Textbook of Conservative and Restorative Dentistry

Cover
Half Title Page
Title Page
Copyright
Dedication
Foreword
Preface
Contributors
Contents
1. Introduction to Restorative Dentistry
Evolution of Operative Dentistry
Beginning of Dental Science
Dentistry in 20th Century
Chronology of Major Events in Operative Dentistry
Aims and Objectives
Indications
Future of Operative Dentistry
2. Nomenclature
Systems Having Similar Notation in Each Segment
System with Different Notation in Each Segment
FDI System
Terminology Related to Caries
Defects in Tooth Structure
Nomenclature Related to Tooth Surfaces
Anatomical Clinical Crown
Nomenclature Related to Cavity Preparation
Walls in a Cavity Preparation
Angles in a Cavity Preparation
Bevel
Classification of Cavities
Dr GV Black Classification
Modification of Black’s Classification
Dr GJ Mount Classification
Dr Vimal Sikri Classification
3. Dental Caries
Classification of Caries
Etiology of Dental Caries
Worm Theory
Humoral Theory
Chemical Theory
Parasite Theory
Acidogenic Theory
Proteolytic Theory
Proteolysis Chelation Theory
Bioelectric Phenomena
Levine’s Theory
Bandlish’s Theory
Systemic Theory
Caries Balance Concept
Genetic Theory
Autoimmune Theory
Contributory Factors in Dental Caries
Histopathology of Dental Caries
Caries of Enamel
Caries of Dentin
Root Caries
Arrested Caries
Secondary Caries
4. Functional Occlusion
Terminology
Centric Relation
Centric Occlusion and Maximal Intercuspal Position
Occlusal Designs
Occlusion and Restorative Dentistry
Interocclusal Records
Principles of EDEC
Restoring Individual Tooth
Role of Contact Areas
Role of Contours
Role of Marginal Ridges
Recording Occlusal Relations for Indirect Restorations
Transferable Records
Non-Transferable Records
Checking Casting for Occlusion
5. Contacts, Contours and Periodontium
Dentogingival Unit
Preservation of Periodontium
Contour
Height of Epithelial Attachment
Proximal Contact Areas
Embrasures
Occlusal Surface
Margins
Surface Finish and Texture
Trauma from Occlusion
Occlusal Equilibration
Sequence of Occlusal Adjustments
6. Case Selection: Treatment Planning
Case Selection (History)
Formulating Treatment Plan
Clinical Examination
Caries Risk Assessment
Caries Activity Tests
Systemic Diseases Influencing Treatment Planning
Maintenance Phase
7. Diagnosis and Diagnostic Aids
Caries Diagnosis
Diagnostic Tools
Visual Examination
Tactile Examination
Radiographic Methods
Electrical Resistance
Optical Detection Methods
Endoscopic/Videoscopic Methods
Dye Penetration Method
Miscellaneous
8. Instruments, Instrumentation and Operating Positions
Hand Cutting Instruments
Metallurgy
Classification
Designing Characters
Instrument Nomenclature
Instrument Formula
Cutting Planes (Instrument Beveling)
Non-Cutting Instruments
Instrument Grasps
Sharpening of Hand Instruments
Rotary-Driven Instruments
Dental Handpieces
Dental Burs
Abrasive Instruments
Mechanism of Cutting
Patient and Operator Positions
9. Sterilization and Infection Control
Terminology
Categorization of Instruments
Presterilization
Methods of Sterilization
Physical Method
Chemical Method
Radiation Method
Causes of Sterilization Failures
Control of Sterilization
Sterilization of Headpieces
Sterilization of Burs
Infection Control
Methods for Infection Control
10. Matrices, Retainers and Wedges
Tooth Separation
Matrices
Matrices for Class II, MOD and Complex Restorations
Matrices for Class III Restorations
Matrices for Class IV Restorations
Matrices for Class V Restorations
Matrix Retainers
Wedges
Wedging System
11. Isolation of the Operating Field
Isolation from Moisture (Direct Methods)
Rubber Dam
Cotton Rolls and Cotton Roll Holders
Gauge Pieces
Absorbent Pads
Evacuation Systems
Gingival Retraction Cord
Indirect Methods
Isolation from the Soft Tissue
Management of Cheeks, Lips and Tongue
Management of Gingival Tissues
12. Principles of Cavity Preparation
Outline Form
Modification of Outline Form
Enameloplasty
Resistance and Retention Forms
Convenience Form
Removal of Remaining Carious Dentin
Pulp Protection
Finishing the Enamel Walls and Margins
Toilet of the Cavity
Present Concept of Principles
Conservative Cavity Preparation
Forces Exerted During Functional Occlusion
Marginal Ridge and Occlusal Forces
Stresses Distribution in Individual Restorations
13. Interim Restorations
Interim Restorative Materials (Rationale)
For Intracoronal Preparation
Guuta-Percha
Dental Cements
For Extracoronal Preparation
Prefabricated Crowns
Indirect Acrylic Restorations
14. Silver Amalgam
Composition of Silver Alloy
Effect of Constituent Metals
Alloy Mercury Reaction
Cavity Preparation
Manipulation of Silver Amalgam
Failures of Dental Amalgam
Gallium Alloys
Modified Silver Restorations
Bonded Amalgam Restorations
Fluoridated Amalgam
Amalgam Restorations and Oral Environment
Mercury and its Management
15. Direct Filling Gold
Properties of Pure Gold
Types of Direct Filling Gold
Annealing/Degassing
Condensation/Compaction
Biologic Effects of Pure Gold Restoration
Indications
Contraindications
Cavity Preparation and Restoration
16. Cast Metal Restorations
Noble vs Base Metals
Indications
Contraindications
Advantages and Disadvantages
Cavity Design for Cast Restorations
Types of Margins in Cast Restoration
Bevels
Flares in Cast Restorations
Cusp Capping/Onlay
Tucker’s Technique
Fabrication of Cast Restorations
Casting the Pattern
Procedure of Casting
Thermal Expansion Casting Technique
Hygroscopic Expansion Technique
Finishing and Polishing
Casting Defects
17. Complex Restorations
Extra Retentive Devices
Pin-Retained Restorations
Indications
Advantage/Disadvantage
Classification
Principles of Pin Placement
Pinhole Preparation
Pin, Stresses and Tooth
Factors Affecting Retention of Pins
Complication During Pin Placement
Effects of Pins on Pulp
Amalgapins
18. Dentin Hybridization: Bonding Agents
Common Terms: Definitions
Factors Affecting Adhesion
Tooth as a Substrate for Bonding
Bonding to Enamel
Bonding to Dentin
Dentin Bonding Agents
Classification (Evolution) of Dentin Bonding Agents
Alternative Classification (Evolution) of Bonding Agents
Categorization of Adhesives Based on their Action on Smear Layer
Resin–Dentin Bond: Degradation and Management
Bonding in other Clinical Situations
Additives for Bonding Agents
Role of Water in the Bonding Process
Water Treeing Phenomenon
Nanoleakage and Water Treeing
Success/Failure of Adhesives
19. Composite Restorations
Composition
Evolution of Composites
Properties of Composites
Advances in Composites
Curing of Composites
Light-Curing Units
Cavity Preparation
General Consideration
Placement of Composites
Establishing Proximal Contacts
Failures in Composite Restorations
Composite Laminates and Veneers
Componeers
Composite Inlays
Classification of Composite Inlay
Evolutionof Composite Inlay Material
Cavity Preparation
Repair of Composite Restorations
20. Glass-Ionomer Cement
Composition
Classification
Uses of Glass-Ionomer Cement
Setting Reaction
Physical and Mechanical Properties
Modified Glass-Ionomer Cements
Metal Modified Glass-Ionomers
Resin Modified Glass-Ionomer Cements
Compomer
Giomers
Antibacterial Glass-Ionomer
Glass Carbomer
Zirconomer
Low pH Smart Materials
Placement of Glass-Ionomer Cement
Clinical Applications
Failure of Glass-Ionomer Restoration
21. Ceramic Restorations
Terminology: Definitions
Composition
Classification
Properties of Porcelain
Strengthening of Ceramic
Condensation of Porcelain
Firing Procedure
All Ceramic Systems
Ceramic Restorations
Ceramic Inlays/Onlays
Cavity Preparation
Fabrication of a Porcelain Inlay
Cavity Considerations For CAD-CAM Inlays
Ceramic Laminates/Veneers
Repair of Ceramic Restorations
22. Microleakage
Clinical Implication of Microleakage
Restorative Material and Microleakage
Role of Smear Layer
Factors Controlling Bacterial Penetration at Tooth–Restoration Gap
Microleakage and Restorative Materials
Microleakage Around Amalgam Restorations
Microleakage Around Glass-Ionomer Restorations
Microleakage Around Composite Restorations
Microleakage Around Direct Gold Restorations
Microleakage Around Cast Restorations
Microleakage Around Porcelain Restorations
Methods to Detect Microleakage
Nanoleakage
23. Finishing and Polishing
Definitions
Objectives of Finishing and Polishing
Finishing and Polishing Instruments
Abrasive Materials
Adjunct Finishing Modalities
Microabrasion
Burnishing
Finishing and Polishing of Individual Restorations
Amalgam Restorations
Composite Restorations
Glass-Ionomer Restorations
Direct Gold Restorations
Cast Gold Restorations
Non-Precious Alloy Restorations
Porcelain Restorations
Concept of Finishing Polish
Hazards of Finishing and Polishing
24. Color Perception
Source of Light
Optical Characteristics
Color
Structure and Function of Eye
Perception of Color
Additional Features in Color Perception
Metamerism
Fluorescence
Opalsescence
Basic Color Schemes
Color Harmonies
Additive Color Theories
Subtractive Color Theories
Color Systems
Munsell Color System
CIE System
CIE (Modified) L*a*b* Color Space
CIE (Modified) L*C*h° Color Difference
Optics of Natural Teeth
Dental Shade Guides
Shade-Taking Devices
Guidelines for Clinical Shade Selection
Procedure for Shade Matching in Porcelain Restorations
25. Esthetics and Smile Designing
Principles of Esthetics
Esthetic Smile Designing
Facial Analysis
Lip Analysis
Incisal Display
Gingival Tissue Analysis
Treatment Planning
Cosmetic Contouring
Diastema Closure
Adhesive Restoration
Lasers
Ethics in Esthetic Dentistry
26. Tooth Substance Loss
Attrition
Biocorrosion
Bruxism
Cervical Lesion
Carious Cervical Lesions
Non-Carious Cervical Lesions
Abrasion
Erosion
Abfraction
Biomechanics of a Class V Cavity
Measuring Tooth Substance Loss
Treatment of Tooth Substance Loss
Treatment of Carious Cervical Lesions
Treatment of Non-Carious Cervical Lesions
Treatment of Attrition
Dahl Concept
27. Geriatric Restorations
Age Changes in Dental Tissues
Mechanism of Aging
Aging and Dental Tissues
Age Changes in Enamel
Age Changes in Dentin
Age Changes in Pulp
Age Changes in Cementum
Age Changes in Bone
Age Changes in Periodontium
Age Changes in Salivary Glands
Clinical Implications
Treatment Planning for Elderly
Management of Common Oral Diseases in Elderly
Considerations for Prescribing Medications to the Elderly
28. Minimal Intervention Dentistry
Core Principles
Components of Minimal Invasive Approach
Early Diagnosis of Caries
Caries Risk Assessment
Strategies to Arrest Existing Carious Lesions
Remineralization of Existing Lesions
Restoring Cavitated Lesions
Caries Inhibition by Resin Infiltration
Repair Rather than Replacement of Defective Restorations
29. Dentinal Hypersensitivity
Incidence and Prevalence
Etiopathogenesis
Factors Affecting Hypersensitivity
Measuring Tooth Hypersensitivity
Diagnosis
Management of Hypersensitivity
Treatment Modalities
Newer Materials
Prevention
30. Management of Deep Carious Lesions
Arrested Caries
Repair of Pulp–Dentin Complex
Treatment Modalities of Deep Caries Lesions
Indirect Pulp Capping
Direct Pulp Capping
Pulp Curettage
Partial Pulpotomy
Pulpotomy
31. Pulpal Reactions
Terminology
Pulp–Dentin Organ
Pulpal Response to Restorative Materials
Intensity of Pulpal Response
Stages of Pulpal Inflammation
Evaluation of Biocompatibility
Pulpal Reaction to Commonly used Restorative Materials
Pulpal Reaction to Tooth Preparation
Pulpal Reaction to Caries
Pulpal Reaction to Trauma
Orthodontic Movement and Pulpal Reaction
Pulpal Reaction to Vital Bleaching
32. Tooth Discoloration and Bleaching
Tooth Discoloration and Staining
Bleaching of Teeth
Bleaching Agents
Bleaching Modalities
Vital Tooth Bleaching
Non-Vital Bleaching
Laser-Assisted Tooth Whitening
Bleaching with Non-Thermal Atmospheric Plasma
Over the Counter Products
Advanced Techniques
Adverse Effects of Bleaching
33. Laser in Restorative Dentistry
Principle of Laser
Laser Device
Laser Delivery System
Laser Emission Modes
Mechanism of Action
Laser–Tissue Interaction
Classification
Conventional Categorization of Lasers
Routinely used Lasers
CO2 Laser
Argon Laser
Nd:YAG Laser
Er:YAG Laser
Excimer Laser
Uses of Lasers in Operative (Conservative) Dentistry
Laser Hazards
Laser Safety
34. Magnification in Restorative Dentistry
Magnifying Tools
Ergonomics
Components of Microscope
Use of Operating Microscope in Restorative Dentistry
Advancements in Magnification
Appendix
Index
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