The Andean Cloud Forest

Contents
Contributors
Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1 The Andes
1.2 The Andean Cloud Forest
1.3 Case Study: Primary Cloud Forest at the Reserva Biologica San Francisco
1.3.1 Curve-Fitting Floristic Patterns
1.3.2 Curve-Fitting Physical Structure Patterns
1.4 Case Study: Primary Cloud Forest at Maquipucuna Reserve
1.4.1 One ha Plot: Floristics and Physical Structure Sampling
1.4.2 One ha Plot: Plant-Plant Replacements over Six Years
1.4.3 Closed-Canopy Cloud Forest vs. Tree-Fall Gaps: Recruitment Experiments
1.5 Case Study: Secondary Cloud Forest at Maquipucuna Reserve
1.5.1 Permanent Plot Sampling After Sugarcane Cultivation, Banana Cultivation and Use as Pasture
1.5.2 Recruitment Experiments in Recovering Sugarcane Fields, Banana Fields and Pastures
1.5.3 Permanent Plot Sampling and Recruitment Experiments in a Recovering Landslide
1.6 Case Study: Primary Cloud Forest at Guandera Biological Station
1.6.1 Closed-Canopy Forest vs. Tree-Fall Gaps: Recruitment Experiments
1.7 Case Study: Primary Cloud Forest at Yanacocha Reserve
1.7.1 One ha Plot: Floristics and Physical Structure Sampling
1.8 Conclusions
References
Chapter 2: Dynamics of Andean Treeline Ecotones: Between Cloud Forest and Páramo Geocritical Tropes
2.1 Andean Critical Biogeography of Scale
2.1.1 Annotations of Narrative Framework
2.2 Why We Call them Cloud Forests? Onomastics at Play
2.2.1 Landscape Phenology and Threatening Treeline Myths
2.2.2 Atmospheric Tides and Fluvial Rhythms
2.2.3 Tide, Gravity and the Will of People
2.3 Lines in the Longer Cyclicity of Mountainscapes
2.4 Treeline Differentiation as Response of Latitudinal Variation
2.5 Mountain Effects and the Andean Treeline Ecotone Region
2.6 Conclusion: Andean Treeline Ecotones: Neither Trees nor Lines
2.7 Discussion Remarks: Treelines of the Mindscape
References
Chapter 3: Análisis Regional En Ecosistemas De Montaña En Colombia:Una mirada desde la funcionalidad del paisaje y los servicios ecosistémicos
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Methods
3.3 Resultados and Discussion
References
Chapter 4: Ecohydrology of Tropical Andean Cloud Forests
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Methodology
4.3 Results and Discussion
4.3.1 The Ecohydrology of TACF
4.3.2 Key Variables that Control Ecohydrological Processes of TACF
4.4 Conclusions
References
Chapter 5: Litterfall in Andean Forests: Quantity, Composition, and Environmental Drivers
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Study Sites and Methods
5.3 Results
5.4 Discussion
5.4.1 Litterfall and Litterfall Fractions in Andean Forests
5.4.2 Relationship of Geographical Location and Climate with Litterfall
5.4.3 Role of Soil, Forest Stand, and Chemical Litter Quality for Litterfall Mass
5.5 Conclusions
References
Chapter 6: Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Ectomycorrhizas in the Andean Cloud Forest of South Ecuador
6.1 Introduction
6.2 The Study Region
6.3 Materials and Methods (For Details See Haug et al. 2019)
6.4 Results
6.4.1 AMF Community in Evergreen Premontane Rain Forest at 1000 masl
6.4.2 Ectomycorrhizas and AMF Communities in Evergreen Lower Montane Forest at 2000 masl
6.4.3 AMF Communities in Upper Montane Forest at 3000 masl
6.4.4 AMF Communities in Polylepis Forest and Páramo at 4000 masl
6.4.5 AMF Community Composition Along the Elevational Gradient
6.5 Discussion
6.5.1 The Influence of Elevation on AMF Community Composition
6.5.2 Species Richness Along the Elevational Gradient
6.5.3 Abundant AMF Taxa in Our Study Sites Put in a Global Context
6.5.4 Rare OTUs in AMF Communities and Its Potential Role in Ecosystem Functioning
References
Chapter 7: Nesting Ecology of the Tucuman Amazon (Amazona tucumana) in the Cloud Forest of Northwestern Argentina
7.1 The Tucuman Amazon
7.2 The Reproductive Habitat of Tucuman Amazon: The Cloud Forest
7.3 Nesting Habitat Requirements of Tucuman Amazon
7.4 Reproductive Biology of the Tucuman Amazon
7.5 Conservation Implications
7.6 Knowledge Gaps
References
Chapter 8: Adaptive Strategies of Frugivore Bats to Andean Cloud Forests
8.1 Some Historic Considerations
8.2 Frugivore Bats of Genus Sturnira: A Study Case
8.3 Materials and Methods
8.4 Results
8.5 Discussion
References
Chapter 9: Neotropical Biodiversity: Hypotheses of Species Diversification and Dispersal in the Andean Mountain Forests
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Drivers of Species Diversification in the Tropical Andes
9.2.1 Shape
9.2.2 Climate
9.2.3 Topography
9.2.4 Geological and Environmental Shifts
9.2.5 Evolutionary History
9.2.6 Lineage Life-History Traits
9.3 Conclusion
References
Chapter 10: Mapping Hydrological Ecosystem Services and Impacts of Scenarios for Deforestation and Conservation of Lowland, Montane and Cloud-Affected Forests
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Materials and Methods
10.2.1 Mapping Potential Beneficiaries
10.2.2 Mapping Ecosystem Service Provision
10.2.3 Mapping Realised Carbon Services
10.2.4 Mapping Realised Water Services
10.2.5 Mapping Realised Hazard Mitigation Services
10.2.6 Mapping Species Richness
10.2.7 Distance Decay of Hydrological Services
10.3 Results
10.3.1 The Distribution and Coverage of (Cloud-Affected) Forests
10.3.2 Potential Beneficiaries of (Cloud-Affected) Forest Ecosystem Services
10.3.3 Local Populations
10.3.4 Downstream Populations
10.3.5 Downstream Dams
10.3.6 Beneficiaries of Protected Cloud-Affected Forests
10.3.7 Mapping Ecosystem Service Provision by Different Forest Types
10.3.8 Central America
10.3.9 South America
10.3.10 Africa
10.3.11 Tropical and Subtropical Asia
10.3.12 Distance Decay of Hydrological Services
10.4 Discussion and Conclusions
10.4.1 Cloud Forests and their Beneficiaries
10.4.2 The Ecosystem Services of Cloud Forests, Continent by Continent
10.4.3 The Implications of Distance Decay for Ecosystem Services from Cloud Forests
References
Chapter 11: Conclusions, Synthesis, and Future Directions
11.1 Conclusions
11.2 Synthesis
11.3 Future Directions
References