This book synthesizes the conceptual and applied aspects of rural livelihoods as a discipline, and collates the analytical frameworks and approaches that have been designed, applied, and discussed over the last five decades. These include the sustainable livelihoods approach with its vulnerability-asset construct, collective governance of common pool resources, livelihood trajectories and poverty dynamics, rights-based approach and social justice, graduation approach for the ultra-poor, and the resilience framework to address complex risks. The book is divided into three parts, namely: introduction to rural livelihoods; synthesis of the present state of knowledge; and strengthening the knowledge action pathway. At the end of each chapter, a set of class exercises is provided to bring about a deeper understanding of these approaches and their application in real-life situations.
The expected outputs from penning this textbook are threefold. Firstly, it assimilates the rural livelihood works of eminent academicians under one cover. Secondly, it positions itself as a one-stop destination for educators by translating these concepts into a ready-to-teach applied format. Thirdly, it functions as a ready reckoner for young professionals by providing a step-by-step approach to apply these learnings in real-life situations. The purpose of this book is to provide a solid foundation to the teaching and learning of rural livelihoods in academia, bridge the gap between the science, policy, and practice of rural livelihoods, and finally shape a pool of better informed and equipped professionals in development.
Special thanks to Himanshu Rohira for his contributions and assistance.
Author(s): Sandeep Tambe
Series: Sustainable Development Goals Series, 1
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2022
Language: English
Pages: 191
City: Cham
Preface
Acknowledgements
About the Book
Part I: Introduction to Rural Livelihoods (Chaps. 1–3)
Part II: Synthesis of the Present State of Knowledge (Chapters 4–10)
Part III: Strengthening the Knowledge Action Pathway (Chapters 11–13)
Contents
About the Author
Abbreviations
List of Figures
List of Tables
List of Boxes
Part I: Introduction to Rural Livelihoods
Chapter 1: Evolution of Rural Livelihood Approaches
1.1 Trends in Rural Development Thinking
1.2 Conceptualizing Rural Livelihoods
1.3 Rural Livelihood Approaches
1.3.1 Sustainable Livelihoods Approach
1.3.2 Commons and Livelihoods
1.3.3 Livelihood Trajectory
1.3.4 Rights-Based Approach
1.3.5 Graduation Approach
1.3.6 Resilience Framework
1.4 Patterns in Development Studies
1.5 Linking Livelihoods with Science, Policy, and Practice
1.6 Livelihoods, Development, and Resilience
References
Chapter 2: Structural Transformation and Rural Livelihoods
2.1 Economic Growth and Employment
2.2 Structural Change of the Economy
2.2.1 Historical Pathway of Structural Change
2.2.2 Structural Transformation in Latin American Countries
2.2.3 Structural Transformation in Other Countries of Asia and SSA
2.3 Growth in the Rural Non-Farm Sector
2.3.1 Growth in the Rural Non-Farm Sector in India
2.3.2 Growth in the Rural Non-Farm Sector in SSA
2.4 Persistence of Smallholder Farmers
2.5 Structural Transformation, Rural Development, and Poverty Reduction
References
Chapter 3: SDGs and Continued Relevance of Rural Livelihoods
3.1 The Disintegration of the Third World
3.2 The MDGs: Shared Global Goals
3.2.1 Making a Dent on Global Poverty
3.2.2 Poverty Concentrating in SSA and South Asia
3.2.3 Lagging in Non-Income Goals
3.2.4 Severe Decline in Natural Capital
3.2.5 Rising World Population and Inequity
3.3 SDGs: Charting a Sustainable Trajectory
3.4 SDGs: End Poverty in all Forms Everywhere
3.5 Challenges in Ending Global Poverty
3.6 Future Projections of Global Poverty
3.7 Impact of Covid-19 Pandemic on Global Poverty
3.8 The Way Forward
References
Part II: Synthesis of the Present State of Knowledge
Chapter 4: Sustainable Livelihoods Approach
4.1 Sustainable Livelihoods Approach
4.2 Sustainable Livelihood Principles
4.3 Sustainable Livelihoods Framework
4.4 Critical Analysis
4.5 Innovations in Research and Practice
4.6 The Way Forward
References
Chapter 5: Commons and Livelihoods
5.1 Nature of Common Environment Goods
5.2 Contribution of the Commons to Rural Livelihoods
5.3 The Tragedy of the Commons
5.4 Common Property Regimes
5.5 Drivers of Successful CPR Management
5.6 Implications for Sustainable Rural Livelihoods
References
Chapter 6: Livelihood Trajectories
6.1 The Dynamic Nature of Poverty
6.2 Livelihood Trajectories
6.3 Assessing the Trajectory Using Mixed Methods
6.3.1 Stages-of-Progress Approach
6.3.2 Participatory Wellbeing Ranking
6.3.3 Household Expenditure Surveys
6.4 Qualitative Assessment of the Pathways
6.5 Reconciling Quantitative and Qualitative Results
6.6 Results of Livelihood Trajectory Studies
6.7 Learnings from Practice
6.7.1 Assessment of Poverty Status
6.7.2 Discerning the Internal and External Drivers
6.7.3 Limitations of the Process
6.8 Implications for Policy
6.8.1 References
Chapter 7: Rights-Based Approach to Livelihoods
7.1 Evolution of the Rights-Based Approach to Development
7.2 Key Principles of the Rights-Based Approach to Development
7.3 Rights-Based Approach to Development in Practice
7.4 Challenges to Development as a Human Right
7.5 Lessons Learnt and Way Forward
References
Chapter 8: Graduation Approach for the Ultra-poor
8.1 Ultra-poor Getting Left Behind
8.2 The Genesis of the Graduation Approach
8.3 Key Elements of the Graduation Approach
8.4 Graduation Approach in Practice
8.5 Graduation Trajectories
8.6 Challenges and Contextual Factors
8.7 Graduation and the Way Forward
References
Chapter 9: Livelihood Resilience
9.1 Resilience Thinking Gaining Prominence
9.2 The Conceptualization of Resilience
9.3 Differentiating Resilience
9.4 Measuring Household Livelihood Resilience
9.5 Lessons from Research and Practice
9.6 Concluding Remarks
References
Chapter 10: Synthesis of the Approaches
10.1 Synopsis of the Livelihood Approaches
10.1.1 The DFID Sustainable Livelihoods Approach
10.1.2 Commons and Livelihoods
10.1.3 Livelihood Trajectories
10.1.4 Rights-Based Approach
10.1.5 Graduation Approach
10.1.6 Resilience Approach
10.2 A Comparative Analysis
10.3 Creative Integration of the Approaches
10.3.1 Convergent Sequential
10.3.2 Convergent Parallel
10.4 The 3PT Development Framework
10.5 The Takeaways
References
Part III: Strengthening the Knowledge Action Pathway
Chapter 11: Embedding Livelihood Approaches in Science, Policy, and Practice
11.1 Understanding Poverty and Livelihoods
11.2 Integrating RLAs in Research
11.3 RLAs Informing Policy
11.4 Applying RLAs in Planning
11.5 RLAs in Monitoring and Evaluation
11.6 Learnings and the Way Forward
References
Chapter 12: Mainstreaming Livelihood Approaches in Existing Practice
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Integrating RLAs in Project Planning
12.2.1 Adding Value to the Logical Framework Approach (LFA)
12.2.2 Enriching the Theory of Change (TOC)
12.3 Integrate RLAs in Project Monitoring and Evaluation
12.4 The W ay Forward
References
Chapter 13: The Way Forward
13.1 Evolution of Livelihoods and Development Thinking
13.2 Evolution and Sustenance of Rural Areas
13.3 Emerging Issues
13.3.1 Ending Poverty in Asia and SSA
13.3.2 Creating Decent Jobs for the Less Educated
13.3.3 Enabling Macro-Micro Linkages
13.4 The Way Forward
13.4.1 Setting the Livelihoods Agenda
13.4.2 Adding Power and Politics to Livelihoods and Strengthening Delivery
13.4.3 Alternatives to Project-Based Approach
13.4.4 Strengthening the Density of Social Capital
13.4.5 Future of Development Studies
13.4.6 Building Resilience and Ending Poverty in the Anthropocene
13.5 Concluding Remarks
References
Index
