Technical Graphics Communications

Cover Page......Page 1
Title Page......Page 2
Copyright Page......Page 3
PREFACE......Page 12
ABOUT THE AUTHORS......Page 24
Contents......Page 4
Part One: Global Implementation for Technical Graphics......Page 26
Objectives......Page 28
1.1 Introduction
......Page 29
1.2 Human Communications
......Page 31
1.3 The Importance of Technical Graphics
......Page 33
1.4 A Brief History of Graphics Communications
......Page 37
1.5 Visual Science,
......Page 41
1.7 Specialists and Technical Drawings
......Page 46
1.9 Summary
......Page 47
Objectives and Overview......Page 50
2.1 Design
......Page 51
2.2 Engineering Design
......Page 53
2.3 The Digital Enterprise
......Page 59
2.4 Summary
......Page 67
Objectives and Overview......Page 69
3.1 The Engineering Design Process
......Page 70
3.2 Types of Design Projects
......Page 71
3.3 Ideation
......Page 72
3.4 Refinement
......Page 78
3.5 Design Review Meetings
......Page 89
3.6 Implementation
......Page 90
3.7 Drawing Control
......Page 104
3.8 Other Engineering Design Methods
......Page 107
3.9 Virtual Reality
......Page 108
3.10 Summary
......Page 119
Introduction......Page 132
4.1 Integration in Manufacturing
......Page 133
4.2 Manufacturing Planning, Controlling, andProcessing
......Page 138
4.3 Quality in Manufacturing
......Page 144
4.4 The New Philosophies Driving Manufacturing Operations
......Page 147
4.5 Summary
......Page 152
Part Two: Fundamentals of Technical Graphics......Page 156
Introduction......Page 158
5.1 Visualization Abilities
......Page 159
5.2 The Visualization Cycle
......Page 160
5.4 Solid Object Features
......Page 161
5.5 Visualization Techniques for Technical Drawings
......Page 163
5.6 Other Visualization Techniques
......Page 171
5.7 Graphical Analysis of Engineering Data
......Page 175
5.9 Visualization Uses
......Page 184
5.10 Summary
......Page 187
Objectives......Page 210
6.2 Computer-Aided Drawing Tools
......Page 211
6.3 Traditional Tools
......Page 219
6.4 Line Drawing Techniques
......Page 224
6.5 Scales
......Page 231
6.6 Drawing Instrument Set
......Page 239
6.7 Templates
......Page 241
6.8 Technique for Laying Out a Drawing Sheet
......Page 242
6.9 Technique for Drawing Using Traditional Tools
......Page 243
6.10 Summary
......Page 245
Objectives......Page 260
7.1 Technical Sketching
......Page 261
7.2 Sketching Technique
......Page 265
7.3 Proportions and Construction Lines
......Page 271
7.4 Types of Sketches
......Page 274
7.5 Introduction to Projections
......Page 275
7.6 Multiview Sketching Technique
......Page 287
7.7 Multiview Sketches
......Page 292
7.8 Perspective Projection
......Page 296
7.9 Sketching Using a Constraint-Based Modeling Software Program
......Page 304
7.10 Lettering
......Page 306
7.11 Text on Drawings
......Page 312
7.12 Summary
......Page 313
Objectives......Page 328
8.3 Coordinate Space
......Page 329
8.5 Points, Lines, Circles, and Arcs
......Page 336
8.6 Conic Curves
......Page 360
8.7 Roulettes
......Page 373
8.8 Double-Curved Lines, Including Helixes
......Page 378
8.9 Freeform Curves
......Page 379
8.10 Angles
......Page 383
8.11 Planes
......Page 384
8.12 Surfaces
......Page 385
8.13 Summary
......Page 409
Objectives......Page 422
9.1 Wireframe Modeling
......Page 423
9.2 Surface Modeling
......Page 426
9.3 Solid Modeling
......Page 431
9.4 Constraint-Based Modeling
......Page 437
9.5 Feature Analysis
......Page 438
9.6 Feature Definition
......Page 440
9.7 Editing Part Features
......Page 457
9.8 Duplicating Part Features
......Page 463
9.9 Assembly Modeling
......Page 464
9.10 Geometric Transformations
......Page 469
9.11 3-D Viewing Techniques
......Page 472
9.12 3-D Modeling and the Design Process
......Page 477
9.13 Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAM)
......Page 485
9.14 Data Associativity
......Page 487
9.15 Data Exchange Standards
......Page 489
9.16 Summary
......Page 492
Objectives......Page 511
10.2 Multiview Projection Planes
......Page 512
10.3 Advantages of Multiview Drawings
......Page 518
10.4 The Six Principal Views
......Page 520
10.5 View Selection
......Page 538
10.6 Fundamental Views of Edgesand Planes
......Page 539
10.7 Multiview Representations
......Page 544
10.8 Multiview Drawing Visualization
......Page 555
10.9 ANSI Standards for Multiview Drawings
......Page 566
10.10 Summary
......Page 568
Introduction......Page 600
11.1 Axonometric Drawings
......Page 601
11.2 Isometric Axonometric Projections
......Page 602
11.3 Dimetric Projection
......Page 630
11.5 Oblique Drawings
......Page 634
11.6 Summary
......Page 644
Introduction......Page 654
12.1 Background
......Page 655
12.2 Terminology
......Page 656
12.3 Perspective Drawing Classifi cations
......Page 659
12.4 Variables Selection
......Page 660
12.5 One-Point Perspectives
......Page 661
12.6 Two-Point Perspectives
......Page 663
12.8 Perspective Grids
......Page 667
12.9 CAD Perspective Drawings
......Page 668
12.10 Summary
......Page 670
Introduction......Page 675
13.1 Auxiliary View Projection Theory
......Page 676
13.2 Auxiliary View Classifi cations
......Page 679
13.3 Auxiliary View Applications
......Page 687
13.4 Summary
......Page 693
Part Three: Descriptive Geometry......Page 712
Introduction......Page 714
14.1 Descriptive Geometry Methods
......Page 715
14.2 Reference Planes
......Page 716
14.4 The Coordinate System
......Page 717
14.5 Lines
......Page 718
14.6 Planes
......Page 726
14.7 Summary
......Page 729
15 Intersections and Developments
......Page 739
15.2 Intersections
......Page 740
15.3 Developments
......Page 758
15.4 Summary
......Page 770
Part Four: Standard Technical Graphics Practices......Page 780
Introduction......Page 782
16.1 Sectioning Basics
......Page 784
16.2 Cutting Plane Lines
......Page 789
16.3 Section Line Practices
......Page 792
16.4 Section View Types
......Page 796
16.5 Special Sectioning Conventions
......Page 804
16.6 3-D CAD Techniques
......Page 811
16.7 Summary
......Page 813
Introduction......Page 841
17.2 Size and Location Dimensions
......Page 842
17.3 Detail Dimensioning
......Page 852
17.4 Dimensioning Techniques
......Page 857
17.5 Tolerancing
......Page 865
17.6 Tolerance Representation
......Page 866
17.7 Tolerances in CAD
......Page 882
17.8 Surface Texture Symbols
......Page 885
17.9 Summary
......Page 886
Introduction
......Page 898
18.1 Overview
......Page 899
18.2 GDT Symbols
......Page 900
18.3 Individual Feature of Size
......Page 901
18.4 Maximum Material Condition
......Page 902
18.5 Inspection Tools
......Page 903
18.6 Datums and Datum Features
......Page 904
18.7 Geometric Controls
......Page 907
18.9 Design Applications
......Page 921
18.10 Statistical Process Control
......Page 923
18.11 Summary
......Page 924
Introduction......Page 932
19.2 Threaded Fasteners
......Page 931
19.3 Thread Specifi cations: English System
......Page 933
19.4 Thread Specifi cations: Metric System
......Page 939
19.6 Thread Drawings
......Page 941
19.7 Design for Assembly (DFA)
......Page 948
19.8 Standard Bolts, Studs, and Screws
......Page 950
19.9 Nonthreaded Fasteners
......Page 961
19.10 Springs
......Page 964
19.11 Summary
......Page 966
Introduction......Page 972
20.1 Basic Concepts
......Page 973
20.2 Working Drawings
......Page 974
20.3 Reprographics
......Page 996
20.4 Standard Parts
......Page 999
20.5 Using CAD to Create a Detailed Working Drawing from a 3-D Model
......Page 1000
20.6 Summary
......Page 1002
Objectives......Page 1087
21.1 Data Visualization in Engineering and Design......Page 1088
21.2 Data Visualization Elements
......Page 1089
21.3 Visualization Methods
......Page 1093
21.4 Object Rendering
......Page 1104
21.5 Information Integration
......Page 1119
21.6 Summary,
......Page 1121
Objectives......Page 1128
22.2 Gears
......Page 1129
22.3 Cams
......Page 1146
22.4 Linkages
......Page 1156
22.5 Bearings
......Page 1160
22.6 Summary
......Page 1163
Introduction......Page 1169
23.1 Block Diagrams
......Page 1170
23.2 Schematic Drawings
......Page 1171
23.3 Wiring and Cabling Diagrams
......Page 1176
23.4 Printed Circuit Boards
......Page 1177
23.5 Summary
......Page 1183
Introduction......Page 1186
24.2 Pipe Types
......Page 1187
24.4 Pipe Fittings
......Page 1189
24.6 Pipe Drawings
......Page 1190
24.7 CAD-Based Process Plant Design Programs
......Page 1197
24.8 Summary
......Page 1202
Introduction......Page 1210
25.2 Welding Processes
......Page 1211
25.4 Weld Symbols
......Page 1213
25.5 Weld Types
......Page 1215
25.6 Weld Length and Increments
......Page 1222
25.8 Weld Symbols and CAD
......Page 1223
25.9 Summary
......Page 1225
Glossary......Page 1230
Appendix 1 Abbreviations for Engineering Drawings......Page 1254
2 Metric Equivalents......Page 1263
3 Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing Symbols......Page 1264
4 Values for Important Properties of Materials......Page 1265
5 Trigonometry Functions......Page 1266
6 Properties of Geometric Elements......Page 1267
7 ANSI Running and Sliding Fits (RC)......Page 1274
8 ANSI Clearance Locational Fits (LC)......Page 1275
9 ANSI Transition Locational Fits (LT)......Page 1276
10 ANSI Interference Locational Fits (LN)......Page 1277
11 ANSI Force and Shrink Fits (FN)......Page 1278
12 Description of Preferred Metric Fits......Page 1279
13 ANSI Preferred Hole Basis Metric Clearance Fits......Page 1280
14 ANSI Preferred Hole Basis Transition and Interference Fits......Page 1281
15 ANSI Preferred Shaft Basis Metric Clearance Fits......Page 1282
16 ANSI Preferred Shaft Basis Metric Transition and Interference Fits......Page 1283
17 Unifi ed Standard Screw Thread Series......Page 1284
18 Thread Sizes and Dimensions......Page 1285
20 Hex Cap Screws (Finished Hex Bolts)......Page 1286
22 Square Head Bolts......Page 1287
24 Square Nuts......Page 1288
26 ANSI Metric Hex Nuts, Styles 1 and 2......Page 1289
27 ANSI Metric Slotted Hex Nuts and Hex Flange Nuts......Page 1290
28 ANSI Square and Hexagon Machine Screw Nuts and Flat Head Machine Screws......Page 1291
30 ANSI Slotted Round and Fillester Head Cap Screws......Page 1292
32 ANSI Hexagon and Spline Socket Head Cap Screws......Page 1293
34 Drill and Counterbore Sizes for Metric Socket Head Cap Screws......Page 1294
36 ANSI Metric Hex Bolts......Page 1295
37 ANSI Metric Hex Cap Screws......Page 1296
38 ANSI Hex and Hex Flange Head Metric Machine Screws......Page 1297
39 ANSI Slotted Flat Head Metric Machine Screws......Page 1298
41 ANSI Hexagon and Spline Socket Set Screws......Page 1299
42 ANSI Hexagon and Spline Socket Set Screw Optional Cup Points......Page 1300
43 ANSI Square Head Set Screws......Page 1301
44 ANSI Taper Pipe Threads (NPT)......Page 1302
45 ANSI Metric Plain Washers......Page 1303
47 ANSI Type A Plain Washers—Additional Selected Sizes......Page 1304
48 ANSI Type B Plain Washers......Page 1305
50 ANSI Internal and External Tooth Lock Washers......Page 1306
51 ANSI Keyseat Dimensions for Woodruff Keys......Page 1307
52 ANSI Standard Woodruff Keys......Page 1308
54 ANSI Standard Plain and Gib Head Keys......Page 1309
55 ANSI Chamfered, Square End, and Taper Pins......Page 1310
56 British Standard Parallel Steel Dowel Pins—Metric Series......Page 1311
57 ANSI Cotter and Clevis Pins......Page 1312
58 Piping Symbols......Page 1313
59 Electronic Symbols......Page 1315
60 Welding Symbols......Page 1317
Index......Page 1318