANS......Page 198
EARLY DAMS OF EAST ASIA......Page 199
THE 15TH TO THE 18TH CENTURY IN EUROPE......Page 200
THE AQUEDUCT......Page 201
THE ROMAN DOME......Page 204
PLUMBING......Page 207
THE PAVED ROAD......Page 209
THOMAS TELFORD......Page 210
JOHN LOUDON MCADAM......Page 211
REINFORCED CONCRETE......Page 212
THE SUSPENSION BRIDGE......Page 214
DYNAMITE......Page 216
THE SKYSCRAPER......Page 219
THE ELEVATOR......Page 225
HEATING, VENTILATION, AND AIR CONDITIONING......Page 227
THE SMALLPOX VACCINE......Page 231
GENERAL ANESTHESIA......Page 235
PASTEURIZATION......Page 237
X-RAY IMAGING......Page 239
INSULIN......Page 242
ANTIBIOTICS......Page 244
BLOOD TRANSFUSION......Page 246
POLIO VACCINE......Page 250
THE BIRTH CONTROL PILL......Page 253
HEART TRANSPLANTATION......Page 256
GENETIC ENGINEERING......Page 262
CLONING......Page 264
EARLY CLONING EXPERIMENTS......Page 265
REPRODUCTIVE CLONING......Page 266
THERAPEUTIC CLONING......Page 269
THE SPEAR......Page 272
THE BOW AND ARROW......Page 273
THE EARLY BOW......Page 274
ARROWS......Page 277
GUNPOWDER......Page 278
EARLY RIFLING......Page 280
MINIÉ RIFLES......Page 281
THE SUBMARINE......Page 284
RECOIL......Page 288
BLOWBACK......Page 290
THE ASSAULT RIFLE......Page 291
THE TANK......Page 294
THE V-2......Page 298
THE FIRST ICBMS......Page 300
THE FIRST ATOMIC BOMBS......Page 303
THE FIRST HYDROGEN BOMBS......Page 310
THE GREGORIAN CALENDAR......Page 314
THE CLOCK......Page 317
THE WATCH......Page 319
THE TELESCOPE......Page 322
THE MICROSCOPE......Page 325
RADAR......Page 328
THE ATOMIC CLOCK......Page 331
BRONZE......Page 334
IRON......Page 337
THE PLOWSHARE......Page 340
THE BASIC WEAVING PROCESS......Page 344
AUTOMATED AND POWER-DRIVEN LOOMS......Page 345
CANNING......Page 346
REFRIGERATION......Page 348
STEEL......Page 350
EARLY LABORATORY EXTRACTION......Page 354
ELECTROLYTIC PRODUCTION......Page 355
SHEET AND PLATE GLASS......Page 356
RAYON......Page 359
BAKELITE......Page 361
THE COMBINE HARVESTER......Page 364
INDUSTRIAL ROBOTS......Page 366
FULLERENES......Page 367
Glossary......Page 371
For Further Reading......Page 373
Index......Page 375