Primarily intended as a textbook for the undergraduate and postgraduate students of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Biochemistry, this compact and well-organized text now in its Second Edition introduces a chapter on Immunity to Infectious Agents.
The book gives complete coverage of all the key topics in modern immunology without excessive detail or theoretical discussion. Each chapter is enriched with numerous well-labelled illustrations. Beginning with an introduction to the immune system including different types of immunity, immunogens and immunoglobulins, this text covers the basic concepts of antigen–antibody interaction and various methods of deter-mining them. It also includes topics on lymphocytes, Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) and its classes, graft rejection, and complement pathways. The book concludes with a description on different types of vaccines, and cytokines which are a group of regulatory proteins.
This textbook will also be useful to the students of B.Tech. (Biotechnology).
KEY FEATURES :
Encompasses the most important topics on HIV and AIDS.
Emphasizes the concept of tumour immunology and the therapeutic strategies used against tumours.
Discusses autoimmunity, its causes and current therapies.
Includes multiple-choice questions at the end of each chapter.
ABOUT THE AUTHOR :
SEEMI FARHAT BASIR, Ph.D., is Professor, Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi. Also, she has been Head of the Department at the same institution. A member of Indian Society of Life Sciences, Indian Science Congress, Society of Biological Chemists, and Association of Physiologists and Pharmacologists of India, Dr. Basir has more than two decades of teaching experience. She has published a number of research articles in refereed national and international journals.
Author(s): Seemi Farhat Basir
Edition: 2
Publisher: PHI Learning Private Limited
Year: 2012
Language: English
Pages: 262
City: New Delhi
Tags: Immunology
Title
Textbook of Immunology, Second Edition
Copyright
CONTENTS
Preface
1 INTRODUCTION TO THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
1.1 Immune System: An Overview
1.2 History
1.3 Innate Immunity
1.3.1 Cell Types of Innate System
1.4 Adaptive Immunity
1.5 Cooperation between Lymphocytes and Antigen-presenting Cells
1.6 Humoral Immune Response and Cell-mediated Immune Response
1.7 Conferring Specific Immunity: Connections between Innate
and Adaptive Immunity
1.8 Clonal Selection and Expansion
1.9 Functions of Immune System
1.10 Organs of the Immune System
1.10.1 Sources of Lymphoid Cells
1.10.2 Categorization of Lymphoid Tissue
1.10.3 Cells of the Immune System
Multiple-Choice Questions
Review Questions
2 ANTIGENS
2.1 Antigens: An Overview
2.2 Requirements for Immunogenicity
2.3 Contribution of Biological System to Immunogenicity
2.4 Adjuvants
2.5 Epitopes
2.6 Haptens
2.7 Superantigens
Multiple-Choice Questions
Review Questions
3 IMMUNOGLOBULINS: STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL BASIS
OF ANTIBODY DIVERSITY
3.1 Immunoglobulins
3.2 History
3.3 Structure of Immunoglobulin Molecules
3.4 Functions of Antibodies
3.5 Functional Regions of Antibody Molecules
3.6 Classes of Immunoglobulins
3.6.1 Immunoglobulin G
3.6.2 Immunoglobulin M
3.6.3 Immunoglobulin A
3.6.4 Immunoglobulin D
3.6.5 Immunoglobulin E
3.7 Antigenic Determinants on Immunoglobulins
3.7.1 Isotypic Determinants
3.7.2 Allotypic Determinants
3.7.3 Idiotypic Determinants
3.8 Production of Immunoglobulins
3.8.1 Factors Affecting Antibody Production
3.9 Antibody Diversity
3.10 Immunoglobulin Gene Structure
3.10.1 Immunoglobulin Gene Recombination
3.10.2 Generation of V Region Diversity
3.10.3 Constant Region Diversity
Multiple-Choice Questions
Review Questions
4 ANTIGEN–ANTIBODY INTERACTION
4.1 Antigen–Antibody Interaction: An Overview
4.2 Antigen–Antibody Complex
4.2.1 Primary Antigen–Antibody Interaction
4.2.2 Secondary Antigen–Antibody Interaction
4.2.3 Affinity and Avidity
4.2.4 Cross-reactions
4.3 Biological Consequences of Antigen–Antibody Interaction
4.4 Precipitin Reactions
4.4.1 Precipitation Reactions in Fluids
4.4.2 Precipitation Reactions in Gels
4.5 Immunoelectrophoresis
4.6 Agglutination Reactions
4.6.1 Agglutination Inhibition Reaction
4.7 Isolation of Pure Antibodies
4.8 Radioimmunoassay
4.9 Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA
4.10 Immunofluorescence
Multiple-Choice Questions
Review Questions
5 GENERATION, ACTIVATION AND DIFFERENTIATION OF
LYMPHOCYTES
5.1 T-cell Maturation, Activation and Differentiation
5.1.1 Positive Selection
5.1.2 Negative Selection
5.2 Th-cell Activation
5.3 T-cell Differentiation
5.4 Memory T-cells
5.5 B-cell Generation, Activation and Differentiation
5.5.1 Affinity Maturation
5.5.2 B-cell Maturation
5.5.3 B-cell Activation and Proliferation
5.6 The Humoral Response
5.6.1 Generation of Plasma Cells and Memory B-cells
Multiple-Choice Questions
Review Questions
6 MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX
6.1 Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC
6.1.1 Genomic Organization of the MHC
6.1.2 Class I MHC Genes
6.1.3 Class II MHC Genes
6.1.4 Class III MHC Genes
6.1.5 Murine Class I Loci
6.2 The Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) Antigens
6.2.1 The Structure of MHC Class I Molecules
6.2.2 The Structure of MHC Class II Molecules
6.2.3 MHC Class III Molecules
6.3 MHC Polymorphism
6.4 Recognition of Alloantigens
6.4.1 The Peptides Bound to Class I MHC Molecules
6.4.2 The Peptides Bound to Class II MHC Molecules
6.4.3 In Vitro Recognition and Response to Alloantigens
(Mixed Leukocyte Reaction
Multiple-Choice Questions
Review Questions
7 COMPLEMENT
7.1 The Complement System
7.2 Activation
7.2.1 Activation of Complement by the Classical Pathway
7.2.2 The Alternative Pathway of Complement Activates Spontaneously
7.2.3 The Lectin Pathway
7.3 Terminal Complement Pathway
7.4 Effects
7.4.1 Biological Effects of Complement
7.4.2 Cell Lysis
7.5 Consequences of Complement Activation
7.6 Complement Fixation Test
7.7 Regulation
Multiple-Choice Questions
Review Questions
8 TOLERANCE AND IMMUNOSUPPRESSION
8.1 Tolerance
8.1.1 T-cell Tolerance
8.1.2 B-cell Tolerance
8.2 Immunosuppression
8.2.1 Specific Immunosuppression
8.2.2 Non-specific Immunosuppression
8.3 Applications of Tolerance
Multiple-Choice Questions
Review Questions
9 HYPERSENSITIVITY
9.1 Hypersensitivity
9.1.1 Type I Hypersensitivity
9.1.2 Type II Hypersensitivity
9.1.3 Type III Hypersensitivity
9.1.4 Type IV Hypersensitivity
Multiple-Choice Questions
Review Questions
10 TRANSPLANTATION AND IMMUNOSUPPRESSION
10.1 Transplantation
10.1.1 Transplantation Antigens
10.1.2 Rejection of Transplanted Tissue
10.1.3 Mechanism of Graft Rejection
10.1.4 Graft Versus Host Disease
10.1.5 Rate of Rejection
10.1.6 Grafts that are Not Rejected
10.1.7 Immunologically Favoured Organs
10.1.8 Prevention of Rejection
10.2 Immunosuppression
10.2.1 Non-specific Immunosuppression
10.2.2 Specific Immunosuppression
10.2.3 Antibodies as Immunosuppressive Agents
Multiple-Choice Questions
Review Questions
11 TUMOUR IMMUNOLOGY
11.1 Tumour
11.1.1 Causes of Tumours
11.2 Tumour Antigens
11.2.1 Tumour-Specific Transplantation Antigens (TSTAs
11.2.2 Tumour Associated Transplantation Antigens (TATAs
11.3 Tumour Antigens Recognized by T-lymphocytes
11.3.1 Tumour Antigens Encoded by Normally Silent Cellular Genes in
Spontaneous Tumours (Tumour Specific Shared Antigens (TSSAs
11.3.2 Tumour Antigens Coded by Oncogenes or
Tumour Suppressor Genes
11.3.3 Tumour Antigens Encoded by Genomes of Oncogenic Viruses
11.3.4 Virally Induced Tumours
11.3.5 Tumour Antigens Resulting from Mutations
11.3.6 Antigens of Tumours Induced by Chemical Carcinogens
11.3.7 Tumour Antigens Defined by Xenogenic Antibodies
11.3.8 Monoclonal Antibodies to TAAs
11.4 Host Immune Responses to Tumours
11.4.1 Immune Response to Tumour Antigens
11.5 Immune Surveillance
11.6 Escape from Surveillance
11.7 Therapeutic Strategies
Multiple-Choice Questions
Review Questions
12 AUTOIMMUNITY
12.1 Autoimmunity
12.1.1 Self-reactive B- and T-cells Persist Even in Normal Subjects
12.1.2 Chemokines in Autoimmune Diseases
12.1.3 Autoimmunity is Antigen Driven
12.1.4 Physiological Autoimmunity
12.2 Induction of Autoimmunity
12.2.1 Exposure of Hidden Antigens or Release of Sequestered Antigens
12.2.2 Formation of New Epitopes
12.2.3 Cross-reactivity with Microorganisms
12.2.4 Mimicry between MBP and Viral Peptides
12.2.5 Loss of Control of Lymphocyte Responses
12.3 The Factors Affecting Development of Autoimmunity
12.3.1 Viruses as Inducers of Autoimmunity
12.3.2 Polyclonal B-cell Activation
12.3.3 Genetic Factors and Autoimmune Disease
12.3.4 Age and Sex
12.4 Clinical Associations between Autoimmune Diseases
12.5 Pathogenesis
12.6 Some Selected Autoimmune Diseases
12.7 Therapies
12.8 Treatment of Autoimmune Diseases
Multiple-Choice Questions
Review Questions
13 IMMUNODEFICIENCY
13.1 Immunodeficiency
13.1.1 Primary Immunodeficiencies
13.1.2 Secondary Immunodeficiencies
13.2 Defects in the Lymphoid Lineage
13.2.1 B-cell Immunodeficiency Disorders
13.2.2 T-cell Immunodeficiency Disorders
13.2.3 Combined B-cell and T-cell Immunodeficiency Disorders
13.3 Other Immunodeficiency Disorders
13.3.1 Phagocytes Deficiencies
13.4 AIDS and Other Acquired or Secondary Immunodeficiencies
13.4.1 Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV
13.5 AIDS—The Disease
Multiple-Choice Questions
Review Questions
14 VACCINES
14.1 Immunization
14.1.1 Passive Immunization
14.1.2 Active Immunization
14.2 Vaccines
14.3 Designing Vaccines
14.4 Route of Administration
14.5 Types of Vaccines
14.5.1 Anti-idiotype Vaccines
14.5.2 Whole Organism Vaccines
14.5.3 Recombinant Vaccine
14.5.4 Synthetic Peptide Vaccines
14.5.5 Multivalent Subunit Vaccines
14.5.6 Purified Macromolecules as Vaccines
14.5.7 Toxoid Vaccines
14.6 Vaccination Schedule
14.7 Failures in Vaccination
Multiple-Choice Questions
Review Questions
15 CYTOKINES
15.1 Cytokines
15.2 Cytokine Receptors
15.2.1 Families of Cytokine Receptors
15.2.2 Cytokine Secretions of Th-cell Subsets
15.3 Properties of Cytokines
15.4 Functions of Cytokines
15.4.1 Cytokines that Stimulate Haematopoiesis
15.4.2 Cytokines that Mediate Innate Immunity
15.4.3 Cytokines that Regulate Lymphocyte Activation, Growth
and Differentiation
15.4.4 Cytokines that Regulate Immune Mediated Inflammation
15.4.5 Signal Pathway Activated by Cytokine Receptors
15.5 Cytokine Antagonists
Multiple-Choice Questions
Review Questions
16 IMMUNITY TO INFECTIOUS AGENTS
16.1 Immunity to Bacteria
16.1.1 Non-specific Immunity
16.1.2 Specific Immunity
16.2 Immunity to Fungi
16.3 Immunity to Viruses
16.4 Immunity to Protozoa
16.5 Immunity to Helminthes
Multiple-Choice Questions
Review Questions
Answers to Multiple-Choice Questions
Index
Back cover
