This book is aimed to bring the emerging application aspects of THz technology and various modules used for its successful realization. It gathers scientific technological novelties and advancements already developed or under development in the academic and research communities. This book focuses on recent advances, different research issues in terahertz technology and would also seek out theoretical, methodological, well-established and validated empirical work dealing with these different topics. In particular, this textbook covers design considerations and current trends of THz antennas and antenna arrays to deal with the transmission and reception of THz EM waves. It also presents a discussion on metamaterial structures, meta-surfaces, and absorbers to be used for some kind of sensing and detection applications. Furthermore, it reports on THz wireless communication aspects, 6G network issues and challenges, advantages and disadvantages, generation and detection of THz waves, Signal and Communication Processing for THz communication, reconfigurable low-noise amplifier (LNA) design, III-Nitride HEMTs for THz Applications, photonic crystal fiber for sensing applications, THz Design Variable Estimation by Deep Optimization, and THz Imaging issues. Once the readers finish studying this book then they will learn about the importance of THz technology, advancement in the field, applications, THz modules like antennas, MIMO and DRAs, communication aspects, LNAs, generation of THz waves, etc and future scope. It also leads to enhancement in their knowledge in THz technology, gives a platform to future technology and novel applications realization.
Author(s): Sudipta Das, Anveshkumar Nella, Shobhit K. Patel
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2022
Language: English
Pages: 315
City: Singapore
Preface
Contents
High-Efficiency Hexagonal-Shaped Quad Element MIMO Antenna for Terahertz Applications
1 Introduction
2 Antenna Design Layout
2.1 Quad Element Antenna Design
3 Parametric Analysis
4 Results and Discussion
5 MIMO Diversity Performance
6 Losses and Terahertz Channel Capacity
6.1 Channel Capacity
7 Conclusion
References
An Ultra-Thin Octad-Band THz Metamaterial Absorber with Polarization-Insensitivity for Sensor Applications
1 Introduction
2 Electromagnetic Metamaterial Absorber
2.1 Proposed Terahertz Absorber Design
2.2 Numerically Simulated Results
2.3 Effective Material Parameters
3 Surface-Current Distributions and Electric Field Distributions
4 Equivalent Circuit Diagram
5 Effects of Geometrical Parameters Variations
6 Sensor Applications
7 Conclusions
References
A Terahertz-Based Graphene Metasurface Sensor for Hemoglobin Detection with High Q Factor and Low Figure of Merit
1 Introduction
2 Design and Modeling
2.1 Graphene Conductivity Analysis
2.2 Performance-Defining Parameters for Proposed Sensor
3 Results and Discussion
4 Conclusion
References
Design and Analysis of a CPW-Fed Fractal MIMO THz Antenna Using an Array of Parasitic Elements
1 Introduction
2 Antenna Geometry and Analysis
3 Results Analysis
4 MIMO Analysis
5 Conclusions
References
Generation and Detection of Free-Space Terahertz Waveforms
1 Introduction
2 The Generation and Detection System
3 GaAs Photoconductive Terahertz Emitters
3.1 Theoretical Framework
3.2 Experimental Framework
4 ZnSe Photoconductive Terahertz Emitters
4.1 Theoretical Framework
4.2 Experimental Framework
5 ZnSe Electro-optic Terahertz Detectors
5.1 Theoretical Framework
5.2 Experimental Framework
6 Conclusions
References
Design of a Frequency Reconfigurable Low Noise Amplifier for the Terahertz Band
1 Introduction
2 The RF Receiver
3 The LNA Design Characteristics: Technical Background
4 LNA Design
4.1 Transistor Technology and Characteristics
4.2 The Proposed LNA
4.3 Case Study: Airport Ground Traffic Management
5 Simulation Results
5.1 DC Characteristics
5.2 S_Parameters
5.3 Noise Figure
5.4 Stability
5.5 Linearity
6 Conclusion
References
SIMO Array Characterized THz Antenna Resonating at Multiband Ultra High Frequency Range for 6G Wireless Applications
1 Introduction
2 Proposed Antenna Design and Analysis
2.1 Single Antenna Element
2.2 Proposed Single Element Antenna with Ground Structure
3 Antenna Array Structure Simulated for Various Substrate
3.1 Development of Array from Single Antenna
3.2 Substrate Selection for Array Based on Performance
4 Conclusion
References
Design and Analysis of a Tri-band Dielectric Resonator Antenna for Terahertz Applications
1 Introduction
2 Dielectric Resonator Antenna Design
2.1 Antenna Geometry
2.2 Parametric Study
3 Dielectric Resonator Antenna Design
4 Conclusion
References
III-Nitride HEMTs for THz Applications
1 Introduction
2 Operation Principle of HEMT
2.1 Origin of 2DEG
2.2 RF and THz Parameters
3 State-of-the-Art Research on III-Nitride HEMTs for THz Applications
3.1 Self-Mixing in GaN-Based HEMT for THz Detector
3.2 THz Amplification in GaN-Based HEMTs
3.3 THz Generation in GaN-Based HEMT
4 Conclusion
References
An Analysis on Wireless Communication in 6G THz Network and Their Challenges
1 Introduction
2 Building Block of 6G and THz Communication
2.1 Structure of Het-Cloud
2.2 Information Transmission Middle Networks: High Quick Discovery and Transmission Based Infrastructure
2.3 Acceleration of Hardware
3 Technical Requirements and Consideration Towards 6G THz Mobile Communication
3.1 Towards 6th Generation Terahertz Full Stack End-End Network
3.2 Enabled Wireless Communication in 6G Terahertz
3.3 Revolution of 6G Terahertz
4 Terahertz Frequency Challenges
5 Advantages of Terahertz Communication
6 Disadvantages of Terahertz Communication
7 Comparing Performance of Mobile Network
8 Conclusion
References
Antennas for THz Communication: Fundamentals, Design Structures, and Current Trends
1 Motivation for THz Communication
2 Different Terahertz Antenna Structures for the Communication
2.1 On-chip THz Antenna
2.2 Ceramic-Composite THz Lens Antenna
2.3 Dipole Antenna with Integrated Balun for Broadband THz On-chip Transition
2.4 THz Planner Antenna Using Photonic Crystal
2.5 Leaky Wave Antenna for Sub-Terahertz
2.6 Metamaterial-Based Diffracted Ground-Based MPA with Mender Line Approach
2.7 Graphene-Based THz Holographic Antenna
3 Proposed THz MIMO Antenna Structure
3.1 Introduction of Proposed Design
3.2 Design and Modelling
3.3 Discussion About Results
3.4 Conclusion
4 Current Trends and Different Applications in THz Communication
4.1 Water Dynamics Are Sensing by THz Waves
4.2 Detections of Protein
4.3 Plasma Wave-Based THz Camera
5 Future Trends
6 Conclusion
References
Compact Photonic Crystal Fiber for Sensing Applications in the THz Regime
1 Introduction
2 Conventional Optical Fiber Versus PCFs
3 Classifications of PCF
3.1 High Index Guiding PCF
3.2 Hollow Core PCF
4 Classifications of Fiber Optical Sensor
5 Different Structure of PCF Chemical Sensors in THz Regime
6 Different Structure of PCF Biosensors in THz Regime
6.1 Blood Components Sensor
6.2 Cancer Cells Sensor
6.3 Protein Sensor
6.4 Malaria Sensor
7 Milk Sensor
8 Gas Sensors
9 Environment Sensor
10 Conclusions
References
Study and Design of the Terahertz Antenna Array
1 Introduction
2 THz Components
2.1 THz sources
2.2 THz Detectors
2.3 THz Transmission Spectra
3 Antennas Adapted to Terahertz Frequencies
3.1 The Methodology to Follow to Design a Microstrip Patch Antenna
3.2 Results of the Simulations and Discussions
3.3 The Comparison of the Results Obtained with Those Available in the Scientific Publications
4 Conclusion
References
Micromachined Terahertz Metamaterials
1 Introduction
1.1 Introduction to Metamaterials
2 Metamaterials Absorber
3 Laser Based Micromachining
4 Terahertz Spectroscopy for Characterization
5 Conclusion and Future Scope
References
THz Design Variable Estimation by Deep Optimization Prior
1 Introduction
2 THz Scanning System
3 Literature Review
4 Proposed Methodology
4.1 Deep-Optimization
4.2 Autoencoder: 3D Model
4.3 Architecture of Network
5 Result and Analysis
5.1 Loss
5.2 Accuracy
6 Conclusion
References
Terahertz Imaging: Timeline and Future Prospects
1 Introduction
2 A General-Purpose Terahertz Imaging System
3 Timeline of Work Done in This Field
4 Current Status, Challenges, and Limitations
5 Conclusion
References
Advances in Signal and Communication Processing for Ultra-High-Speed Terahertz Communications
1 Introduction
2 Pulse-Based Modulations
2.1 Time Spread On–Off Keying
2.2 Rate Division Time Spread On–Off Keying
2.3 Symbol Rate Hopping TS-OOK
2.4 Other Pulse-Based Modulation Schemes
3 Single Carrier Versus Multicarrier
4 Channel Coding for Terahertz Nanocommunications
4.1 Low-Weight Codes
4.2 Minimum Energy Channel Code
4.3 Nanonetwork Minimum Energy Code
4.4 Minimum Energy Coding
4.5 Low-Weight Channel Code
5 Non-coherent Terahertz Receivers
6 Conclusion
References
Terahertz Antennas – Review and Design
1 Introduction
2 Development of THz Antennas
3 Primary Terahertz Antennas
4 Process Technology of Terahertz Antennas
5 Challenges in Terahertz Antennas
6 Future Advancement in Terahertz Antennas
7 Conclusion
References
