Temporal Expectations and their Violations [PhD Thesis]

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Author(s): Olivia Ladinig
Series: ILLC Dissertation Series DS-2009-09
Publisher: University of Amsterdam
Year: 2009

Language: English
Pages: 108
City: Amsterdam

1 Introduction 1
1.1 The role of time in music listening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Formation and violation of temporal expectations . . . . . . . . . 3
1.3 Competence in music listening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.4 Research methods used in this thesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.4.1 Behavioural methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.4.2 Electrophysiological methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.5 Thesis purpose and outline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2 Web-based music cognition research 11
2.1 Commentary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3 Timing sensitivity 15
3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3.2 Listening Experiment Using a Comparison Task . . . . . . . . . . 17
3.3 Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
3.3.1 Participants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
3.3.2 Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
3.3.3 Materials and Stimulus Preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
3.3.4 Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
3.3.5 Analyses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
3.4 Results and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
3.4.1 Effect of Exposure and Expertise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
3.4.2 Effect of Exposure and Expertise on Sure Judgments . . . 23
3.5 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
3.6 Figures and tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
4 Rhythmic complexity and metric salience 29
4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
4.1.1 Musicians vs non-musicians . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
4.1.2 Rhythmic complexity and syncopation . . . . . . . . . . . 31
4.2 Theoretical models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
4.2.1 Model A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
4.2.2 Model B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
4.2.3 Model C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
4.2.4 Model D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
4.3 Hypotheses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
4.4 Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
4.4.1 Participants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
4.4.2 Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
4.4.3 Stimuli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
4.4.4 Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
4.5 Data analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
4.5.1 Grouping by musical experience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
4.6 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
4.6.1 Differences according to musical expertise . . . . . . . . . 37
4.6.2 Beat differentiation hypothesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
4.6.3 Subbeat differentiation hypothesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
4.6.4 Subbeat cluster differentiation hypothesis . . . . . . . . . . 38
4.6.5 Beat/Subbeat relation hypothesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
4.6.6 Conversion of complexity judgments into values of event
salience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
4.6.7 Schematization of event salience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
4.7 Discussion and Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
4.7.1 Metric processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
4.7.2 Serial processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
4.7.3 Analytic vs. heuristic listening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
4.8 Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
4.9 Figures and tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
5 Meter induction in adults 49
5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
5.2 Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
5.2.1 Participants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
5.2.2 Stimuli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
5.2.3 Procedures for the Behavioral Experiment . . . . . . . . . 54
5.2.4 Data Analysis for the Behavioral Experiment . . . . . . . 54
5.2.5 Procedures for the Electrophysiological Experiment . . . . 54
5.2.6 EEG Recording . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
5.2.7 EEG Data analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
5.3 Behavioral Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
5.3.1 Discussion of the Behavioral Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
5.4 Electrophysiological Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
5.4.1 Discussion of the Electrophysiological Data . . . . . . . . . 58
5.5 General Discussion and Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
5.6 Figures and tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
6 Beat induction in newborn infants 65
6.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
6.2 Results and Discussion of the Neonate Experiment . . . . . . . . 66
6.3 Results and Discussion of the Adult Control Experiment . . . . . 68
6.4 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
6.5 Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
6.5.1 Neonate Experiment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
6.5.2 Adult Experiment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
6.6 Figures and tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
7 Outlook 77
References 81
Samenvatting 89
Abstract 91