The Archaeology of Egypt in the Third Intermediate Period

The Archaeology of Egypt in the Third Intermediate Period
Contents
List of Figures
List of Maps
List of Tables
Preface
Acknowledgements
Chronological Tables
List of Abbreviations
1 Terminology and Chronology
TERMINOLOGY
CHRONOLOGY
THE WHM-MSWT (REPEATIN G OF BIRTHS), THE THEBAN HIGHPRIESTLY SUCCESSION, AND TWENTY-FIRST DYNASTY HIGH PRIESTS OF AMUN
THE EARLY TWENTY-SECOND DYNASTY: SHOSHENQ I TO OSORKON II
THE MID-TWENTY-SECOND DYNASTY TO THE TWENTY-THIRD DYNASTY
THE KINGDOM OF THE WEST UNDER TEFNAKHT AND THE PROTO-TWENTY-FIFTH DYNASTY IN NUBIA
THE TWENTY-FOURTH DYNASTY
THE TWENTY-FIFTH DYNASTY
2 Settlement Patterns and Land Policy
EARLY NINETEENTH- AND TWENTIETH-CENTURY APPROACHES TO EGYPTIAN SETTLEMENT STUDIES OF THE THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIOD
THE THEORETICAL, METHODOLOGICAL, AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONTEXT FOR INTERROGATING EGYPTIAN SETTLEMENT LANDSCAPES
THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT AND SETTLEMENT LOCATIONS
CONSTRUCTING ANCIENT HYDROLOGY AND SETTLEMENT LOCATIONS
ANCIENT AND MODERN LAND RECLAMATION
SEBAKHIN AND MUD-BRICK EXTRACTION
MODERN URBANISM
THE CONCEPT OF SITE IN EGYPTOLOGY
FRAGMENTED LANDSCAPES IN MODERN EGYPT
‘OFF-SITE’ SURVEYS AND EGYPTIAN ARCHAEOLOGY
TELL FORMATION IN EGYPT
THE SIZE OF ‘SITES’ IN EGYPT
ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY IN EGYPT
ANCIENT TEXTS OF THE THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIOD
The Onomasticon of Amenemope
Cairo Block JE 39410 (Shoshenq I)
Land Registers
Land Donation Stelae
The Piankhy Stela
The Campaign Records of Assyria
AN EVALUATION OF THE THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIOD SETTLEMENT DATA: TEXT-BASED VS ARCHAEOLOGICAL DATA
UPPER EGYPT
LOWER EGYPT
SPATIAL ANALYSIS AND QUANTIFICATION OF THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIOD SITES
THE DEVELOPMENT OF AN EGYPTIAN SETTLEMENT PATTERN MODEL
SETTLEMENT PATTERNS IN THE THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIOD: THE CASE STUDIES
UPPER EGYPT: THE FIRST AND SECOND UPPER EGYPTIAN NOMES
THE THEBAN NOME
UPPER EGYPT: AKORIS TO ATFIH
THE MEMPHITE REGION
HYDROLOGY AND SETTLEMENT IN THE CANOPIC REGION DURING THE NEW KINGDOM AND THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIOD
THE WESTERN DELTA UNDER SHOSHENQ III AND SHOSHENQ V
THE CENTRAL-WESTERN DELTA
THE EASTERN DELTA: THE MENDESIAN BRANCH OF THE NILE
THE EASTERN DELTA: TANITIC AND PELUSIAC BRANCHES OF THE NILE
THE EAST BANK OF THE PELUSIAC BRANCH
THE MILITARY LANDSCAPE OF THE THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIOD
LAND MANAGEMENT AND LOCAL ECONOMIES
Land Registers
Libyan Delta Land Management: Donation Stelae
Libyan Land Policy in the North
LOCAL AND HOUSEHOLD INDUSTRIES
OBSERVATIONS ON THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIOD LAND POLICY AND LOCAL ECONOMIES
3 Settlement Development and Built Remains of the Third Intermediate Period
THE SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT OF THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIOD SETTLEMENTS
1 Thebes
2 Matmar
3 Hermopolis
4 Memphis
5 Kom Firin
6 Mendes
7 Kom el-Hisn
8 Tell el-Balamun
DEVELOPMENTS IN THE SPATIAL LAYOUT OF THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIOD SETTLEMENTS
THE LATE PERIOD PALIMPSEST
THE BUILT ARCHITECTURE OF THE THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIOD
Enclosure Walls
Third Intermediate Period Wall Terminology
Third Intermediate Period Walling: Archaeological Evidence
Representational Evidence of Third Intermediate Period Enclosure Walls
Enclosure Walls as Defence
Enclosure Walls as Reflections of Royal Strategy and Ideology
Palaces
Third Intermediate Period Palace Terminology
Archaeological Evidence for Third Intermediate Period Palaces
Temples
Defining Third Intermediate Period Housing Phases
HOUSEHOLD ARCHAEOLOGY AND EGYPTOLOGY
REVIEW OF THE EARLY EXCAVATIONS AT THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIOD SITES
The Karnak Priestly Houses
The Memphite Doorways in the South-west of the Ptah Temple
The House of Butahamun at Medinat Habu
ARCHITECTURAL HOUSE PLANS OF THE NEW KINGDOM
THE ARCHITECTURAL STYLES OF THE THIRD INTERMEDIATEP ERIOD IN UPPER EGYPT
1 The Central Room with Double Column and Dais
2 Amarna Style House Plans
3 Other Domestic Architectural Designs
OTHER ARCHITECTURAL DOMESTIC FEATURES
Staircases, Columns, Stone Fittings, Ovens, Wall Decoration, and Mud-bricks
Granaries and Storage Areas
Animal Stabling and Husbandry Areas
Areas for Refuse Disposal with the Settlements
CEMETERY AND BURIAL LOCATIONS
THE CONTINUITY AND TRANSITION OF THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIOD SETTLEMENTS
4 Domestic Material Culture of the Third Intermediate Period
POTTERY
Ceramic Phasing
Phase One: Third Intermediate Period
Phase Two: The Mid-Eighth Century BCE
Phase Three: End of the Eighth to the Start of the Seventh Century BCE
Phase Four: The Seventh Century BCE (End of the Twenty-Fifth to the Start of the Twenty-Sixth Dynasty)
Domestic Manufacture and Distribution
Foreign Trade
Ceramics as Indicators of Dining and Drinking Developments
STONE VESSELS
FAIENCE VESSELS
STATUE FRAGMENTS AND THE RE-USE OF NEW KINGDOM INSCRIBED AND UNINSCRIBED STONES IN DOMESTIC STRUCTURES
JEWELLERY: EARRINGS, EAR-STUDS, BRACELETS, RINGS, AND PERFORATED SHELLS
TERRACOTTA FIGURINES
Cobra Figurine Manufacture
Terracotta Quadrupeds and Other Figurine Types
Terracotta Female Figurines
Terracotta Votive Beds: a Theban Tradition of the Twenty-Second and Twenty-Third Dynasty
Other Terracotta Model Types
SCARABS
AMULETS
WEAPONRY: METAL AND FLINT SPEARHEADS, METAL BLADES, AND ARROWHEADS
OTHER TOOLS: METAL AND FLINT
ENTERTAINMENT (BOARD GAMES)
‘GAMING PIECES’
TESSON
HEIRLOOMS, SOCIAL STATUS, ELITE EMULATION, AND THE RE-USE OF SACRED OBJECTS
TERRACOTTA REPRESENTATIONAL FIGURES
THE USE OF AMULETS
RE-USE OF STONE: PRAGMATIC ECONOMIES VS SYMBOLIC ATTACHMENT
5 Conclusions: Transition and Continuity in the Third Intermediate Period
POLITICAL FRAGMENTATION AND REGIONAL ELITES
SETTLEMENT PATTERNS CREATED OUT OF POLITICAL FRAGMENTATION
LAND ADMINISTRATION AND ECONOMY
DEFENCE POLICIES
REGIONALISM
SELF-SUFFICIENCY
SOCIAL STATUS THROUGH MATERIAL CULTURE AND ELITE EMULATION
Appendix 1: Gazetteer of Third Intermediate Period Sites
DATA LAYOUTS FOR UPPER EGYPTIAN SITES
DATA LAYOUTS FOR LOWER EGYPTIAN SITES
UPPER EGYPT
LOWER EGYPT
1. Memphite Area
2 West of Classical Sebennytic
3 East of Classical Sebennytic
GEOGRAPHICAL ZONES AND GEOLOGICAL AND HYDROLOGICAL FEATURE LOCATIONS
Appendix 2: Temple Building of the Twenty-Second to Twenty-Fourth Dynasty
SHOSHENQ I
OSORKON I
SHOSHENQ IIB
OSORKON II
HARSIESE
TAKELOTH II
PEDUBAST
SHOSHENQ IV
SHOSHENQ V
OSORKON III
TAKELOTH III
RUDAMUN
OSORKON IV
SANKHTAWY SEKHEMKARA, SHEPSESKARA IRENRA GEMENEFKHONSBAK, AND NEFERKARE P . . .
Appendix 3: Unidentified Tomb, Mortuary Temple, and Palace Locations
THE RESIDENCE OF SHOSHENQ I
THE HOUSE OF MILLIONS OF YEARS OF SHOSHENQ I
THE TOMB OF OSORKON III AT THEBES
Notes
1 Terminology and Chronology
2 Settlement Patterns and Land Policy
3 Settlement Development and Built Remains of the Third Intermediate Period
4 Domestic Material Culture of the Third Intermediate Period
5 Conclusions: Transition and Continuity in the Third Intermediate Period
Appendix 1: Gazetteer of Third Intermediate Period Sites
Appendix 2: Temple Building of the Twenty-Second to Twenty-Fourth Dynasty
Appendix 3: Unidentified Tomb, Mortuary Temple, and Palace Locations
Bibliography
Index