The Blue Economy: An Asian Perspective

An Introductory Note
Contents
Editors and Contributors
About the Contributors
About the Editors
Part I: Blue Economy: An Overview
Chapter 1: Blue Economy: An Overview
1.1 Introduction: Defining Blue Economy
1.2 From Ocean Economy to Blue Economy: A Conceptual Evolution
1.3 Contributions of Blue Economy: Measurement and Valuation
1.4 Opportunities and Challenges
References
Chapter 2: Advancement of Science and Technology: Future Prospect of Blue Economy
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Potentials and Opportunities of the Blue Economy in South Asia
2.3 Existing and Established Sectors of the Ocean Economy in South Asia
2.3.1 Fisheries and Aquaculture in South Asia
2.3.2 Shipping and Shipbreaking in South Asia
2.3.3 Coastal Tourism
2.3.4 Port Development
2.3.5 Marine-Based Energy
2.4 Existing Scientific and Technological Innovation in the Ocean Economy
2.4.1 Marine Aquaculture
2.4.2 Technologies for Exploration and Decommission of Offshore Oil and Gas Platforms
2.4.3 Ballast Wastewater Management Technologies
2.4.4 Oil Spill Management Technologies
2.4.5 Digital Navigation and Sea Traffic Management
2.4.6 Other Incremental Ocean Technologies
2.5 Conclusion: Progression of Future Technologies—Future Prospect of Ocean Economy in South Asia
References
Chapter 3: Marine Ecosystems and the Blue Economy: Policies for Their Sustainable Exploitation
3.1 Background to Oceans and Coasts
3.2 The Use of the Ecosystem Approach
3.3 Global Estimates of the Value of Marine and Coastal Ecosystems
3.4 Trends in Services Provided by Coastal and Marine Ecosystems and Reasons for the Trends
3.4.1 Trends in Global Values
3.4.2 Trends in Biomes
3.4.3 Potential for Use of Marine Ecosystems to Promote Sustainable Blue Growth
3.4.4 Multi-use Offshore Platforms (MUOPs)
3.5 Algae for Industry and Biofuels
3.5.1 Oil and Gas Extraction
3.6 Aquaculture
3.7 Policies that Impact on Marine Ecosystems
3.8 Policies Targeting Conservation
3.8.1 Regional Governance
3.8.2 Private Governance
3.9 Fiscal Reforms
3.9.1 Taxation
3.9.2 Subsidies
3.9.3 Ecological Financial Transfers
3.10 Conclusions
References
Part II: Provisioning Services
Chapter 4: Analysis of Trade Liberalization of the Blue Economy in Indian Ocean Rim Association
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Literature Review
4.3 Methodology and Data
4.4 Model Structure
4.5 Results
4.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 5: Role and Prospect of Marine Biotechnology in Blue Economy
5.1 Introduction
5.2 The Strategic Importance of the Blue Economy toward Achieving Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
5.3 Role of Marine Biotechnology for Building the Blue Economy
5.3.1 Marine Biotechnology: A Fast-Emerging Sector of Blue Economy
5.3.2 Ocean Bioprospecting: Mining the Untouched Prospective of Living Marine Assets
5.3.3 Marine Metagenomics for Bioprospecting and Drug Discovery
5.4 Market Trends of Blue Biotechnology
5.4.1 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFAs)
5.4.2 Microbiomes
5.4.3 Coatings
5.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 6: Powering the Blue Economy: An Assessment of Marine Renewable Energies
6.1 Climate Change and Clean Energy Transition: An Opportunity for Blue Economy
6.1.1 Climate Change and Mitigation Strategies
6.1.2 Clean Energy Transition and Electricity Generation
6.1.3 Linking Renewable Energy Resources and the Blue Economy
6.2 Ocean Renewable Energy Resources
6.2.1 Kinetic ORERs
6.2.1.1 Ocean Wave Energy Conversion (OWEC)
6.2.1.2 Ocean Tidal Energy Conversion
6.2.1.3 Ocean Current Energy Conversion
6.2.2 Ocean Salinity Gradient
6.3 Ocean Renewable Energy Resources and Blue Economy
6.3.1 Powering Blue Economy with Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC)
6.3.2 Powering Blue Economy with Offshore Wind Energy (OffWE)
6.4 Challenges and Future Scope for ORER Adoption
6.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 7: Transitioning Regional Fisheries and Aquaculture into the Blue Economy Framework
7.1 Introduction
7.2 The Current Outlook and Potentials of Fisheries and Aquaculture in the Region
7.3 Challenges to the Transition to the Blue Economy
7.4 Managing the Transition: The Way Forward
7.5 Concluding Remarks
References
Chapter 8: Desalination of Ocean Water: How Far Does It Contribute to the Blue Economy?
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Materials and Methods
8.2.1 Process of Data Collection
8.2.2 Assessment of Economic Feasibility
8.2.3 Estimation of Capital Cost
8.2.3.1 Estimation of Drivers of Capital Cost
8.2.3.2 Assessment of Plant Capacity
8.2.3.3 Assessment of Operation and Maintenance (O&M) Cost
8.2.4 Assessment of Water Price (WP)
8.2.5 Methodology of Future Simulations with Developed PC and WP Models
8.3 Influence of Different Factors
8.4 Challenges and Opportunities
8.5 Conclusions
References
Part III: Regulating Services
Chapter 9: Ocean as a Repository for Waste: An Economic Assessment of Chennai City
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Background
9.3 Survey Design and Administration
9.3.1 CV Scenario
9.4 Empirical Results
9.4.1 Estimating Average WTP Bids
9.5 Conclusion
Appendix 1: Ordered Logit Model on Determinants of WTP for Wastewater Treatment Programs
Appendix 2: Tobit Model on Determinants of WTP for Wastewater Treatment Programs
References
Chapter 10: Blue Carbon Potential of India: The Present State of the Art
10.1 Introduction
10.1.1 Importance of Blue Carbon
10.2 Blue Carbon Ecosystems of India
10.3 The Mangroves of India
10.3.1 Spatial Distribution
10.3.2 Measurement of Biomass and Carbon Stock
10.3.3 Carbon Locked in Live Biomass
10.3.4 Soil Organic Carbon Pool
10.4 The Seagrasses of India
10.4.1 Spatial Distribution
10.4.2 Carbon Stock in the Live Biomass and Sediments of Seagrass Meadows
10.4.3 Atmosphere-Hydrosphere CO2 and CH4 Exchange from the Seagrass Water Column
10.5 Salt Marshes and Tidal Flats
10.6 Economic Evaluation of the Blue Carbon Stock
10.7 Summary and Conclusion
References
Chapter 11: The Conservation of Marine Biodiversity in South Asia and the Blue Economy
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Market, Political and Administrative Failures in Managing Marine Resources in the Context of South Asia: Relevant Theory
11.3 Marine Protected Areas in South Asia
11.3.1 General Observations on Marine Protected Areas
11.3.2 Notes on the Extent and the Status of Marine Protected Areas in South Asia
11.3.2.1 Present Status of MPAs in India
11.3.2.2 Present Status of MPAs in Pakistan
11.3.2.3 Present Status of MPAs in Bangladesh
11.3.2.4 Present Status of MPAs in the Maldives
11.3.2.5 Present Status of MPAs in Sri Lanka
11.3.3 How Well Are South Asian Protected Marine Areas Protected?
11.3.4 Further Observations on the Protection of Marine Resources in South Asia
11.4 Pollution and Threats to Marine Biodiversity in South Asia: Plastic Wastes and Other Pollutants
11.4.1 General Observations
11.4.2 South Asia as a Source of Plastic Waste in Marine Areas
11.4.3 Economic Issues
11.5 The Blue Economy and Threats to Sea Turtles
11.6 Concluding Comments
References
Chapter 12: Valuation of Mangrove Ecosystems in South Asian Countries: A Review
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Concept of Ecosystem Services
12.3 Valuation of Ecosystem Services
12.4 Mangrove Ecosystem: An Overview
12.5 Mangrove Ecosystem as Service Provider
12.6 Valuation of Mangrove Ecosystem in Asian Countries: An Overview
12.7 Conclusion
References
Part IV: Cultural Services
Chapter 13: Economic Valuation of Ocean-Based and Ocean-Related Tourism and Recreation
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Ocean-Based and Ocean-Related Tourism and Recreation
13.3 Methodology for Valuing Coastal and Ocean-Based Ecosystem Services
13.4 A Review of Valuation Studies on Ecosystem Services Related to Coastal Tourism and Recreation
13.4.1 Tourism and Recreation ES in Coastal Systems
13.4.2 Tourism-Related Services Provided by Wetlands, Beaches and Coral Reefs
13.4.2.1 Wetlands
13.4.2.2 Beaches
13.4.2.3 Coral Reefs
13.5 Conclusions
References
Part V: Future Challenges to the Blue Economy
Chapter 14: Monitoring Health of Oceanic Ecosystem
14.1 Blue Ecosystem and the Ocean: A Symbiosis
14.2 Why Is Perseverance Important?
14.3 Components of Ocean Health
14.4 Ocean Health Over the Years
14.5 Methodology of Ranking Ocean Health
14.6 Assessment of Regions
14.7 Goal Setting
14.8 Scores
14.9 Regional Scores
14.10 Global Scores
14.11 Ocean Health Status in Southeast Asia
14.12 South Asian Ocean Health Rank
14.13 The Link Between Ocean Health and Human Health
14.14 Climate Change in the South Asia
14.15 Declining Oxygen
14.16 Blue Carbon
14.17 Rising Sea Levels
14.18 Health Threats
14.19 Coral Reefs
14.20 Danger to the Coral Reefs of South Asia
14.21 Coral Reef Bleaching
14.22 Bangladesh
14.23 Chagos
14.24 India
14.25 Maldives
14.26 Pakistan
14.27 Sri Lanka
14.28 Loss to South Asian Economies as a Result of Rising Sea Levels
14.29 Loss of Food
14.30 Susceptible Populations
14.31 What Are the Main Causes for This in South Asia?
14.32 Pollution
14.33 How Can Blue Ecosystems’ Health Be Monitored in South Asia?
References
Chapter 15: Potential Future Challenges and Impacts on Fisheries and Coastal Economies
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Fishing and Aquaculture in Asia
15.2.1 Present State
15.2.2 The Future
15.3 Deltas in Asia: Present and Future Socioeconomic Estimates
15.3.1 Estimates of the Future Socioeconomics of the Deltas: Gridded GDP, GDP per Capita, Population and HDI
15.3.2 Further Interplay of Expected Impacts of Climate Change on Fisheries and Deltas
15.4 Conclusions and Discussion
References
Part VI: Ocean Related Policies
Chapter 16: Present Status of Ocean and International Maritime Regulations and Securities
16.1 Background
16.2 International Framework on Oceans Governance
16.3 Regional Framework on Oceans Impacting Blue Economy: The South Asian Region
16.4 National Legal and Policy Framework on Oceans Governance: The Driver of Blue Economy
16.4.1 Laws Relating to the Conservation of Marine Habitats
16.4.2 Laws Relating to Use of Marine Areas
16.5 Response to National Maritime Security Challenges
16.6 Concluding Remarks
References
Chapter 17: Ocean Governance and Integrated Ocean Management
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Contribution of Oceans
17.3 Blue Economy and Challenges
17.4 Integrated Ocean Management Policy
17.5 Ocean Governance
17.5.1 Ingredients of Successful Ocean Governance
17.5.2 Future Policy for Ocean Governance
17.6 Conclusion and Way Forward
References
Word Notes
Blue Carbon
Bioprospecting
Carbon Sequestration
Carbon Sinks
Cultural Services
Ecosystems
Ecosystem Resilience
Fossil Fuel
Non-use Value
Option Value
Provisioning Services
Regulating Services
Supporting Services
Use Value
WTP (Willingness to Pay)
Index