This edited volume summarizes multidisciplinary work on wildlife conservation in the Tarangire Ecosystem of northern Tanzania. By drawing together human-centered, wildlife-centered, and interdisciplinary research, this book contributes to furthering our understanding of the often complex mechanisms underlying human-wildlife interactions in dynamic landscapes. By synthesizing the wealth of knowledge generated by anthropologists, ecologists, conservationists, entrepreneurs, geographers, sociologists, and zoologists over the last decades, this book also highlights practicable and locally adapted solutions for shaping human-wildlife interactions towards coexistence.
Readers will discover the reciprocal and often unexpected direct and indirect dynamics between people and wildlife. While boundaries (e.g. between people and wildlife, between protected and un-protected areas, and between different groups of people) are a common theme throughout the different chapters, this book stresses the commonalities, links, and synergies between seemingly disparate disciplines, opinions, and conservation approaches. The chapters are divided into clear sections, such as the human dimension, the wildlife dimension and human-wildlife interactions, representing a detailed summary of anthropological, ecological, and interdisciplinary research projects that have been conducted in the Tarangire Ecosystem over the last decades. Beyond, this work contributes to the debate about land-sharing versus land-sparing and provides an in-depth case study for understanding the complexities associated with human-wildlife coexistence in one of the few remaining ecosystems that supports migratory populations of large mammals.
The topic of this book is particularly relevant for students, scholars, and practitioners who are interested in reconciling the needs of human populations with those of the environment in general and large mammal populations in particular.
Author(s): Christian Kiffner, Monica L. Bond, Derek E. Lee
Series: Ecological Studies, 243
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2022
Language: English
Pages: 392
City: Cham
Contents
Contributors
Part I: Introduction
Chapter 1: Human-Wildlife Interactions in the Tarangire Ecosystem
1.1 Human-Wildlife Interactions Through a Diverse Set of Lenses
1.2 The Tarangire Ecosystem (TE)
1.3 The Nature of Human-Wildlife Interactions in the Tarangire Ecosystem
1.4 Perspectives on Human-Wildlife Interactions and Coexistence in the Tarangire Ecosystem
References
Part II: The Human Dimension
Chapter 2: Historical Political Ecology of the Tarangire Ecosystem: From Colonial Legacies, to Contested Histories, Towards Convivial Conservation?
2.1 Introduction
2.2 A Historical Political Ecology of Tarangire Ecosystem
2.2.1 Chronological History
2.2.2 Contested Boundaries, Contested Histories
2.2.2.1 The Village Kimotorok as a Site of Contested Histories
2.2.2.2 Whose History Matters in Struggles Over Land in Nature Conservation Initiatives?
2.3 Political Ecology of Human-Wildlife Coexistence Around Tarangire Today
2.4 Towards Convivial Conservation Around Tarangire?
2.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 3: A Conservationist Political Ecology in and for the Tarangire Ecosystem
3.1 Introduction
3.2 A Conservationist Political Ecology
3.3 Bounded Spaces and Boundless Visions: Tarangire and the Maasai Reserve (1923–1970)
3.4 The Emergence of Conservationist Political Ecology In and Around TNP (1970–2000)
3.5 The Reemergence of the Maasai Steppe (1999–2009)
3.6 Boundaries to/for Coexistence; What Next for the TE?
References
Chapter 4: Maasai Wellbeing and Implications for Wildlife Migrating from Tarangire National Park
4.1 Introduction
4.1.1 Wellbeing
4.2 Maasai Social Organization and the Diversification of Livelihoods
4.3 Simanjiro Case Study
4.4 Methods
4.5 Results for Men
4.5.1 Results for Women
4.6 Threats to Wellbeing and Changes of the Last 10 Years
4.7 Discussion
4.7.1 What Does This Mean for Tarangire?
4.7.2 The Larger Picture
References
Chapter 5: Land Tenure, Livelihoods, and Conservation: Perspectives on Priorities in Tanzania’s Tarangire Ecosystem
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Research Approach
5.3 Land and Livelihoods in the Tarangire Ecosystem
5.3.1 Livelihoods and Land Management in Semi-arid Rangelands
5.3.2 Maasai Social-Ecological Systems
5.3.3 Changes in Land Institutions Over Time
5.3.4 Hardening of Lines and Loss of Flexibility
5.3.5 Conservation Inside-Out
5.3.6 Wildlife Management Areas, Village Land, and Certificates of Customary Rights of Occupancy
5.3.7 Scaling Up
5.3.8 Limitations
5.4 Rounding Off
References
Chapter 6: Community Attitudes Towards Randilen Wildlife Management Area
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Randilen WMA Governance Structures and Management Units
6.3 Ethnographic Context of Randilen WMA
6.4 Methods
6.4.1 Sampling
6.5 Results
6.5.1 Demographics of Respondents
6.5.2 General Attitudes Towards the WMA
6.5.3 Change in Attitudes Over the Past Five Years
6.5.4 Lived Experiences of WMA Governance and Management
6.5.5 Interpretations of the WMA as a Success or Failure
6.6 Discussion and Conclusion
References
Part III: The Wildlife Dimension
Chapter 7: The Ecohistory of Tanzania’s Northern Rift Valley – Can One Establish an Objective Baseline as an Endpoint for Ecosystem Restoration?
7.1 Introduction
7.2 The End of Prehistory in the Rift Valley
7.3 The Great Rinderpest of 1887, Smallpox of 1889 Followed by Cholera
7.4 Recovery After the Devastations of the Nineteenth Century
7.5 Tribal No-Man’s Land and Sleeping Sickness
7.6 Establishing the Baseline for Lake Manyara National Park
7.7 The Shifting Baseline of Tarangire National Park
7.8 The Best Benchmark for Nature Conservation in the Rift Valley Is 1935
7.9 A Shifting Baseline in the Rift Valley
7.10 Concluding Remarks
References
Chapter 8: Ungulate Populations in the Tarangire Ecosystem
8.1 Evolution and Diversification of Ungulates
8.2 Why Are Ungulates Important?
8.3 Ungulate Population Trends in the Tarangire Ecosystem: A Review of Available Data
8.3.1 Tarangire National Park
8.3.2 Simanjiro
8.3.3 Manyara Ranch
8.3.4 Lake Manyara National Park
8.3.5 Wildlife Management Areas
8.4 Changing Patterns of Use in the Tarangire Ecosystem: Wildebeest Example
8.5 Human-Ungulate Coexistence in the Tarangire Ecosystem
References
Chapter 9: Giraffe Metapopulation Demography
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Study Area
9.3 Data Collection and Demographic Analyses
9.4 Metapopulation Demography
9.5 Defining Subpopulations
9.6 Subpopulation Demography
9.6.1 Adult Female Communities
9.6.2 All Ages and Sexes Supercommunities
9.7 Conclusions: Human-Giraffe Coexistence in the TE
References
Chapter 10: The History, Status, and Conservation of the Elephant Population in the Tarangire Ecosystem
10.1 A History of Tarangire’s Elephants
10.2 1920s to 1970s – Early History of the Tarangire Elephants
10.3 1970 to 1990 – The Poaching Years
10.4 1990 to 2020 – A Period of Expansion
10.5 The Population Structure of Tarangire’s Elephants
10.6 Northern Subpopulation
10.7 Central Subpopulation
10.8 Southern Subpopulation
10.9 Bull Elephants in Tarangire
10.10 Elephant Migration and Conservation
10.11 Human-Elephant Interactions
10.12 Conclusion
References
Chapter 11: Large Carnivores in the Tarangire Ecosystem
11.1 The Importance of Large Carnivores in Coupled Social-Ecological Systems
11.2 The Challenge of Monitoring Large Carnivores in Social-Ecological Systems
11.3 Distribution and Abundance of Large Carnivores Across a Conservation Gradient
11.4 Determinants of Space Use of Large Carnivores
11.5 Persistence of Large Carnivores in Human-Dominated Landscapes
11.6 Towards Human-Carnivore Coexistence
References
Part IV: Human-Wildlife Interactions
Chapter 12: Wildlife Movements and Landscape Connectivity in the Tarangire Ecosystem
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Wildlife Corridor Mapping
12.3 Evidence for Functional Connectivity
12.3.1 Elephant
12.3.2 Elephant Movement Between Tarangire NP and Makame WMA
12.3.3 Elephant Movement Between Tarangire NP and Lolkisale GCA
12.3.4 Elephant Movement Between Tarangire NP and Areas to the North and West
12.3.5 Elephant Gene Flow and Population Structure Within and Outside of Tarangire Ecosystem
12.3.6 Wildebeests
12.3.6.1 Past Connectivity
12.3.6.2 Recent Connectivity
12.3.7 Lions
12.3.8 Giraffes
12.4 Is Lake Manyara National Park Functionally Isolated?
12.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 13: Characterizing Elephant-Livestock Interactions Using a Social-Ecological Approach
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Manyara Ranch
13.3 Assessing Attitudes and Perceptions of Herders Towards Elephants
13.4 Playback Experiments to Study Elephant Behavior Towards Livestock Herding
13.5 Statistical Analyses
13.6 Attitudes and Perceptions of Herders Towards Elephants
13.7 Behavioral Responses of Elephants to Sound Playbacks
13.8 The Human Dimension of Human-Elephant Interactions
13.9 The Elephants’ Perspective of Human-Elephant Interactions
13.10 Human-Elephant Coexistence in Rangelands
References
Chapter 14: Human-Carnivore Coexistence in the Tarangire Ecosystem
14.1 Human-Carnivore Coexistence
14.2 The Tarangire Ecosystem
14.3 Living with Large Carnivores in TE: Carnivore Attacks on Humans
14.3.1 Context of Human Attacks by Large Carnivores
14.4 Patterns of Livestock Depredation
14.4.1 Spatial Variation of Livestock Depredation
14.5 Community Attitudes and Perceptions on Human-Carnivore Conflicts in the TE
14.6 Conflict Mitigation
14.6.1 Lethal Control as Conflict Mitigation Strategy
14.6.2 Non-lethal Mitigation
14.6.2.1 Predator-Proof Bomas
14.6.2.2 Husbandry Practices
14.6.2.3 Translocation of Problem Animals
14.6.2.4 Education and Awareness
14.7 Conclusions
References
Chapter 15: Financing Conservation in the Twenty-First Century – Investing in Nature-Based Climate Solutions in Makame Wildlife Management Area
15.1 Conservation in the Anthropocene
15.2 Makame Wildlife Management Area
15.3 Investing in Landscape Conservation
15.3.1 Developing the Carbon Asset
15.3.2 Scenario Existing Prior to the Implementation of the Project
15.3.3 Estimate of Greenhouse Gas Emission Reductions, and Potential Market Value
15.4 Project’s Climate, Community and Biodiversity Co-benefits
15.4.1 Monitoring Community Co-benefits
15.4.2 Monitoring Biodiversity Co-benefits
15.5 Can REDD Projects Contribute to Human-Wildlife Coexistence?
References
Chapter 16: Education as a Tool to Live in Harmony with Nature
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Behavior Change Needs Effective Communication
16.2.1 How to Build Effective Messages
16.3 Impact Evaluations to Assess Effectiveness
16.4 Environmental Education in the Tarangire Ecosystem
16.4.1 Celebrating Africa’s Giants
16.4.2 Youth Environmental Education Program
16.4.3 Living in Harmony with Your Natural Surroundings
16.5 Community Engagement Through Creative Media
16.6 Case Studies of Social Science Assessments
16.6.1 Giraffe Education
16.6.2 National Park Visits
16.6.3 “Tuwatunze Twiga” Gospel Song
16.7 Conclusions
References
Part V: Synthesis
Chapter 17: Towards Human-Wildlife Coexistence in the Tarangire Ecosystem
17.1 Synthesizing the Complexity of the Tarangire Ecosystem
17.2 The Human Dimension
17.3 The Wildlife Dimension
17.4 Human-Wildlife Interactions
17.5 Assessing Sustainability in the Tarangire Ecosystem
17.6 Key Challenges and Opportunities for Human-Wildlife Coexistence in the Tarangire Ecosystem
17.6.1 Non-linearity and Thresholds
17.6.2 Reciprocal Interactions and Feedback Loops
17.6.3 Time Lags and Legacy Effects
17.6.4 Resilience
17.6.5 Heterogeneity
17.6.6 Embedment and Telecoupling
17.6.7 Vulnerability
17.6.8 Surprises
17.7 Solutions for Human-Wildlife Coexistence
References
Index
