Fungi can be harmful to global health, biodiversity and agriculture and they are responsible for life-threatening diseases, especially in individuals with a weakened immune system. Over the last decades, the number of invasive infections, mainly caused by fungi belonging to Candida, Cryptococcus, Aspergillus and Pneumocystis genera has increased and negatively affected the clinical outcomes of the patients. With regard to all these issues, this book focuses on the processes associated with fungal pathogenesis. The authors believe that this book will serve as a useful reference for consultations with specialists in the Mycology field since it contemplates the most important issues in the proposed area. The chapters are written by experts who actively contribute to international scientific literature. The editors also believe that the theme is a very attractive proposal and the compilation of interesting data will benefit readers in terms of identification, epidemiology, pathogenesis, and treatment of predominant fungal infections around the world. "The Book of Fungal Pathogens" contains 18 chapters, several pictures, diagrams, and tables that can be used in both undergraduate and postgraduate teaching as well as scientific lectures.
Author(s): André Luis Souza dos Santos, Marta Helena Branquinha, Lucimar Ferreira Kneipp, Maryam Roudbary
Series: Infectious Diseases and Microbiology
Publisher: Nova Science Publishers
Year: 2023
Language: English
Pages: 517
City: New York
Contents
Preface
References
Chapter 1
Fungal Diseases and COVID-19
Abstract
Introduction
Aspergillosis
Mucormycosis
Candidemia
Conclusion
References
Chapter 2
New Aspect of Candida spp. Infections
Abstract
Introduction
Virulence Factors and Candida Infections
Adhesion
Biofilm Formation
Extracellular Hydrolytic Enzymes
Polymorphism
Antifungal Resistance
Antifungals and Their Targets
Azoles
Polyenes
Allylamines
Morpholines
Echinocandins
5-Flucytosine (5FC)
Molecular Resistance Mechanisms of Candida spp. against Common Antifungal Drugs
New Therapeutic Strategies
Novel Drug and Delivery Systems in the Management of Candidiasis
Colloidal Carriers
Microemulsions
Micelles
Nano Emulsion
Vesicular Carriers Liposomes
Liposomes
Nanoparticulate Carriers
Nano Sponges
Silver Nanoparticles
Gold Nanoparticles
Nanofibers
Carbon Nanotubes
Polymeric NPs
Dendrimers
New Therapeutic Agents against Fungal Infections
Rezafungin
Stage of Development and Clinical Studies
Ibrexafungerp
Stage of Development and Clinical Studies
Fosmanogepix
Stage of Development and Clinical Studies
Nikkomycin Z
Stage of Development and Clinical Studies
Agents Targeting Cell Membrane VT-1129, VT-1161, and VT-1598
Stage of Development and Clinical Studies
Encochleated Amphotericin B
Stage of Development and Clinical Studies
Natural Approaches to Candidiasis Probiotic and Candidiasis
In vitro Antifungal Effects of Probiotics
In vivo the Antifungal Effects of Probiotics
Oral Candidiasis
Urogenital Tract
Gastrointestinal Tract
Conclusion
References
Chapter 3
Pathogenesis of Oral Candidiasis: A Virulence Insight into Drug Discovery and New Treatments
Abstract
Introduction
Oral Candidiasis
Virulence and Resistence of Candida spp.
Therapeutic Management of Oral Candidiasis
Antifungal Drugs
Polyenes
Azoles
Echinocandins
Novel Antifungal Therapies
References
Chapter 4
Candida auris, an Emerging Pathogen: Virulence and Current Diagnostic Approaches and Therapeutic Options
Abstract
Introduction
Epidemiology
Diagnostic Methods
Virulence Factors and Resistance Mechanisms
Treatment Options
Conclusion
References
Chapter 5
Talaromyces marneffei: Biology, Epidemiology, Diagnosis and Treatment
Abstract
Introduction
Biology
Morphology - Dimorphism, Growth and Reproduction
Metabolism
Virulence Factors
Epidemiology
Source and Mode of Transmission
Clinical Manifestations in HIV-Positive Patients
Clinical Manifestations in HIV-Negative Patients
Immune Response against T. marneffei
Diagnosis
Treatment
Conclusion
References
Chapter 6
Outstanding Questions in the Field from the Curious Coccidioidomycosis
Abstract
Introduction
Distribution, Reservoirs and Ecological Niches
Pathophysiology and Clinical Aspects
Laboratory Diagnosis
Treatment and Other Possible Control Strategies
Conclusion
References
Chapter 7
Sporotrichosis, the Fungal Disease Caused by Members of the Sporothrix Genus
Abstract
Introduction
Pathogenicity and Distribution of Sporothrix Species
Morphology
Reproduction and In vitro Growth Conditions
Ecology
Virulence Factors
Zoonotic Outbreaks: Animal Sporotrichosis
Human Sporotrichosis
Cutaneous Sporotrichosis
Mucosal Sporotrichosis
Extracutaneous Sporotrichosis
Hypersensitivity Reaction
Diagnosis
Direct Examination
Histopathological Examination
Culturing and Identification of the Causative Fungal Species
Sporothrix Species Molecular Identification
Sporotrichin Skin Test
Immunological Detection
Treatment
A Saturated Solution of Potassium Iodide (SSKI)
Itraconazole
Fluconazole
Polyenes
Allylamines
Thermotherapy
Surgery
Experimental Alternative Treatments
References
Chapter 8
Paracoccidioidomycosis: An Update from the Environment to Clinics
Abstract
Introduction
The Paracoccidioides Genus: From the Environment to Colonize Mammal Host
Clinical Manifestations
Paracoccidioidomycosis Diagnosis
Mycological Examination: Direct Observation and Culture-Based Method
Histological Diagnosis
Serological Diagnosis
Molecular Tools for PCM Diagnosis
Emergent Diagnosis Tools
Controlling Paracoccidioidomycosis
Treatment
Prophylaxis
Conclusion
References
Chapter 9
Dermatophytes and Dermatophytosis: A New Look at an Old Mycosis
Abstract
Introduction: Historical and Taxonomic Aspects
Epidemiology
Pathogenic and Clinical Aspects
Tinea
Epidermophytoses
Dermatophytic Onychomycoses
Subcutaneous and Deep Dermatophytoses
Laboratory Identification of Dermatophytes: From Morphophenotypic Characteristics to Phylogenetic Cladograms
The Genus Microsporum and Its Main Species of Interest
Microsporum canis
Microsporum gypseum
The Genus Trichophyton and the Main Species of Interest
Trichophyton rubrum
Trichophyton tonsurans
Trichophyton interdigitales/Trichophyotn mentagrophytes Complex
Trichophyton concentricum
Trichophyton schoenleinii
The Epidermophyton Genus
Treatment
Conclusion
References
Chapter 10
Some Rare and Endemic Fungal Species: The Cause of Difficult-to-Diagnose Community-Acquired Mycoses
Abstract
Introduction
Coccidioidomycosis
Brief Background
The Life Cycle of Coccidioides sp.
Classification, Signs and Symptoms
Epidemiology
Risk Factors
Diagnosis and Testing
Prevention and Treatment
Paracoccidioidomycosis
Brief Background
Life Cycle of Paracoccidioides sp.
Classification, Signs and Symptoms
Epidemiology
Risk Factors
Diagnosis and Testing
Prevention and Treatment
Cryptococcosis
Brief Background
Life Cycle of Cryptococcus sp.
Classification, Signs and Symptoms
Epidemiology
Risk Factors
Diagnosis and Testing
Prevention and Treatment
Basidiobolomycosis
Brief Background
Life Cycle of Basidiobolus sp.
Classification, Signs and Symptoms
Epidemiology
Risk Factors
Diagnosis and Testing
Prevention and Treatment
Sporotrichosis
Brief Background
Life Cycle of Sporothrix sp.
Classification, Signs and Symptoms
Epidemiology
Risk Factors
Diagnosis and Testing
Prevention and Treatment
Conclusion
References
Chapter 11
Purpureocillium lilacinum: From Environment to Emergent Human Pathogens
Abstract
Introduction
Purpureocillium lilacinum
Environmental Aspects
Clinical Aspects
Diagnosis and Treatment
In vitro Antifungal Susceptibility
Experimental Models: Attempts to Understand the Fungus-Host Relationship
Conclusion
References
Chapter 12
The Genus Diaporthe: A Prolific Source of Novel Bioactive Metabolites
Abstract
Introduction
Novel Bioactive Secondary Metabolites: Polyketides
Xanthones
Chromanes, Chromones and Chromanones
Benzofuranones and Related Compounds
Pyrones
Macrolides
Quinones
Oblongolides
Azaphilones
Miscellaneous
Terpenoids
Monoterpenoids (C10)
Sesquiterpenoids (C15)
Diterpenoids (C20)
Triterpenoids (C30)
Steroids
Alkaloids
Pyridone/Pyridine Analogues
Piperazine Based Alkaloids
Maleimides
Indole Alkaloid
Peptides
Amides
Secondary Metabolites from Mixed Biosynthetic Pathways
Cytochalasins
Other Compounds
Secreted Enzymes
Enzymes in Diaporthe
Conclusion
References
Chapter 13
Taking a Break: Host-Fungi in a Distance Relationship
Abstract
Introduction
Cryptococcus: An Opportunistic Killer Fungus with a Wide Virulence Arsenal
Fonsecaea spp. Extracellular Components: From the Cell Wall to Beyond
Conclusion
References
Chapter 14
Mycobiota Dysbiosis in Immune-Associated Pathologies
Abstract
Introduction
Host-Microbiota Interactions in Mucosal Tissues
Mycobiota and Immune System Development
Gut Mycobiota in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
Lung Mycobiota in Airway Diseases
Gut-Lung Mycobiota Axis in Airway Diseases
Gut-Liver Mycobiota Axis in Hepatic Diseases
Host-Microbiota Interactions in the Skin
Mycobiota in Skin Diseases
Conclusion
References
Chapter 15
Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19)-Positive Patients as Susceptible Hosts to Severe Fungal Coinfections
Abstract
Introduction
Aspergillosis and COVID-19
Candidiasis and COVID-19
Mucormycosis and COVID-19
Other Clinically Relevant Fungi and COVID-19
Conclusion
References
Chapter 16
Antifungal Resistance Mechanisms
Abstract
Introduction
Efflux Transport
Alteration of the Antifungal Target Site
Overexpression of Drug Target
Reduction of the Drug Uptake
Conclusion: Final Considerations and Future Perspectives
References
Chapter 17
Drug Delivery Systems Targeting Fungal Brain Diseases: Achievements, Challenges and Perspectives
Abstract
Introduction
Antifungal Therapy for Central Nervous System Infections and Pharmacokinetics
Nanocarriers for Drug Delivery Targeting the Central Nervous System
Amphotericin B Formulations
Multifunctionalization of Nanocarriers
Approved Nanopharmaceutical for Brain Disorders: An Inspiration for Developing Formulations to Treat Fungal Central Nervous System Diseases
Challenges in the Nanocarrier Development Targeting Central Nervous System
Conclusion and Perspectives
References
Chapter 18
Trehalose Biosynthesis: Neutralizing Fungal Menace by Attacking Its Achilles Heel
Abstract
Introduction
Trehalose Biosynthesis
Roles of Trehalose in Fungal Pathogens
Aspergillus
Candida
Cryptococcus
Fusarium
Paracoccidioides brasiliensis
Conclusion: The Structure of TPS/TPP Complex
References
Index
Editors’ Contact Information
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