This edited book presents all feasible approaches to improve technology of algal biofuels production at both qualitative and quantitative front. The book’s focus in on enhancing mass scale production of algae based biofuels by addressing technological issues and filling the existing gaps to make it smooth for practical as well as commercial implementation. The book also explores in depth analysis of various issues other than technology and related to improve technological significance for practical biofuels production from algae. Low cost strategies and higher mass production is one of the most sounding agenda of the book. The book also evaluates enlighten various sustainable algal biofuels options which are close towards commercial application along with their green future prospect. Societal and environment friendly approach even for commercial application has also been discussed in book. This is a useful reading material for researchers and students of biofuels and reneable energy.
Author(s): Neha Srivastava, P. K. Mishra
Series: Clean Energy Production Technologies
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2022
Language: English
Pages: 300
City: Singapore
Preface
Acknowledgements
Contents
About the Editors
Chapter 1: Biotechnological Approaches to Enhance Algae Biofuel Production
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Microalgal Species for Producing Biofuels
1.3 Promising Microalgal Species and High-Value Applications
1.3.1 Spirulina
1.3.2 Chlorella
1.3.3 Dunaliella
1.3.4 Haematococcus pluvialis
1.4 Microalgae
1.5 Macroalgae
1.6 Chemical Composition
1.7 Laminarian
1.8 Algal Biofuel Production
1.9 The Second-Generation Feedstock
1.10 Heterologous Synthesis of Hydrocarbons
1.11 Production of Microalgae-Biofuels with Nano-Additives
1.12 Nano-Additives for Microalgae Biomass Conversion to Biofuels
1.13 Genetically Engineered Algae for Biofuels
1.14 Algal Biorefinery Products
1.15 Microalgae Biofuel Engineering
1.16 In Microalgae: ``The Synthetic Biology´´
1.17 ``Bio-bricks´´ or Circuits as the Synthetic Elements
1.18 Single-Cell Protein
1.19 Strategies to Improve the Yield of Microalgal Biomass and Lipids for Biofuel Feedstock
1.19.1 Improvement of Microalgal Strains for Biofuel Production
1.19.2 Manipulation of Nutrients with Environmental Factors
1.19.3 Nutrient Stress
1.19.4 Light Intensity and Wavelength
1.19.5 Temperature Fluctuations
1.19.6 Addition of Phytohormones
1.19.7 Metabolic and Genetic Engineering
1.19.8 Photosynthetic Efficiency
1.20 Conclusion
References
Chapter 2: The Use of Omics Technologies, Random Mutagenesis, and Genetic Transformation Techniques to Improve Algae for Biodi...
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Algal Omics
2.2.1 Genomics
2.2.1.1 Application of Genomics in the Improvement of Algal Lipid Biosynthesis
2.2.2 Transcriptomics
2.2.2.1 Application of Transcriptomics in the Improvement of Algal Lipid Biosynthesis
2.2.3 Proteomics
2.2.3.1 Application of Proteomics in the Improvement of Algal Lipid Biosynthesis
2.3 Random Mutagenesis
2.3.1 Application of Random Mutagenesis in the Improvement of Algal Lipid Biosynthesis
2.4 Transformation
2.4.1 Application of Transformation in the Improvement of Algal Lipid Biosynthesis
2.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 3: Algal Butanol Production: Recent Developments
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Butanol
3.3 Algae
3.4 Algal Bloom and Cultivation
3.5 Butanol Production
3.5.1 Route of Biochemical Production
3.5.1.1 Metabolism
3.5.2 Chemistry-Based Production of n-Butanol with Ethanol as the Starting Material
3.5.2.1 Utilization of Ethanol to Produce n-Butanol Follows a Reaction Process
3.6 The Utilization of Algae as a Sustainable Biofuel Producing Source
3.7 Role of Algae in Production of Butanol
3.8 Improvements in Algal Butanol Synthesis in Current Years
3.9 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
Chapter 4: Algal Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles: Applications in Bioenergy
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Applications of Gold Nanoparticles
4.3 Algae in Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles
4.4 Blue-Green Algae
4.5 Green Algae
4.6 Diatoms
4.7 Brown Algae
4.8 Red Algae
4.9 Applications of Gold Nanoparticles in Bioenergy Research
4.10 Conclusion
References
Chapter 5: Challenges Assessment in Economic Algal Biofuel Production
5.1 Introduction
5.1.1 Biofuel Production Process (Fig. 5.5)
5.2 Strain Improvement
5.2.1 Cultivation Systems
5.2.1.1 Biofuel Production Process
5.2.1.2 Growth Condition of Microalgae
5.2.1.3 Optimization of Lipid Content from Microalgae
5.3 Culturing of Microalgae
5.4 Harvesting of Algae or Dewatering of Algae
5.5 Centrifugation
5.6 Sedimentation
5.7 Filtration Technology
5.7.1 Photobioreactor
5.7.1.1 Types of Bioreactors
5.8 Conclusion
References
Chapter 6: Influence of Culture Conditions on the Microalgal Biomass and Lipid Accumulation
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Microalgal Cultivation
6.3 Impact of Cultural Conditions on the Algal Lipid Content
6.3.1 Effect of Temperature
6.3.2 Effect of Light Intensity
6.3.3 Effect of Salinity
6.3.4 Effect of Nutrients
6.3.4.1 Carbon
6.3.4.2 Nitrogen
6.3.4.3 Phosphorus
6.3.4.4 Micronutrients
6.3.5 Effect of CO2
6.3.6 Effect of pH
6.4 Future Aspects
6.5 Conclusions
References
Chapter 7: Advanced Genetic Approaches Toward Custom Design Microalgae for Fourth-Generation Biofuels
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Fatty Acids and Triacylglycerol Accumulation in Microalgae
7.2.1 De Novo Synthesis of Fatty Acids
7.2.2 Triacylglycerol Biosynthesis
7.3 Biotechnological Strategies to Engineer Microalgae Genetically
7.3.1 Conventional Approaches of Gene Delivery
7.3.1.1 Biolistic
7.3.1.2 Glass Beads Agitation
7.3.1.3 Electroporation
7.3.1.4 Amino Clay Nanoparticle-Facilitated Transformation
7.3.1.5 Agrobacterium tumefaciens-Facilitated Transformation
7.4 Gene Engineering for Enhanced Lipid Biosynthesis in Microalgae
7.4.1 Genome Editing
7.4.1.1 RNAi Silencing Approaches
7.4.1.2 Editing Transcriptional Factors
7.4.1.3 CRISPR Technology
7.4.1.4 Metabolic Pathways Manipulation
7.5 Considerations for the Future of Algal Modification
7.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 8: Algal Biofuel Production from Municipal Waste Waters
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Algal Technology
8.3 Microalgae and Wastewater
8.3.1 Nutrients in Wastewater
8.3.1.1 Ammonia (NH3)
8.3.1.2 Phosphorus
8.3.1.3 Heavy Metals
8.3.1.4 Macro- and Microelements
8.3.1.5 Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
8.3.1.6 Minor Minerals
8.4 Pollutant Removal by Microalgae from the Wastewaters
8.5 Lipid Extraction of Microalgae
8.6 Algal Biofuel Production
8.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 9: Positive Influence and Future Perspective of Marine Alga on Biofuel Production
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Positive Influence of Marine Algae
9.2.1 Potential Alternative Resource
9.2.2 Microalgae
9.2.3 Macroalgae
9.3 Sustainable Biomass
9.3.1 Imperative Selection of Species
9.3.2 Cultivation
9.3.3 Merits and Demerits Vs OPS Cultivation
9.3.4 Merits and Demerits Vs ``PBR´´ Cultivation
9.3.5 Combined Cultivation
9.3.6 Demand for Algal Growth
9.4 Composition Vs Complexity
9.5 Dual Performance on Cultivation
9.6 CO2 Sequestration
9.7 Primary and Secondary Biofuel Production
9.7.1 Bio-oil Extraction from Algal Biomass
9.7.2 Transesterification
9.7.3 HTL of Algal Biomass
9.7.4 Pyrolysis
9.7.5 Derived Biomass of Primary Production to Biofuel
9.8 Marine Alga in Bioethanol Production
9.9 Marine Alga in Biohydrogen Production
9.10 Marine Alga in Biomethane Production
9.11 Marine Alga in Biobutanol Production
9.11.1 Biobutanol from Microalgae
9.11.2 Biobutanol from Macroalgae
9.12 Commercialization of Algal Biofuel
9.13 Conclusion and Future Perspective
References
Chapter 10: Algae-Bacterial Mixed Culture for Waste to Wealth Conversation: A Case Study
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Combining Dairy Wastewater Treatment with Lipid-Rich Microalgae Cultivation: A Case Study
10.2.1 Understanding the Function of the Members in the Consortium
10.2.2 Understanding Biomass and Lipid Enhancement
10.2.2.1 Nutrient Starvation
10.2.2.2 CO2 Levels
10.2.2.3 Cocultivation with Bacteria
10.2.2.4 Light Intensity
10.2.2.5 Phytohormones
10.3 Conclusion
References
