Telemedicine: The Computer Transformation of Healthcare

Foreword
Preface I
Preface II
Contents
1: Telemedicine and Its Role in Innovating the Provision of Healthcare
1.1 Introduction
1.1.1 Telemedicine: As a Facilitator of Access and Affordability in Healthcare
1.2 Background of Telemedicine [6, 7]
1.3 Types of Telemedicine
1.4 Telemedicine Principles [11]
1.4.1 Prior to Every Telemedicine Appointment, There Are a Few Things to Remember…..[12]
1.5 Identification of the Registered Medical Practitioner and the Patient Is Required
1.6 Modes of Connectivity and Technologies Included
1.6.1 First Consult Means
1.6.1.1 Follow-Up Consult(s) Means
1.7 Patient Evaluation
1.8 Patient Management
1.8.1 Telemedicine’s Challenges and Prospects [13, 14]
1.8.2 Final Thoughts
References
2: Infrastructure and System of Telemedicine and Remote Health Monitoring
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Literature Review
2.3 General Architecture of Telemedicine: Conventional vs Modern
2.4 Functionality of Telemedicine
2.4.1 Services Interlinked
2.4.1.1 Wired/Wireless Connectivity
2.4.1.2 Availability of Information
2.4.1.3 Knowledge of Computers
2.4.1.4 Tele-Pathology and Teleradiology
2.5 Role of QoS
2.6 Wireless Strategies in Telemedicine
2.7 Emerging Technologies in Telemedicine
2.7.1 Artificial Intelligence
2.7.2 Tele-Robots
2.7.3 A-V Reality
2.7.4 Internet of things
2.7.5 Three-Dimensional Printing
2.8 Factors Facilitating the Development of Telemedicine
2.9 Barriers Towards Telemedicine
2.10 Application in Remote Health Monitoring
2.11 Conclusion
References
3: Infrastrucuture and Systems of Telemedicine
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Projects for Early Telemedicine
3.3 Chronic Illness
3.3.1 Enhance Access to Specialist Care
3.3.2 Monitor Changes in Patient Lifestyle
3.3.3 Real-Time Triage of New Symptoms
3.3.4 Reduce Readmissions in Hospitals
3.4 Policy Change Required for Telemedicine in Context with Present Scenario
3.4.1 Telemedicine in India
3.4.2 Guidelines Telemedicine Practices and Policies
3.5 Telemedicine Patient and Provider Receptivity
3.6 Budget Constraint
3.7 Design of Telemedicine Workflow
3.7.1 Centre and Representative Telemedicine
3.7.2 Direct Telemedicine
3.8 Future Demands and Prospect
References
4: Patient–Physician Relationship in Telemedicine
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Evolution of the Patient–Physician Relationship in History
4.3 Definition of Health and Telemedicine
4.3.1 Health
4.3.2 Telemedicine
4.4 Actuality of the Patient–Physician Relationship
4.5 Be a Good Physician
4.6 Be a Good Patient
4.7 The Pillars of the Patient–Physician Relationship
4.8 What Changes with Digitization
4.9 What Changes with Telemedicine in the Patient–Physician Relationship
4.9.1 The Mediator
4.9.2 The Communication
4.9.3 The Physician and Telemedicine
4.9.4 The Patient and Telemedicine
4.9.5 The Role of the Machine
4.9.6 Potential Conflicts
4.9.7 Health Policies and Social Justice
4.10 The Pillars of the Patient–Physician Relationship Added by Telemedicine
4.10.1 Proactive Medicine
4.10.2 Integrated Care Pathways
4.10.3 Computational Support
4.11 Limits of the Machine Mediator
4.12 Advantages of Telemedicine in the Patient–Physician Relationship (When Everything Works)
4.13 Disadvantages (Even If Everything Works) and Risks of Telemedicine for the Patient–Physician Relationship
4.14 Conclusions
References
5: Smart Health Monitoring System
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Health Monitoring System and False Alarms
5.2.1 Alarms: Causes and Results
5.2.2 Proposed Approaches for False Alarm Reduction
5.3 Machine Learning Techniques
5.3.1 Real-Time Support Vector Machines
5.3.2 K-Prototypes Clustering Method
5.4 Proposed Approach: The SMS
5.4.1 Real-Time SVM for Monitoring System
5.4.2 Improvement Monitoring System Using K-Prototypes
5.5 Data Stream for Monitoring System
5.6 Experiments
5.6.1 The Used Databases
5.6.2 Evaluation Criteria
5.6.3 Experimental Results
5.7 Conclusion
References
6: Machine Learning Techniques for Big Data Analytics in Healthcare: Current Scenario and Future Prospects
6.1 Introduction
6.1.1 Big Data
6.1.2 Inclination Towards the Study
6.1.3 Characteristics of Big Data
6.2 Literature Review
6.3 Big Data Healthcare Analytics (BDHA)
6.4 Various Big Data Platforms for Healthcare Analytics
6.4.1 Horizontal Scaling Platforms
6.4.1.1 Peer-to-Peer Networks
6.4.1.2 Apache Hadoop
Data Collection
Data Processing
Big Data Storage
Big Data Analysis
6.4.2 Vertical Scaling Platforms
6.5 Materials and Methods
6.5.1 Machine Learning Techniques
6.5.2 Description of Dataset
6.5.3 Proposed Framework
6.6 Case Study and Application
6.7 Conclusion and Future Scope
References
7: Efficient Analysis in Healthcare Domain using Machine Learning
7.1 Background and Driving Forces
7.1.1 The Machine Learning Realm
7.1.2 Inception of ML for m-Health Domain
7.1.3 Python’s Role in mHealth
7.2 The Rise of Telemedicine: Machine Learning Methodology to the Rescue
7.2.1 Integrating Machine Learning Aid to Telemedicine Trends
7.2.2 ML: The Care Model for m-Health Intelligence
7.2.3 Adopting ML for Telemedicine
7.3 Summary
References
8: Choice of Embedded Processor for IoT-Based Teleradiology Applications and a Pilot Study on Need for Portable Teleradiology System in Rural Areas
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Materials and Methods
8.2.1 Need for Telemedicine in India
8.2.2 Choice of an Embedded Processor for Telemedicine Application
8.2.2.1 Hypothesis of Study
8.3 Hardware Implementation of Medical Image Processing Algorithms for Telemedicine Applications
8.4 Conclusion
References
9: Providing Efficient Healthcare System: Web-Based Telemedicine System
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Background and Problem Definition
9.3 What Is Telemedicine
9.3.1 History of Telemedicine
9.3.2 The Birth of Present-Day Telemedicine
9.4 e-Health/Telemedicine for Development of Healthcare
9.5 Advantages of e-Health/Telemedicine
9.6 Coordination and Networking
9.7 Literature Review
9.7.1 Significance of the Study
9.7.2 e-Healthcare System: Aim and Objectives
9.8 Various Telemedicine System Frameworks
9.8.1 Web-Based Telemedicine System
9.8.1.1 Web-Based Telemedicine System Based on Languages
9.8.1.2 Case Study: Khresmoi: A Web-Based Telemedicine System
9.8.2 Mobile-Based Telemedicine System
9.8.2.1 Case Study: Mobile-Based Alert System for Healthcare
9.8.3 Other Initiatives
9.9 Conclusions
References
10: Potential of Blockchain in Telemedicine
10.1 Introduction to Telemedicine
10.2 Integration of Blockchain with Telemedicine
10.3 Dependencies of Blockchain Technology
10.3.1 Smart Contract
10.3.2 Consensus
10.3.3 InterPlanetary File System (IPFS)
10.4 Application of Blockchain in Healthcare
10.4.1 Sharing of Data in Traditional Care and Telemedicine
10.4.2 Personalized Medical Documents for Comprehensive Medical Information Ownership and Manage
10.4.3 Cancer Registry Sharing
10.4.4 Blockchain in Medical Fraud Detection
10.4.5 Blockchains in Neuroscience
10.5 Blockchain Opportunities in Telemedicine and Telehealth
10.5.1 Management of Patient Consent
10.5.2 Remote Treatment Traceability
10.5.3 Timestamping of Healthcare Supplies and Equipment at Homes
10.5.4 Automated Payments
10.5.5 Faith in the Supervision of Aged Care Facilities
10.5.6 Tracing the Delivery of Drug
10.5.7 Reliable Medical Insurance Solutions
10.5.8 Professional Recommendation Solutions with a Good Experience
10.5.9 Follow-Up Care Service for Patients Automatically
10.6 Comparison Between the Centralized Telemedicine System and the Blockchain-Based Telemedicine System
10.7 Proposed Framework for the Integration of Blockchain with Telemedicine
10.7.1 Background or Literature View
10.7.2 Proposed Framework
10.8 Case Studies
10.8.1 Medicalchain [22]
10.8.2 HealPoint [23]
10.9 Research Challenges in Integration of Blockchain with Telemedicine
10.9.1 Adoption of Blockchain by Various Organizations
10.9.2 Security Vulnerabilities of Smart Contracts
10.9.3 Large Medical Information and Rising Transaction Rates
10.9.4 Support for Cross-Platform Transaction Interoperability
10.10 Conclusion
References
11: Security and Privacy issue in Telemedicine: Issues, Solutions, and Standards
11.1 Introduction
11.1.1 Cloud Computing Is Backbone for Telehealthcare System
11.1.2 Machine Learning in Healthcare
11.2 Literature Review
11.3 Network Security Attacks
11.4 Telemedicine Security Services and Their Application
11.5 Two-Factor Authentication Scheme for Telemedicine Systems
11.5.1 Limbasiya et al.’s (2017) Authentication Scheme
11.5.1.1 Registration Phase
11.5.1.2 Authentication Phase
11.5.1.3 Password Update
11.6 Conclusion
References
12: Virtual Diet Counseling as an Integral Part of Telemedicine in COVID-19 Phases
12.1 Introduction
12.1.1 Telehealth
12.1.2 Telemedicine
12.1.3 COVID-19 and Economic Crisis
12.1.4 Lockdown Phases
12.1.5 Health Crisis due to COVID-19 in India
12.2 Methodology
12.3 Discussion
12.3.1 Role of Telehealth and Telemedicine in COVID-19 Outbreak in Indian Perspective
12.3.2 Importance of Diet in COVID-19 Pandemic
12.3.3 Initiatives by the Government of India on Telemedicine and Nutritional Awareness
12.3.4 Telemedicine Management in International Perspectives
12.3.5 Teleconsultation and Diet Consultation [19, 20]
12.3.6 The Basic Process for Telecommunication [21]
12.3.7 Web-Based Appointments
12.3.8 E-pharmacy
12.3.9 There Are a few Drawbacks of Internet Pharmacy [24]
12.3.10 Role of Virtual Laboratory (E-Lab)
12.3.11 Flow Chart of LIMS Technique
12.3.12 International Telemedicine Companies and their Business/Sales [26]
12.3.13 Indian Telemedicines Companies and Their Business [27]
12.3.14 Quality Assurance of Teleconsultation of Following Parameters [21, 28]
12.3.14.1 Operational Management
12.3.14.2 Role of Doctors and Dietitians in COVID-19 Phases [29, 30]
12.3.14.3 Role of Nurses
12.3.14.4 Role of Functional Medicine Coach and Practitioners
12.3.14.5 Patients Records and Feedbacks [33]
12.3.14.6 Continuum Care
12.3.14.7 Growing Demand of Virtual Diet Consultation: A Clinical Evidence
12.3.15 Significant Challenges in Telemedicine and Diet Consultations
12.4 Conclusion
References
13: Telemedicine and Healthcare Ecosystem in India: A Review, Critique and Research Agenda
13.1 Introduction
13.2 A Blueprint of Telemedicine Adoption
13.3 Rationale and Significance of the Study
13.4 Objectives, Data and Methodology
13.5 Tabular Summary on Telemedicine: Review of literature
13.6 Strategic Implications and Key Discussions
13.7 Policy Imperatives
13.8 Concluding Remarks
References
14: Methodologies for Improving the Quality and Safety of Telehealth Systems
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Literature Review
14.3 Tele-Based Healthcare Vs Conventional Method
14.4 Blockchain in Telemedicine
14.5 Methodology
14.5.1 Phase 1: User Registration Phase with Medical Registration Cloud
14.5.2 Phase 2: Doctor Registration Phase with Medical Registration Cloud
14.5.3 Phase 3: User Login Phase
14.5.4 Phase 4: Doctor Login Phase
14.5.5 Phase 5: User Treatment Plan Checking Phase
14.6 Conclusion
References
15: Application of Bioinformatics in Telemedicine System
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Tele-Based Healthcare vs Conventional Method
15.3 Relation Between Bioinformatics, Telegenomics, Telemedicine, and Telegenetics
15.4 Tele-Based System Categories
15.4.1 Telediagnosis
15.4.2 Teleconsultation
15.4.3 Telenursing
15.4.4 Telerehabilitation
15.5 Telemedicine System Authentication
15.6 Telehealth: Database, Techniques, Approach
15.7 Challenges
15.8 Conclusions
References
16: Role of Telemedicine in Children Health
16.1 Introduction
16.1.1 Telemedicine for the Health of the Children
16.2 Literature Review
16.3 Financial Impact of Telemedicine
16.3.1 Expenses
16.3.2 Return on Investment
16.3.3 Sustainability
16.4 Infrastructure for Paediatric Telemedicine
16.4.1 Equipment
16.4.2 Connection
16.4.3 Security and Privacy
16.5 Application Areas
16.5.1 Children with Medical Complexity (CMC)
16.5.2 Telemedicine for Asthma Management
16.5.3 Telemedicine for the Paediatric Trauma Patient
16.5.4 Telemedicine for Paediatric Cardiology
16.5.5 Use of Telemedicine in Paediatric Sleep
16.6 Case Studies
16.7 Research Challenges in Paediatric Telemedicine
16.7.1 Technological Barriers
16.7.2 Provider Issues
16.7.3 Patient Issues
16.7.4 Financial Issues
16.7.5 Credentialing and Licencing Barriers
16.7.6 Legal Issues
16.8 The Future
16.9 Conclusion
References
17: Telemedicine: The Immediate and Long-Term Functionality Contributing to Treatment and Patient Guidance
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Types of Telemedicine
17.3 Positive and Negative Aspects of Telemedicine
17.3.1 The Positive Aspect of Telemedicine
17.3.2 Provision of Previously Unavailable Treatment
17.3.3 Provision of Previously Unavailable Treatment
17.3.4 The Negative Aspect of Telemedicine
17.4 Physician Perspective of Telemedicine
17.5 Patient Perspective of Telemedicine
17.5.1 Drawback from Patients
17.6 Current Scenario of Telemedicine
17.7 Limitations of Telemedicine
17.7.1 Limitations for Patients
17.7.2 Mission for Healthcare Worker/Providers
17.8 Future Prospective
17.9 Conclusion
References
18: Web Application Based on Deep Learning for Detecting COVID-19 Using Chest X-Ray Images
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Literature Review
18.3 Methodology
18.3.1 Dataset
18.3.2 Preprocessing
18.3.3 ConvNet Models
18.3.4 Convolutional Layer
18.3.4.1 Pooling layer
18.3.4.2 Fully Connected Layer
Training and Validation of the Model
18.4 Results and Discussion
18.4.1 Training and Testing
18.4.2 Confusion Matrix
18.4.3 Web Applicataion for Detecting COVID-19 Using Chest X-Ray Images
18.5 Conclusion
References
19: Telemedicine in Healthcare System: A Discussion Regarding Several Practices
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Primary Components in Telemedicine
19.3 Key Elements Needed for Successful Telemedicine Program
19.3.1 Cooperative Tools
19.3.2 Protocols and Procedures
19.3.3 Scope of Services (SOS)
19.3.4 Secure Communication Method
19.3.5 Agreement Between Organization and Patients
19.3.6 Authentic Documentation
19.4 Review of Literature
19.5 A Modern Means of Telemedicine: E-Health
19.6 Applications of Telemedicine
19.6.1 Real-Time Consultation
19.6.1.1 Remote Patient Monitoring(Tele-Monitoring)
19.6.1.2 Store-and-Forward Practices
19.6.1.3 Discussion Between Masters and Essential Caregivers
19.6.1.4 Medical Imaging
19.6.1.5 Telemedicine Networks
19.6.1.6 Reaching Out to Patients
19.7 How Do Telehealth and Telemedicine Work?
19.8 Case Study: Apollo Hospital Using ICT Tools and VSAT
19.8.1 Objectives of the Study
19.8.2 History of Apollo Hospitals
19.8.3 Mode of Operation of Telemedicine
19.8.4 Challenges in Telemedicine
19.9 Conclusion
References
20: Telemedicine: Present, Future and Applications
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Origin and History of Telemedicine
20.3 Advancements and Applications of Telemedicine
20.4 Future of Telemedicine
References
21: Secure and Privacy Issues in Telemedicine: Issues, Solutions, and Standards
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Associated Work
21.3 Main Components of Telemedicine
21.3.1 Collaboration Software
21.3.2 Medical Peripherals
21.3.3 Workflow
21.3.4 Cloud-Based Services
21.4 Telemedicine Advantages and Disadvantages
21.5 Opportunities in Telemedicine
21.6 Challenges in Telemedicine
21.7 Security and Privacy Issues
21.7.1 User Authentication
21.7.2 Confidentiality and Integrity
21.7.3 Access Control
21.7.4 Data Ownership
21.7.5 Data Protection Policies
21.7.6 User Profiles
21.7.7 Misuse of Health Record of Patients
21.8 Security and Privacy Threats
21.8.1 Active Attacks
21.8.1.1 Masquerade
21.8.1.2 Modification of Messages
21.8.1.3 Denial of Service
21.8.2 Passive Attacks
21.8.2.1 Release of Message Content
21.8.2.2 Traffic Analysis
21.9 Security and Privacy Solutions
21.9.1 Enabled by Smart Card E-prescribing Systems That Protect Your Privacy
21.10 Conclusion
References
22: Perception of Parents About Children’s Nutritional Counseling Through Telemedicine
22.1 Introduction
22.1.1 Child Malnutrition
22.1.2 Children Nutrition and SARS CoV-2 Infections
22.1.3 Urban and Rural Differences
22.1.4 Opportunities and Challenges of Telemedicine and Nutritional Awareness During COVID-19 Outbreak
22.2 Methodology
22.3 Results
22.3.1 Frequency and Percentage Analysis
22.3.2 Analysis of 8 Attributes Cum Themes Applied in Questionnaires and FGD
22.3.3 Focus Group Discussions Analysis
22.4 Discussion
22.4.1 FGD Process and Data Transcription
22.4.2 Nutritional Guidelines for Parents
22.5 Conclusion
References
23: Telemedicine: A Future of Healthcare Sector in India
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Telehealth and Telemedicine
23.2.1 Telemedicine
23.2.2 Types of Telemedicine
23.2.3 History of Telemedicine
23.3 Telehealth Regulations
23.3.1 Benefits of Telemedicine
23.3.2 Shortcomings of Telemedicine
23.3.3 Researches on Telemedicine
23.3.4 Application of Telemedicine
23.4 Technologies for Telemedicine
23.5 Telemedicine in India
23.6 Telemedicine’s Perception in India
23.7 Humanization of Telemedicine
23.8 Future of Telemedicine in India
23.9 Conclusion
References