Physiology is the study of the normal functions of the body—the study of the body’s molecules, cells, and organ systems and the interrelationships among them. Because the study of medicine is the study of the abnormal functions of the body, it is essential to understand normal physiology if one is to understand the mechanisms of disease. For this reason, physiology and other important sciences basic to medicine are introduced frst in the veterinary curriculum.
Physiology is a vast subject, and veterinary students are too busy to learn all that is known about it. Berefore, an effort was made to limit the concepts presented in this book to those germane to the practice of veterinary medicine. Because the scope of physiology encompasses many scientifc disciplines and levels of analysis, the authors not only represent the feld of physiology, but others such as neuroscience, cell biology, and molecular biology. Some of the authors are also veterinarians, but all have consulted with veterinary clinicians regarding content. Sections on the immune system and cancer underscore the intimate relationship between the understanding of cell and molecular biology, physiological function, and veterinary medicine.
This book is designed for frst-year veterinary students. The goal is to introduce the student to the
principles and concepts of physiology that are pertinent to the practice of veterinary medicine. Other goals are to introduce the reader to physiopathology and clinical problem-solving techniques and to help the reader understand the relationship between physiology and the practice of veterinary medicine.
Tis book is designed to be as student friendly as possible. New concepts in the text are introduced by a declarative statement designed to summarize the essential point. Tis format also helps the reader survey the chapter or review for an examination. Tese declarative statements are also listed at the beginning of the chapter as an outline of Key Points.Chapters include one or more Clinical Correlations at the end. Tese are designed to show the reader how knowledge of physiology is applied to the diagnosis and treatment of veterinary patients. Tey also provide the student with an additional way to think through the principles and concepts presented, and they can serve as a basis for classroom case discussions.
Several Practice Questions are included in each chapter as another method for students to review the book’s content. The brief Bibliography for each chapter is designed to lead the reader to more advanced textbooks, as veterinary students are ofen too busy to read original literature. However, for those who may find the time, some original literature references are also included in several chapters.
Accompanying resources for the text can be found on Elsevier’s Evolve website. Tese include additional Practice Questions and Clinical Correlations, as well as relevant animations from Elsevier’s existing collection. Instructors will appreciate the items in the illustration bank, which can be downloaded
into PowerPoint format. A nascent Glossary has been added to the site that will continue to grow in subsequent editions. The terms included represent a subset of the italicized words in the printed text.
In addition to insuring that the information in this latest edition is accurate and up-to-date, some notable improvements include an expansion of the number of fgures and in-text Clinical Correlations; reorganization of the introductory chapter of the Gastrointestinal Physiology and Metabolism portion; addition of sections on micturition, visceral afference, and hyperaldosteronism (Conn’s Syndrome); expanded information on electrocardiogram and heart sounds, renal system transporters, feline hyperthyroidism, gut peptides, and rumen motility and digesta flow. Te expertise of two authors, Drs. Ayman I. Sayegh and Juan E. Romano, has been respectively added to existing expertise in the areas of gastrointestinal physiology and male reproductive physiology. Suggestions of ways to improve this text
in subsequent editions are always welcome.
Particular thanks are due to the book’s medical illustrator, Mr. George Barile, who drew the new illustrations for this edition and to Ms. Jeanne Robertson who revised much of the existing artwork. Tanks are also in order for the folks at Elsevier who were instrumental in producing the ffh edition, among them Kate Dobson, Carol O’Connell, Heidi Pohlman, Penny Rudolph, Shelly Stringer, and particularly Brandi Graham who always kept a cool head and pleasant demeanor while dealing with innumerable crises and complexities. Drs. Virginia BuechnerMaxwell, Ian Herring, William Huckle, and Bonnie Smith unselfishly provided their valuable opinions on various aspects of the book that resulted in its improvement. Furthermore, this book would not exist without the invaluable expertise of the section authors/editors who worked so hard to make this the best veterinary physiology text possible. A great debt is due to
Dr. Jim Cunningham, whose vision, guidance, and expertise made the Textbook of Veterinary Physiology a reality and a success.
The instructional style he instituted continues in this edition, and will continue in future editions of the text. And last, thanks are due to the many veterinary students whose constructive suggestions for improvements have led to the current edition of the book.
Brad Klein
Author(s): Bradley G. Klein
Edition: 5
Publisher: Elsevier
Year: 2013
Language: English
Pages: 608
Section I: The Cell
Steven R. Heidemann
1 Te Molecular and Cellular Bases of Physiological Regulation 1
Clinical Correlations:
Peripheral Edema 25
2 Cancer: A Disease of Cellular Proliferation, Life Span, and Death 27
Clinical Correlations:
Dog Tat Collapsed While Running 45
Section II: Neurophysiology
Bradley G. Klein and James G. Cunningham
Chapter 16 edited by John H. Rossmeisl, Jr.
3 Introduction to the Nervous System 48
Clinical Correlations:
Neurological Disease in a Horse 52
4 Te Neuron 53
Clinical Correlations:
Hypoglycemia 58
Salt Toxicity in Pot Belly Pig 59
5 Te Synapse 61
Clinical Correlations:
Myasthenia Gravis 66
Tetanus 66
6 Te Physiology of Muscle 68
Clinical Correlations:
Down Cow afer Calving 75
Malignant Hyperthermia 75
7 Te Concept of a Reflex 77
Clinical Correlations:
Trauma in a Foal 79
8 Skeletal Muscle Receptor Organs 81
Clinical Correlations:
Femoral Nerve Mononeuropathy 85
Obturator Nerve Paralysis in a Cow Post-Calving 85
9 Te Concept of Lower and Upper Motor Neurons and Teir Malfunction 87
Clinical Correlations:
Lower Motor Neuron Disease 89
Upper Motor Neuron Disease 89
10 Te Central Control of Movement 91
Clinical Correlations:
Focal Lesion of the Motor Cortex 100
Cow with Hypomagnesemia 101xii CONTENTS
11 Te Vestibular System 103
Clinical Correlations:
Vestibular Syndrome in a Dog 109
Horse with Vestibular Disease 110
12 Te Cerebellum 111
Clinical Correlations:
Cerebellar Hypoplasia 116
Newborn Calf Unable to Rise 116
13 Te Autonomic Nervous System 118
Clinical Correlations:
Horner’s Syndrome 127
Colic from Administration of Atropine to Treat Corneal Ulcer 127
14 Te Visual System 129
Clinical Correlations:
Homonymous Hemianopia 135
Uveitis in a Horse 136
15 Cerebrospinal Fluid and the Blood-Brain Barrier 138
Clinical Correlations:
Increased Intracranial Pressure 143
Seizures in a Foal 143
16 Te Electroencephalogram and Sensory-Evoked Potentials 145
Clinical Correlations:
Brain Tumor 150
17 Hearing 152
Clinical Correlations:
Congenital Deafness 157
Section III: Cardiovascular Physiology
Robert B. Stephenson
18 Overview of Cardiovascular Function 158
Clinical Correlations:
Lethargic Kid Goat 168
Colic and Endotoxic Shock in Horse Secondary to Strongylus Parasitism 169
19 Electrical Activity of the Heart 171
Clinical Correlations:
Tird-Degree Atrioventricular Block 186
20 Te Electrocardiogram 188
Clinical Correlations:
Dilative Cardiomyopathy with Paroxysmal Atrial Tachycardia 198
21 Te Heart as a Pump 200
Clinical Correlations:
Pulmonic Stenosis 210
Older Horse with Exercise Intolerance 211
22 Te Systemic and Pulmonary Circulations 213
Clinical Correlations:
Canine Heartworm Disease with Pulmonary Embolism 222
Dummy Foal: Hypoxemic Ischemic Encephalopathy 222CONTENTS xiii
23 Capillaries and Fluid Exchange 224
Clinical Correlations:
Acute Protein-Losing Enteropathy in a Horse 233
24 Local Control of Blood Flow 235
Clinical Correlations:
Patent Ductus Arteriosus 240
Endotoxemia in a Foal 241
25 Neural and Hormonal Control of Blood Pressure and Blood Volume 243
Clinical Correlations:
Intraoperative Hemorrhage 250
26 Integrated Cardiovascular Responses 252
Clinical Correlations:
Exercise Intolerance Secondary to Congestive Heart Failure 259
Cow with “Hardware Disease” 260
Section IV: Physiology of the Gastrointestinal Tract
Thomas H. Herdt and Ayman I. Sayegh
27 Regulation of the Gastrointestinal Functions 263
28 Motility Patterns of the Gastrointestinal Tract 274
Clinical Correlations:
Equine Rabies 285
29 Secretions of the Gastrointestinal Tract 288
Clinical Correlations:
Horse in Pain with Weight Loss 294
Pancreatitis in a Dog 295
30 Digestion and Absorption: Te Nonfermentative Processes 297
Clinical Correlations:
Diarrhea with Dehydration and Acidosis in a Calf 317
Juvenile Pancreatic Atrophy in a Dog 318
31 Digestion: Te Fermentative Processes 320
Clinical Correlations:
Grain Engorgement Toxemia 339
Impaction Colic 340
32 Postabsorptive Nutrient Utilization 342
Clinical Correlations:
Hepatic Lipidosis in a Cat 356
Hyperlipemia in a Horse 356
Section V: Endocrinology
Deborah S. Greco and †George H. Stabenfeldt
33 Te Endocrine System 359
Clinical Correlations:
Equine Cushing’s Disease 372
Agalactic Mare 373
34 Endocrine Glands and Teir Function 374
Clinical Correlations:
Diabetes Mellitus 405
Pancreatic Tumor in a German Shepherd 406xiv CONTENTS
Section VI: Reproduction and Lactation
Autumn P. Davidson and †George H. Stabenfeldt
Chapter 40 by Juan E. Romano and Steven P. Brinsko
35 Control of Gonadal and Gamete Development 408
Clinical Correlations:
Androgen Insensitivity 414
36 Control of Ovulation and the Corpus Luteum 416
Clinical Correlations:
Inability to Impregnate a Mare 420
Persistent Luteal Phase in the Mare 421
37 Reproductive Cycles 423
Clinical Correlations:
Sexual Attractiveness in the Spayed Bitch 429
Trying to Get a Mare Pregnant 429
38 Pregnancy and Parturition 431
Clinical Correlations:
Prolonged Gestation 436
Early Embryonic Death in a Mare 437
39 Te Mammary Gland 439
Clinical Correlations:
Pregnant Mare Tat Does Not Have Sufcient Milk or Udder Development 449
Neonatal Isoerythrolysis 449
40 Reproductive Physiology of the Male 451
Clinical Correlations:
Infertility in a Stallion 458
Infertility in a Bull 459
Section VII: Renal Physiology
Jill W. Verlander
41 Glomerular Filtration 460
Clinical Correlations:
Chronic Renal Failure 466
Glomerulonephritis 467
42 Solute Reabsorption 469
Clinical Correlations:
Glucosuria 478
Hypoadrenocorticism 478
43 Water Balance 481
Clinical Correlations:
Diabetes Insipidus 485
Chronic Renal Insufciency 486
44 Acid-Base Balance 488
Clinical Correlations:
Respiratory Acidosis with Renal Compensation 493
Metabolic Alkalosis with Paradoxical Aciduria 493
†DeceasedCONTENTS xv
Section VIII: Respiratory Function
N. Edward Robinson
45 Overview of Respiratory Function: Ventilation of the Lung 495
Clinical Correlations:
Lung Fibrosis in the Dog 504
Chronic Airway Disease in the Horse 504
46 Pulmonary Blood Flow 506
Clinical Correlations:
Brisket Disease in a Heifer 511
Stallion with Bilateral Epistaxis Post-Racing 511
47 Gas Exchange 513
Clinical Correlations:
Hypoventilation in a Bulldog 519
Hypoxemia in an Anesthetized Clydesdale Horse 519
48 Gas Transport in the Blood 522
Clinical Correlations:
Flea Infestation in a Cat 527
Atrial Fibrillation in a Horse 527
49 Control of Ventilation 529
Clinical Correlations:
Hypoxemia with Hyperventilation in a Samoyed Puppy 534
Hypoventilation in an Anesthetized Saint Bernard 534
50 Nonrespiratory Functions of the Lung 536
Clinical Correlations:
Pleuritis in a Toroughbred Horse 540
Mitral Insufciency in a Dog 541
Section IX: Homeostasis
N. Edward Robinson
51 Fetal and Neonatal Oxygen Transport 543
Clinical Correlations:
Patent Ductus Arteriosus in a Pomeranian 547
52 Acid-Base Homeostasis 549
Clinical Correlations:
Upper Airway Obstruction in a Boston Terrier 555
Torsion of the Abomasum in a Cow 555
Neonatal Diarrhea in a Foal 556
53 Termoregulation 559
Clinical Correlations:
Influenza in Pigs 567
Heat Stroke in a Boston Terrier 567
Section X: The Immune System
S. Ansar Ahmed and Gerhardt G. Schurig
54 Antigens and Innate Immunity 569
Clinical Correlations:
Swollen Lymph Nodes in a Colt 575
Heifer Calf with Recurrent Infection 576xvi CONTENTS
55 Te Specifc Immune Response: Acquired Immunity 578
Clinical Correlations:
Unthrify Foal 585
Appendix A Answers to Practice Questions 587
Index 588
Clinical Correlati
