Systems and Signal Processing of Capnography as a Diagnostic Tool for Asthma Assessment

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SYSTEMS AND SIGNAL PROCESSING OF CAPNOGRAPHY AS A DIAGNOSTIC TOOL FOR ASTHMA ASSESSMENT
SYSTEMS AND SIGNAL PROCESSING OF CAPNOGRAPHY AS A DIAGNOSTIC TOOL FOR ASTHMA ASSESSMENT
Copyright
Contents
Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgment
List of abbreviations
List of figures
List of tables
One - The human respiratory system and overview of respiratory diseases
1.1 The primary role of the human respiratory system
1.2 The breathing process
1.2.1 Alveoli
1.3 The respiratory diseases and how they affect the respiratory system
1.4 Chronic respiratory diseases
1.4.1 Asthma and the other obstructive lung diseases
1.4.2 The restrictive lung diseases
1.4.3 The respiratory tract infections
1.4.4 The diseases affecting the pleural cavity
1.4.5 The pulmonary vascular diseases
1.5 The common symptoms of respiratory diseases
1.6 The breathless patient
1.7 Understanding the pathophysiology of breathlessness
References
Two - Asthma: The disease and issues in monitoring the asthmatic attack
2.1 Asthma: the burden of disease
2.2 The pathophysiology of asthma attack
2.3 Types of asthma
2.3.1 Allergic asthma
2.3.2 Reactive asthma
2.3.3 Exercise-induced asthma
2.3.4 Nonallergic asthma
2.3.5 Occupational asthma
2.4 Classification in chronic asthma
2.4.1 Intermittent
2.4.2 Persistent asthma
2.5 Symptoms and signs of asthma
2.5.1 Wheezing
2.5.2 Cough and mucous production
2.5.3 Chest tightness
2.5.4 Dyspnea
2.6 Assessment of asthma
2.7 Treatment modalities for the asthmatic attack
2.8 Problems with the monitoring of asthmatic patients
2.9 Is capnography an ideal mode of monitoring for asthmatic attacks?
2.10 Capnographic waveform indices
References
Three - Current tools for assessment of asthma
3.1 Diagnosis of asthma: common techniques and limitations
3.1.1 Medical history documentation
3.1.2 Physical examination
3.1.3 Pulmonary function tests
3.1.3.1 Spirometry
3.1.3.1.1 Spirometry parameters and their interpretation
3.1.3.1.2 Types of spirometers
3.1.3.1.3 Limitations of spirometry
3.1.3.2 Peak flow meter
3.1.3.2.1 Peak flow meter readings and their significance
3.1.3.2.2 Factors affecting normal peak flow value
3.1.3.2.3 Limitations of peak flow meter
3.1.4 Other tests for the assessment of asthma
3.1.4.1 Bronchial challenge testing
3.1.4.2 Measurement of fractional exhaled nitric oxide
3.2 Capnography: a new approach for a diagnosis of asthma
3.2.1 History of capnograph
3.2.2 Basic principles of capnography
3.3 Types of capnographs
References
Four - Capnography: measurement of expired carbon dioxide
4.1 Carbon dioxide production and removal from human body
4.2 Overview of pulmonary gas exchange
4.3 Ventilation/perfusion inequalities
4.4 Measurement of carbon dioxide
4.4.1 Measurement of CO2 levels in the blood
4.4.2 PaCO2 and PetCO2 measurement
4.4.3 Volumetric capnography
4.5 Time based capnogram and interpretations
4.5.1 Phases of capnogram
4.5.2 Understanding the normal capnogram
4.5.3 Exhaled CO2 detection
4.5.4 Abnormalities in capnogram
4.5.4.1 Missing alveolar plateau
4.5.4.2 Increasing PetCO2 trend data and respiratory baseline
4.5.4.3 Exponential decrease and sudden decrease in PetCO2
4.6 Clinical interpretation of capnogram
References
Five - Analysis of capnogram using signal processing techniques
5.1 Early studies on expired CO2 signal (1960–90)
5.2 Capnogram features
5.2.1 Time domain features of capnogram
5.2.2 Hjorth parameters
5.2.3 Entropy measures
5.2.3.1 Approximate entropy
5.2.3.2 Selection of input parameters
5.2.3.3 Sample entropy
5.2.4 Complementary features for CO2 signal quantification
5.2.5 Frequency domain features
5.3 On capnogram as feature for asthma detection algorithm
5.3.1 Preprocessing the capnogram
5.3.2 Valid breath cycles
5.3.3 Segmentation of capnogram
5.3.4 Feature extraction of capnogram
5.3.5 Identification of asthmatic/nonasthmatic conditions
References
Six - Design of carbon dioxide sensor for capnography
6.1 Evolution of carbon dioxide sensing
6.2 Carbon dioxide sensors
6.3 Optical CO2 sensors
6.4 Electrochemical CO2 sensors
6.5 Metal oxide CO2 sensors
6.6 Sol-gel CO2 sensors
6.7 Polymer based CO2 sensor
6.8 NASICON CO2 sensors
6.9 Colorimetric CO2 sensors
6.10 Wet conductometric CO2 sensors
6.11 Stow-Severinghaus electrode – ISFET CO2 sensors
6.12 Infrared CO2 sensors
6.12.1 NDIR-based CO2 sensors
6.12.2 Incorporation of NDIR-CO2 sensors for monitoring asthma
References
Seven - Design of carbon dioxide measurement device for asthma monitoring
7.1 Respiratory gas monitoring standard: ISO 21647
7.2 Current standard for respiratory gas monitoring
7.2.1 Capnography calibration
7.2.2 Electromagnetic interferences and radiation
7.3 ISO 21647 based capnography performance measures
7.3.1 Measurement accuracy
7.3.2 Response time
7.3.3 Measurement drift
7.3.4 Gas and vapor interference
7.3.5 Signal processing considerations
7.4 Available technology for the development of CO2 measurement device
7.5 Design of CO2 measurement tool: an overview
7.5.1 CO2 acquisition unit
7.5.2 Processing unit
7.5.3 Display unit
7.5.4 Real time control unit
7.6 Real time human respiration CO2 measurement device
References
Index
A
B
C
D
E
F
H
I
M
N
O
P
R
S
T
V
W
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