This book is a classic guide for trainees and practitioners with a comprehensive overhaul, this book successfully bridges the gap between advancing technology, terminology, and the emergence of new diseases. With its all-encompassing approach, this book serves as the ultimate resource for radiology professionals, eliminating the need for multiple texts on various systems and recent updates. Trainees and practitioners alike will find immense value, as it caters to both skill enhancement and exam preparation for residents. For trainees, the book provides essential tools to elevate their expertise as it covers various topics. Meanwhile, community practitioners will greatly benefit from evidence-based guidelines and protocols presented in the book. The new edition of Sutton retains the overall format, presentation style and comprehensive coverage of the previous editions. Significant advances in imaging techniques and newer applications of different modalities have been incorporated in all sections Radiology lexicons and updated classification systems for various diseases have been included. There is emphasis on differential diagnosis, appropriateness criteria and disease management. Salient features have been highlighted as imaging pearls and teaching points. New sections for Imaging Physics & Principles of Imaging, Emergency Radiology, Pediatric Radiology and Nuclear Medicine have been added to make the book more comprehensive. Crucial topics on patient safety, quality assurance and structured reporting have been included to help radiologists become processes driven and ensure better patient care. Chapters on Information technology and Artificial intelligence introduce residents to the digital environment that we live in and its impact on day to day practice. A section on Interventional Radiology has been included to enable residents to get a deeper understanding of this subspeciality and explore its scope in modern medicine. This edition of Sutton is aimed at presenting an exhaustive teaching and reference text for radiologists and other clinical specialists.
Author(s): David Sutton, Rodney Reznek, Janet Murfitt. Adaptation Editor: Bharat Aggarwal
Edition: 8
Publisher: Elsevier RELX India Pvt. Ltd
Year: 2023
Language: English
Pages: 1446
City: Gurgaon
Cover Image
Title Page
Copyright
Foreword
Preface
Contributors
Table of Contents
Section A Imaging Physics and Principles of Imaging
1 X-ray Physics
Discovery of X-rays
Atomic Structure
Electromagnetic Spectrum
X-ray Imaging
Film-screen Radiography
Digital Radiography
Fluoroscopy
Suggested Readings
References
2 Ultrasound Physics
Introduction
Principle of Ultrasound
Properties of Sound
Pulse Echo Instrumentation
Image Quality
B-Mode Imaging Artifacts
Doppler
Practical Tips and Image Optimization Summary
Special Imaging Modes
Suggested Readings
References
3 Computed Tomography Physics
Introduction
Components of a Computed Tomography Machine
Computed Tomography Generations
Parameters for Image Acquisition and Modes of Scanning
Scanned Projection Radiograph
Axial and Helical Acquisition
Image Reconstruction Techniques
Basic Image Display and Processing
Image Quality
Noise
Artifacts
Dosimetry
Dose Optimization and Factors Affecting Patient Dose
Automatic Exposure Control (AEC)
Overbeaming and Overranging
Advanced Computed Tomography Applications
Suggested Readings
References
4 Principles of MRI Physics
Introduction
Fundamentals of MRI
MRI Hardware
MRI Pulse Sequences and Applications
Using Different Schemes in k-Space Manipulations
Using Artifact Reduction Techniques
Diffusion-Weighted Imaging and Diffusion Tensor Imaging
Susceptibility-Weighted Imaging
Magnetic Resonance Angiography
MR Spectroscopy
Perfusion-Weighted Imaging
Advanced Applications
MRI and Artificial Intelligence (AI)
MR Artifacts
MRI Safety
Suggested Readings
References
5 Concepts in Radiation, Contrast and Safety
Radiation
Sources of Radiation
Effects of Radiation
Linear No-Threshold Model and Its Limitations
Principles of Radiation Protection
Practical Aspects of Radiation Protection
Radiation Risks and Radiophobia
Contrast Media
Iodinated Contrast Media
Contrast Reactions
Gadolinium-Based Contrast Media
MRI Safety
Imaging in Pregnancy
Suggested Readings
References
6 Information Technology in Radiology
Introduction
Terminologies Used in IT
RIS, PACS, and Radiology Workflow
DICOM
Postprocessing and Advanced Image Visualization
Radiology Workstations and Monitors
Teleradiology
Suggested Readings
References
7 Quality Assurance and Structured Reporting
Introduction
The Quality Improvement Program
Sequential Steps in The Quality Improvement Process
Essential Ingredients of a Quality Improvement Program
Patient Safety and Communication
Diagnostic Errors
Performance Monitoring: Accuracy Audit
Performance Monitoring: Productivity Audit
Performance Improvement: Training “As-You-Go”
Physician Scorecard and the Total Quality Score (TQS)
Accreditation by Regulatory Bodies
The New Structured Radiology Report
Equipment Quality Control
Suggested Readings
References
8 Artificial Intelligence in Radiology
What is Artificial Intelligence?
Creating an AI Algorithm?
Broad use Cases of AI
AI in the Radiology Workflow
Challenges and Limitations
Suggested Readings
References
9 Introduction to Methods in Research
Introduction
Avenues in Radiology Research
Creating a Research Framework
Measuring Impact
Conclusion
Suggested Reading
References
10 Approach to Oncoimaging
Introduction
Basics of Oncology
Imaging in Cancer
Response Evaluation
Beyond “Tumor Assessment” in the Post-Treatment Setting
Newer Advances and the Road Ahead
Personalized Oncology and Personalized Radiology
Suggested Readings
References
Section B Respiratory System
11 Normal Chest
Introduction
Chest Radiography
Computed Tomography
PET-CT and PET-MRI
MRI
Ultrasound
Anatomy
Chest Radiograph
Summary
Suggested Readings
References
12 Differential Diagnosis in Chest Imaging
Introduction
Hyperlucent Hemithorax
Opacified Hemithorax
Elevated Hemidiaphragm
Widened Superior Mediastinum
Hilar Enlargement
Airways
Pulmonary Nodules
Patterns of Lung Disease
Cystic Lung Disease
Mediastinum
Pleura
Miscellaneous
Suggested Readings
References
13 Mediastinum
Anatomy
Clinical Presentation of Mediastinal Disease
Imaging Workup of Mediastinal Disease
Clinical Applications
Suggested Readings
References
14 Pleura, Diaphragm, and Chest Wall
Anatomy
Physiology
Imaging Appearance of Normal Pleura, Diaphragm, and Chest Wall
Pleural Fluid
Pneumothorax
Bronchopleural Fistula
Pleural Thickening
Pleural Calcification
Pleural Tumors
The Diaphragm
Chest Wall
Suggested Readings
References
15 Pulmonary Infections
Introduction
Role of Radiological Techniques in Pulmonary Infection
Clinical Classification
Patterns of Pulmonary Infections
Radiographic and CT Imaging of CAP
Lung Necrosis, Lung Abscess, and Cavity
Bacterial Pneumonias
Atypical Pneumonia
Viral Pneumonias
Chlamydial and Rickettsial Pneumonias
Pulmonary Tuberculosis
Pulmonary Infections in Congenital Disorders, Genetic Disorders, and Primary Immunodeficiency Disorders
Pulmonary Infections in Immunocompromised Patients
Bacterial Pneumonia
Fungal Infection
Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome (IRIS)
Differential Diagnosis and Radiologic Approach to Infection-Related Various Nodules Based on the Type of Immunosuppression (Aids versus Hematological Cell Transplant)
Suggested Readings
References
16 Lung Tumors
Introduction
Benign Lung Tumors
Chondroma
Malignant Lung Tumors
Suggested Readings
References
17 Diseases of Airways
Tracheal Diseases
Bronchial Diseases
Airway Diseases
Collapse or Atelectasis
Suggested Readings
References
18 Diffuse Lung Disease
Introduction
Idiopathic Interstitial Pneumonias
Connective Tissue Diseases
Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis
Eosinophilic Lung Disease
Drug-Related Lung Diseases
Pneumoconioses
Sarcoidosis
Amyloidosis
Diffuse Cystic Lung Diseases
Other Diffuse Lung Diseases
Suggested Readings
References
19 Miscellaneous Conditions of Chest
Thoracic Trauma
Postoperative Chest
Thoracic Lines, Tubes, and Devices
Suggested Readings
References
Section C Cardiovascular System
20 Normal Heart
Introduction
Pericardium
Cardiac Chambers
Valves
Coronary Anatomy
Cardiac Venous Anatomy
Multimodality Imaging
Suggested Readings
References
21 Chest Radiograph in Acquired Heart Disease
Introduction
Heart Size and Shape
Approach to Acquired Heart Disease on Chest Radiograph
Individual Cardiac Chamber Enlargement
Pulmonary Vascular Pattern
Pulmonary Hypertension
Pulmonary Venous Hypertension
Pulmonary Plethora
Pulmonary Oligemia
Right Ventricular Failure/Right Ventricular Dysfunction
Thoracic Osseous Radiographic Features Associated with Cardiovascular Disease
The General Postoperative Chest Radiograph
Postcardiac Surgery
Implants
Coronary Heart Disease
Acute Myocardial Infarction
Cardiac Valves
Pericardium
Thoracic Aorta
Pulmonary Embolism
Pulmonary Artery Aneurysm
Pulmonary Arteriovenous Malformation
Heart Transplantation
Cardiac Devices on Chest X-Ray
Suggested Readings
References
22 Coronary Artery Disease
Introduction
Coronary Artery Calcification
Stenosis and Plaque Evaluation
Cardiac Manifestations of Ischemia
Coronary CT Fractional Flow Reserve
Overall Approach
Sample Report Templates
Suggested readings
References
23 Noncoronary Artery Heart Disease
Introduction
Valvular Heart Disease
Imaging of Cardiomyopathies
Cardiac Tumors
Suggested Readings
References
24 Pericardium
Introduction
Imaging Techniques
Normal Pericardial Anatomy
Pericardial Disorders
Medical Devices in the Pericardium
Overall Approach to the Pericardium/Take Home Points
Suggested Readings
References
25 Diseases of Arteries
General Concepts
Aorta
Abdomen
Pelvic Arteries
Lower Extremity
Upper Extremity
Suggested Readings
References
26 Diseases of Veins and Lymphatics
Part I: Diseases of Veins
Vascular Imaging Techniques
Upper Extremity Venous System
Pelvic and Lower Extremity Venous System
Inferior Vena Cava
Renal Veins
Hepatic Veins
Porto–Mesenteric–Splenic Venous System
Gonadal Veins
Adrenal Veins
Central Thoracic Veins
Pulmonary Veins
Part II: Diseases of Lymphatics and Vascular Malformations
Lymph System Anatomy and Variants
Lymphatic Imaging
Lymphorrhea
Lymphedema
Vascular Malformations
Suggested Readings
References
Section D Abdomen and Gastrointestinal Tract
27 Conventional Abdominal Radiology
Introduction
Imaging Techniques
Chest X-Ray
Abdominal Radiographs
Fluoroscopy
Normal Anatomy on Abdominal Radiographs
Pathology on Abdominal Radiographs
Suggested Readings
References
28 Esophagus and Stomach
Normal Anatomy
Imaging Techniques
Anomalies
Esophagus: Inflammatory Processes
Esophageal Vascular Disease
Mechanical Esophageal Disease
Esophageal Trauma and Foreign Bodies
Esophageal Neoplasms
Stomach—Inflammatory Conditions
Vascular
Mechanical Gastric Disease
Gastric Trauma
Miscellaneous Gastric Processes
Gastric Neoplasms
Postsurgical Stomach
Summary
Suggested Readings
References
29 Imaging of Small and Large Bowel
Anatomy
Imaging Techniques
General Causes of Non-neoplastic Bowel Wall Thickening
Specific Small Bowel Abnormalities
Specific Large Bowel Abnormalities
Imaging of Lower Gastrointestinal Tract Bleeding
Imaging of Postoperative Bowel
Perianal Fistulas
Defecography
Systematic Approach to Small and Large Bowel Evaluation on Contrast-enhanced Computed Tomography
Suggested Readings
References
30 Liver Anatomy and Variants
Introduction
Imaging Techniques
External Anatomy
Vascular Anatomy and Variants
Pseudolesions
Suggested Readings
References
Chapter 31 Noncirrhotic Liver
Introduction
Imaging Techniques
Focal Hepatic Lesions
Overall Approach and Common Clinical Scenarios
Suggested Readings
References
Chapter 32 Diffuse Liver Disease
Hepatic Steatosis
Hepatic Iron Deposition
Genetic and Metabolic Diseases
Hepatic Fibrosis and Cirrhosis
Conclusion
Suggested Readings
References
Chapter 33 Cirrhotic Liver
Introduction
Imaging Diagnosis and Staging of Fibrosis
Imaging the Morphology of Cirrhosis
Complications of Cirrhosis
Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Liver Transplant
Conclusion
Suggested Readings
References
Chapter 34 Spleen
Normal Anatomy
Imaging Techniques
Normal Imaging Appearance
Splenic Abnormalities and Diseases
Benign Neoplasms
Malignant Neoplasms
Miscellaneous
Overall Approach and Common Clinical Scenarios
Suggested Readings
References
Chapter 35 Gallbladder and Biliary Tree
Anatomy
Methods of Investigation
Developmental Anomalies
Gallbladder
Bile Ducts
Approach to a Case of Right Upper Quadrant Pain
Suggested Readings
References
Chapter 36 Pancreas
Introduction
Overview of Imaging Techniques
Pseudotumors
Congenital Anomalies
Acute Pancreatitis (AP)
Chronic Pancreatitis (CP)
Pancreatic Neoplasms
Cystic Pancreatic Neoplasms
Suggested Readings
References
Chapter 37 Peritoneum, Retroperitoneum, and Abdominal Wall
Anatomy of Peritoneum, Omentum, and Mesentery
Imaging Techniques
Developmental Lesions
Nonpancreatic Pseudocysts
Infectious, Inflammatory, and Ischemic Disorders
Intraperitoneal Collections
Neoplastic Disorders
Miscellaneous
Overall Clinical Approach for Diagnosis of Peritoneal Lesions
Retroperitoneum
Abdominal Wall
Suggested Readings
References
Section E Genitourinary Tract
Chapter 38 Urinary Tract: Anatomy, Conventional Radiology, and Ultrasonography
Introduction
Anatomy
Imaging
Introduction to IVU Interpretation
Congenital Lesions and Variants
Inflammatory Disease
Reflux Nephropathy
Rare Inflammatory Conditions
Tumors
Renal Vascular Disease
Calculi and Obstruction
Upper Urinary Tract Trauma
Suggested Readings
References
Chapter 39 Urinary Tract: Nontumorous Diseases
Introduction
Infections and Inflammatory Conditions
Calculi and Obstruction
Diffuse Multifocal and Renal Parenchymal Abnormalities
Pretransplant Evaluation in Renal Donors
Postrenal Transplant Imaging
Renal Transplant Complications
Genitourinary Trauma
Suggested Readings
References
Chapter 40 Urinary Tract: Tumors
Solid Renal Tumors
Benign Tumors
Malignant Tumors
Other Tumors
Staging RCC
Other Malignant Tumors
Management
Approach to Renal Masses
Cystic Masses of the Kidney
Bosniak Classification
Upper Urinary Tract Tumors
Imaging of Urinary Bladder Cancer
Conclusion
Suggested Readings
References
Chapter 41 Adrenals
Introduction
Adrenal Imaging
Adrenal Diseases
Suggested Readings
References
Chapter 42 Prostate
Introduction
Anatomy
Diseases
Suggested Readings
References
Chapter 43 Male Genital Tract
Male Urethra
Scrotum and Testes
Extratesticular Disorders
Testicular Disorders
Testicular Malignancies and Related Conditions
Penile Disorders
Radionuclide Imaging of the Testis
Role of Radiology in Andrology Disorders
Suggested Readings
References
Section F Women's Imaging
Chapter 44 Uterus and Cervix
Introduction
Imaging Techniques
Normal Anatomy, Physiology, and Imaging Appearance of the Uterus and Cervix
Benign Conditions of the Uterus and Cervix
Malignant Conditions of the Uterus and Cervix
Suggested Readings
References
Chapter 45 Ovaries and Adnexae
Anatomy and Imaging Appearance
Physiology
Imaging Techniques
History, Clinical Examination, and Biomarkers
Lexicon for Reporting Adnexal Lesions
Specific Adnexal Lesions
Ovarian Cancer Screening
Radiological Approach to Adnexal Lesions
Suggested Readings
References
Chapter 46 Miscellaneous Gynecological Conditions
Endometriosis
Mullerian Duct Anomalies
Infertility
Benign and Malignant Conditions of Vagina and Vulva
Suggested Readings
References
Chapter 47 Obstetrics: First Trimester
Introduction
First-Trimester USG
Early First-Trimester Fetal Evaluation
Late First-Trimester Fetal Evaluation
First-Trimester Screening for Preeclampsia
Suggested Readings
References
Chapter 48 Obstetrics: Second Trimester
Introduction
Central Nervous System Anomalies
Spine
Face
Chest
Gastrointestinal Tract
Genitourinary System
Skeletal
Fetal Infections and Genetic Screening
Suggested Readings
References
Chapter 49 Obstetrics: Third Trimester
Introduction
Fetal Growth Restriction
Fetal Environment
Twins
Summary
Suggested Readings
References
Chapter 50 Obstetrics: Fetal Echocardiography and Interventions
Section 1: Fetal Echocardiography
Section 2: Fetal Interventions
Suggested Readings
References
51 Breast
The Basics: Normal Anatomy and Histology
Brief Introduction to Pathology of Epithelial Changes in Breast
Mammography Equipment and Physics
Language of Reporting
Breast Ultrasonography
Breast Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Newer & Emerging Imaging Techniques
Common Conditions and Diseases of the Breast With Clinical Radiology–Pathology Correlation
Image-Guided Procedures
Suggested Readings
References
Index
