This book introduces various kinds of high-precision measurements, including the measurements of time and space, digital activity, border sensors and other physical quantities. Further, it demonstrates how to eliminate the quantitative errors believed to be the main problem in measurements using the border effect. In metrology technology, detection resolution is crucial to improving measurement precision in devices and instruments, and since the resolution is limited, a fuzzy area is usually found during detection. As such the book presents numerous experimental findings showing that the measurement precision can be improved by two or three orders of magnitude compared to traditional methods by achieving stability of resolution and more accurately detecting the border of the fuzzy area.
Author(s): Wei Zhou, Zhiqi Li, Lina Bai, Xiaoning Fu, Bayi Qu, Miao Miao
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2023
Language: English
Pages: 387
City: Singapore
Foreword
Contents
About the Authors
1 Preamble
1.1 Introduction
1.1.1 Background and Significance of Precision Measurement
1.1.2 Overview of Precision Measurement
References
2 Basics of Measurement and Test Precision and the Effect of Measurement Methods on Measurement Precision
2.1 Measurement Errors
2.1.1 Definition of Measurement Error
2.1.2 Representation of Measurement Errors
2.1.3 Classification of Measurement Errors
2.1.4 Errors in Indirect Measurements
2.1.5 Synthesis of Measurement Errors
2.1.6 Small Error Criterion
2.2 Data Processing
2.2.1 Valid Figures
2.2.2 Coarse Error Handling
2.2.3 Simple Processing of the Results Obtained from the Measurement
2.2.4 Least Squares Method
2.3 Various Test Measures and Their Classification
2.3.1 Test Measurement Methods
2.4 Traditional Digital Measurement and Processing
2.5 Effect of Measurement Resolution on Measurement Accuracy in Conventional Methods
References
3 Border Effects and Its Principle Analysis
3.1 Measurement Resolution and Stability of Different Quantities
3.1.1 Measurement Resolution
3.1.2 Stability of the Resolution
3.2 Fuzzy Areas of Measurement Resolution
3.2.1 Measuring Fuzzy Areas and Their Borders
3.2.2 Concentrated and Discrete Fuzzy Regions
3.3 Quantization Resolution and Quantization Stability in Digital Conversion
3.3.1 Preliminary Analysis of Quantization Resolution and Quantization Error in Analog-to-Digital Conversion
3.3.2 Stability of Quantization Resolution in Analog-to-Digital Conversion
3.4 Border Effects and Manifestations
3.4.1 Border Effects
3.4.2 Manifestations of Border Effects
3.5 Summary
References
4 Precision Frequency/Phase Difference Measurements Based on Border Effects
4.1 Precision Frequency Measurements Based on Border Effects
4.1.1 Common Frequency Measurement Methods Introduction
4.1.2 Application of Border Effects in High-Precision Frequency Measurements
4.2 Precision Phase Difference Measurement Based on Border Effects
4.2.1 Phase and Conventional Phase Differences Measurements
4.2.2 Study of Phase Relationship Patterns Between Periodic Signals
4.2.3 Phase Difference Measurement Based on Border Effects
4.3 Measurement of Transient Frequency Stability Based on Border Effects
4.3.1 Transient Frequency Stability Characterization
4.3.2 Transient Stability Measurements Based on Border Effects
4.4 Summary
References
5 Digital Measurement Techniques and Digital Dynamic Measurements Based on Border Effects
5.1 Border Effects in Direct Digital Dynamic Measurements
5.1.1 Analog and Digital Measurement Methods
5.1.2 Fundamentals of Border Effects in ADCs
5.1.3 Clock Cursor Relationships in ADC Sampling
5.1.4 ADC Quantization Error
5.1.5 Quantifying Border Stability as Well as Uniformity
5.1.6 Principles of Digital Measurement of Border Effects
5.1.7 Quantifying Ordinality and the Data Processing Process
5.1.8 Suppression of Quantization Errors and Precision Improvement
5.2 AC Voltage RMS Measurement Based on Border Effects
5.2.1 Method of Measuring the RMS Value of AC Voltage
5.2.2 Data Acquisition and System Hardware Components
5.2.3 Curve-Fitting Principles in Border Effects
5.2.4 Amplitude-Frequency Characteristics and Analysis of Border Effects
5.3 Principle Advantages of Precision Measurements Using Border Effects
5.4 Summary of this Chapter
References
6 Developments in Digital Linear Phase Comparison Techniques
6.1 Linear Phase Comparison Technique and Its Important Role
6.2 Conceptual Advances in the Principle of Phase Comparison and High Linearity Phase Comparison
6.2.1 Definition of Conventional Phase Comparison and Comparison Method
6.2.2 Phase Difference Variation Pattern Between Different Frequency Signals
6.2.3 High Resolution of Linear Phase Comparison and Its Advantages Compared to Other Methods
6.3 Development of Linear Phase Comparison Techniques
6.3.1 Technical Progress of Linear Phase Comparison from Analog to Digital, Multiple Processing Methods of Digital Linear Phase Comparison
6.3.2 Experimental Verification and Error Analysis When Complex Clock Frequency Signals Are Used
6.4 Comparison of Frequency Counting Processing Methods and Linear Phase Direct Processing Methods Based on Precision Digital Phase Information Processing
6.4.1 Frequency Counting Processing Method Based on Precision Phase Processing
6.4.2 Method of Direct Phase Processing, Measurement
6.5 Frequency Control on the Basis of Digital Linear Phase-Ratio Technique
6.5.1 Basic Work and Experiments on the Use of Digital Linear Phase Comparison for Frequency Control
6.6 Substantial Improvement in the Precision of Digital Linear Phase Comparison Using Border Effects
6.6.1 The Combination of Digital Linear Phase Comparison and Digital Border Effects
6.7 Comparison of Digital Linear Phase Comparison Techniques with the State-of-the-Art International DMTD Method
References
7 Border Processing Method-Based Sensor Technology
7.1 Introduction of Sensors
7.1.1 Sensors and Their Measurement Applications
7.1.2 Sensor Performance Specifications
7.1.3 Causes and Effects of Dynamic Errors
7.2 Sensor Signal Border Processing-Related Techniques [7]
7.2.1 Dynamic Fuzzy Zones Problems and Overcoming
7.2.2 Border Sensing Processing Technology Implementation Method
7.2.3 Clock Synchronization in Dynamic Sensing Techniques
7.2.4 Border Sensing Measurement Systems
7.3 Summary
References
8 Border Effect in Virtual Reconstruction
8.1 The Causality of Traditional Time–Frequency Measurements and the Significance of Their Change
8.2 High-Resolution, No-Time Interval, Phase-Continuous Frequency Measurements
8.3 Virtual Reconstruction and Its Role
8.4 Phase Processing of the Measured Signal Using Virtual Reconstruction
8.4.1 Acquisition of Continuous Phase Information
8.4.2 Cumulative Phase Difference Processing
8.5 Implementation of Virtual Reconstruction Multiple Functions in Frequency Control
References
9 Research Developments in the Phase Question and Its Role in Advances in Time–Frequency and the Broader Field
9.1 Overview
9.2 Conceptual Expansion and Deepening
9.3 Time–Frequency Fingerprinting Phenomena and Their Applications
9.3.1 High-Resolution Measurements as a Basis for Time–Frequency Fingerprinting Phenomena
9.3.2 Time–Frequency Fingerprinting of Precision Crystal Oscillators
9.3.3 Time–Frequency Fingerprinting of Passive Atomic Clocks
9.3.4 Exploring the Application of the Time–Frequency Fingerprinting Phenomenon
9.4 Phase Noise Measurement Technique with Self-Preserving Phase Quadrature
9.4.1 Basics About Phase Noise Measurement Techniques
9.4.2 Phase Noise Measurement Techniques Based on Digital Linear Phase Comparison Techniques
9.5 Application of Phase Processing and Measurement Techniques in Atomic Clocks
9.6 Application of Digital Time–Frequency and Phase Processing Methods to Precision AC Voltage Measurements and Waveform Sampling
9.7 Prospects for Further Development of the Phase Question
References
