Emergence of new and deadly infectious diseases is significantly deteriorating the human health. Development of vaccine by the scientist has become an important weapon to control the spread of infectious diseases as well as to improve the life expectancy at global level in 20th-21st Century. This book will provide the in-depth knowledge of vaccine history, and development of new strategies to design efficacious and safe vaccine molecule. This book will cover the development of system vaccinology and their applications revolutionize the vaccine discovery. This will provide a resource for the basic and clinical researcher working to human life expectancy by their vaccine experiments and clinical trials.
My purpose to write this book to educate the students and researchers with modern development in the field of vaccinology and empowering the researcher with new tools and methodology for developing potential and immunogenic vaccines.
This book will be helpful to solve the curiosity of science and medical background students related with vaccinology and will be helpful to devise a new vaccine molecule to control the spread of new and emerging pathogens.
Systems biology is a rapidly expanding research discipline aiming to integrate multifaceted datasets generated using state-of-the-art high- throughput technologies such as arrays and next-generation sequencing. Combined with sophisticated computational analysis we are able to interrogate host responses to infections and vaccination on a systems level, thus generating important new hypotheses and discovering unknown associations between immunological parameters.
Author(s): Vijay Kumar Prajapati
Publisher: Academic Press
Year: 2022
Language: English
Pages: 436
City: London
Front cover
Half title
Full title
Copyright
Contents
Contributors
Part I - History and introduction
Chapter 1 - History of vaccine: from centuries to present
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Generations of vaccines
1.2.1 First-generation vaccines
1.2.1.1 Live attenuated vaccines
1.2.1.2 Inactivated vaccines
1.2.2 Second-generation vaccines
1.2.2.1 Subunit vaccines
1.2.2.2 Conjugated vaccines
1.2.2.3 Recombinant vaccines
1.2.3 Third-generation vaccines
1.3 The present scenario in the field of vaccine development
1.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 2 - Evolution and development of vaccines against major human infections
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Vaccines against major human infections
2.2.1 Bacterial disease vaccines
2.2.2 Viral disease vaccines
2.2.3 Protozoan disease vaccines
2.2.3.1 Malaria vaccine
2.2.3.2 Leishmania vaccine
2.3 Discussion
References
Part II - Immunology of vaccine designing
Chapter 3 - Vaccine Omics: role of bioinformatics in vaccinology
3.1 History of vaccinology
3.2 Immune response involved in vaccination
3.3 Vaccine immunoinformatics and in-silico designing of vaccines
3.4 Commonly used epitope predictors
3.4.1 Prediction of B-cell epitopes
3.4.2 Prediction of T-cell epitopes
3.5 Bioinformatic tools for analysis of the vaccine construct
3.5.1 Prediction of antigenicity
3.5.2 Prediction of allergenicity
3.5.3 Analysis of toxicity, solubility, and physicochemical properties
3.6 Structure modeling of the vaccine construct
3.7 Disorder perspective in vaccine construction
3.8 Future perspectives
Acknowledgments
Conflict of Interest
References
Chapter 4 - Vaccine engineering & structural vaccinology
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Methodology used for vaccine production
4.2.1 Attenuated and inactivated microorganisms
4.2.2 Vectors
4.2.3 Protein conjugate vaccine
4.3 Reverse vaccinology
4.4 Structural vaccinology
4.4.1 Multiepitope peptide vaccines
4.5 Vaccine engineering
4.5.1 Vaccines based on virus-like particles
4.5.2 Engineering adjuvants
4.6 Immunogenicity
4.6.1 Biomolecular origin of antigens and the induced immune response
4.6.1.1 Polysaccharides
4.6.1.2 Proteins
4.6.2 Vaccine administration site and immune response determination
4.7 Challenges in mass vaccination
References
Chapter 5 - Infection, immunity, and vaccine development
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Basic concept of vaccine immunology
5.2.1 Innate immunity
5.2.2 Adaptive immunity
5.2.2.1 T-cells responses
5.2.2.2 B-cells responses
5.3 Immunological memory
5.3.1 T-cells memory
5.3.2 B-cells memory
5.4 Vaccine development
5.5 Concluding remarks
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 6 - Immune responses to vaccines: from classical to systems approaches
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Immune response to vaccines
6.2.1 Innate immune response
6.2.2 Adaptive immune response
6.2.3 Humoral immune response
6.2.3.1 Immunoglobulin M
6.2.3.2 Immunoglobulin G
6.2.3.3 Immunoglobulin A
6.3 Approaches for assessing the immune response following the vaccination
6.3.1 Neutralizing antibody assay
6.3.2 Effector functions of antibodies
6.3.3 Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
6.3.4 Enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT)
6.3.5 Cytokine multiplex
6.3.6 Multiparametric flow cytometry—cell phenotype and cytokine production
6.3.6.1 Activation-induced marks (AIM)
6.3.7 Time-of-flight mass cytometry—CyTOF
6.4 Other factors that influence the immune response to a vaccine
6.5 Systems vaccinology
6.5.1 Transcriptomics
6.5.1.1 Whole blood and peripheral blood mononuclear cell
6.5.1.2 Single-cell RNA sequencing
6.5.2 Proteomics
6.5.3 Metabolomics
6.5.4 Data integration
6.5.5 Network analysis in vaccinology
6.6 Concluding remarks
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 7 - Leptin: an immunological adjuvant to improve vaccine response in infectious diseases
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Fundamentals of leptin
7.3 Leptin receptor and leptin signaling
7.4 Leptin signaling in immune cells
7.5 Leptin and innate immunity
7.6 Leptin in adoptive immunity
7.7 Leptin deficiency and infection diseases
7.8 Leptin as an immunological adjuvant
References
Chapter 8 - Polymer-based adjuvant requirements for vaccines
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Vaccine design for viral infections
8.3 Mimicking pathogens
8.4 The case of DNA vaccines
8.5 The importance of new adjuvant development
8.6 Adjuvant particulate form
8.7 Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) as immunopotentiators
8.8 The case of oral administration of vaccines
8.9 Polymer-based particulate adjuvants in oral vaccine formulation
8.10 Biodegradable polymer-based particles
8.11 Natural occurring polymers—polysaccharides
8.11.1 Chitosan
8.11.2 β-glucans
8.12 Summary
References
Part III - Assessment of vaccine efficacy and its delivery
Chapter 9 - Circadian rhythmicity and vaccination
9.1 Circadian cycles
9.2 Circadian clock
9.3 Circadian rhythmicity and immunity
9.4 Circadian rhythmicity and infection
9.5 Aging, immunosenescence, and circadian rhythmicity
9.6 Time of the day immunization/vaccination and immune response
9.7 Challenges, outstanding questions, and future directions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 10 - Controlled human infection modeling and vaccine development
10.1 Introduction
10.2 The history of human challenge
10.3 Principles of human challenge
10.4 Applications and limitations
10.5 Challenge agents—selection and manufacture
10.6 Characterization trials
10.7 Clinical aspects of performing human challenge trials
10.7.1 Trial population/cohort
10.7.2 Eligibility criteria and adverse events
10.7.3 Ethical considerations and study restrictions
10.8 Regulatory considerations
10.9 Summary
References
Chapter 11 - Preclinical testing of vaccine candidates in animal models
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Types of animal models used in vaccine studies
11.2.1 Small and large animal models
11.2.2 Natural, surrogate, surgical, and experimental models
11.2.3 Humanized mice
11.3 Immunity to vaccines
11.3.1 CD4+ T cell activation
11.3.2 CD8+ T cell activation
11.3.3 B-cell activation
11.4 Predictors of vaccine-induced protective immunity in animal models
11.5 Examples of disease models used in development of preclinical vaccines in animal models
11.5.1 Influenza
11.5.2 Leishmaniasis
11.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 12 - Vaccine human clinical trial
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Vaccine development and complexities
12.3 Human clinical trial
12.3.1 Phase I clinical trial
12.3.2 Phase II clinical trial
12.3.3 Phase III clinical trial
12.4 Vaccine license and approval process
12.5 Innovative strategy in vaccine development during times of pandemics
12.6 COVID-19: reported clinical trials worldwide
12.7 Regulatory challenges
12.8 Conclusion
Funding
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 13 - Systems vaccinology for the design of rational vaccines against protozoan parasites
13.1 State-of-the-art of vaccines in protozoan parasites
13.2 Host-immune response
13.2.1 Immunological response upon primary infection
13.2.1.1 Innate immunity
13.2.1.2 Adaptive immunity
13.2.2 Immunological components involved in protection
13.3 Antigen discovery
13.3.1 Classic approaches and their limitations
13.3.2 Multiomics and cutting-edge technologies
13.4 Systems biology applied to protozoan parasites
13.5 Rational vaccine design: future and prospects
References
Chapter 14 - Cancer vaccine’s multiverse and the future ahead
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Cancer vaccines
14.3 Targeted antigens
14.4 Delivery platforms
14.5 Adjuvants
14.6 Current clinical trials
14.7 Perspectives and limitations
14.8 Concluding remarks
References
Chapter 15 - Emerging trends in vaccine delivery systems
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Advantages of using advanced nanomaterials based vaccine delivery systems
15.3 Types of advanced vaccines delivery systems
15.3.1 Polymeric nanoparticles based vaccine delivery systems
15.3.2 Liposomes-based vaccine delivery systems
15.3.2.1 Types of liposomes
15.3.2.2 Methods involved in the preparations for liposomes
15.3.3 Bacteriophage-based vaccine delivery systems
15.3.3.1 Types of bacteriophage used in vaccines delivery system
15.3.3.2 Types of bacteriophage-based vaccines delivery system
15.4 Conclusion
References
Part IV - Vaccine future and ethics
Chapter 16 - Vaccine regulation and ethics
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Role of vaccine in human health
16.3 Vaccination
16.4 Vaccine development and regulation
16.5 Vaccine approval process
16.6 Role of national and international agencies on vaccine regulation and distribution
16.7 Vaccination ethics and issues
16.8 Vaccine for animal health
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 17 - Future of system vaccinology
17.1 Introduction
17.2 System vaccinology: a rational approach to reduce time and cost of vaccine development
17.3 System vaccinology: a guide in the vaccine development chain
17.4 System vaccinology: a tool to reveal the mechanism of vaccine action
17.5 Conclusion
References
Index
Back cover
