Synbiotics for the Management of Cancer

Preface
Acknowledgment
Contents
Editors and Contributors
1: Introduction to Cancer Genetics and Its Symbiotic Relationship
1.1 Introduction
1.1.1 Synbiotic of Cancer
1.2 Genetics of Cancer, and the Role of Oncogenes in Signal Transduction
1.3 Tumor Microenvironment
1.3.1 Cells of the Tumor Microenvironment
1.3.1.1 T-Lymphocytes
1.3.1.2 B Lymphocytes
1.3.1.3 Natural Killer and Natural Killer T-Cells
1.3.2 Tumor-Associated Microphages
1.3.3 Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells
1.3.4 Dendritic Cells
1.3.5 Tumor-Associated Neutrophils
1.3.6 Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts
1.3.7 Adipocytes
1.3.8 Vascular Endothelial Cells
1.3.9 Pericytes
1.3.10 Lymphatic Endothelial Cells
1.4 Diagnosis and Treatment of Cancer
1.4.1 Diagnosis of Cancer
1.4.1.1 Radiopharmaceuticals for Cancer Diagnosis
1.4.1.2 Artificial Intelligence in Cancer Diagnosis
1.4.1.3 Nanotechnology in Cancer Diagnosis
1.4.2 Treatment of Cancer
1.5 Conclusion and Future Aspects
References
2: Effect of Anticancer Treatment Approaches on Gut Microbiota
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Historical Relationships Between the Microbiome and Cancer
2.3 Human Tumor Microbiota Interactions
2.4 Association Among the Gut Microbiota and Anticancer Treatments
2.4.1 Microbiota and Chemotherapy (Efficacy and Toxicity)
2.4.2 Microbiota and Immunotherapy (Efficacy and Toxicity)
2.5 Future Prospective
2.6 Conclusion
References
3: Synbiotics: Promising Approach for the Therapeutic Management of Cancer
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Potential Anticancer Properties of Synbiotics
Highlights
3.2.1 Anti-inflammatory
3.2.2 Anti-oxidative
3.2.3 Immunomodulatory
3.3 Application of Synbiotics in the Management of Cancer
3.4 Conclusion and Future Directions
References
4: Correlation Between Reactive Oxygen Species and Synbiotics for Effective Treatment of Cancer
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Formation
4.2.1 Types of ROS
4.3 Carcinogenesis
4.3.1 Stages of Cancer and Its Management vis a vis Chemoprevention Cum Gut Microbiota
4.4 Gut Microbiota and Cancer
4.4.1 Microbiota and Chemotherapy
4.5 Synergy of Probiotics and Prebiotics and Mode of Action
4.6 Antioxidation Properties of Probiotics
4.7 Effective Management of Cancer Through Symbiotics
References
5: Synbiotics in Colon Cancer
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Sporadic Cancer
5.3 Pathophysiology
5.3.1 Histopathogenesis
5.3.2 Signs and Symptoms
5.4 Current Tools
5.5 Synbiotics for Colon Cancer
5.6 Conclusion
References
6: Synbiotics in Cervical Cancer
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Pathophysiology
6.3 Histopathogenesis
6.4 Signs and Symptoms
6.5 Recapitulation of Probiotics, Prebiotics, Including Synbiotics
6.6 Recent Therapy for the Cancer of Cervical Treatment
6.7 Limitations Associated with Current Therapy
6.8 Role of Synbiotics on Cancer Cells
6.9 Impact of Probiotics on Cancer Cells
6.10 Mechanisms of Action: Probiotics and Cancer
6.11 Intestinal Membrane Functionality
6.12 Immunomodulation
6.13 Metabolism
6.14 Impact of Probiotics on Proliferation
6.15 Limitations of Synbiotics
6.16 Oxidative Stress in Cervical Cancer and its Response to Synbiotics
6.17 Combination of Probiotics with Other Cervical Cancer Therapies
6.18 Probiotics Provide a Better Diagnosis and Therapeutic Targets for Cervical Cancer
6.19 Future Direction
6.20 Conclusion
References
7: Synbiotics in Gastric Cancer
7.1 Introduction
7.1.1 The Human Gastric Microbiome
7.1.2 Gastric Cancer
7.2 Mechanisms of Gastric Carcinogenesis
7.2.1 Helicobacter pylori and Gastric Carcinogenesis
7.2.2 Helicobacter pylori Virulence Factors
7.2.3 Helicobacter pylori and Immunological Response
7.2.4 Non-H. pylori Bacteria That Promote Gastric Carcinogenesis
7.3 Role of Synbiotics in the Treatment and Diagnosis of Gastric Cancers
7.3.1 Clinical Implication
7.3.2 Mechanism of Action of Synbiotics
7.3.2.1 Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Actions
7.4 Conclusion
References
8: Synbiotics in Hepatocellular Carcinoma
8.1 Introduction
8.1.1 Probiotics
8.1.1.1 Uses
8.1.2 Prebiotics
8.1.3 Synbiotics
8.1.3.1 Mechanism
8.1.4 Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC)
8.1.4.1 HCC Epidemiology and Causes
8.1.4.2 Pathogenesis of HCC
8.2 The Role of Synbiotics in HCC
8.2.1 Synbiotics in Immune and Inflammatory Regulation (IIM)
8.2.2 Impact of Synbiotics on IIM
8.2.3 The Role of Synbiotics in HCC
8.3 Synbiotics New Therapeutic Approach
8.3.1 Previous Studies on Effects of Prebiotics and/or Probiotics on Liver Aminotransferase Ranges in NAFLD Case Patients
8.4 Conclusion
References
9: Synbiotics in Lung Cancer
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Lung Cancer
9.2.1 Causative Agents
9.2.2 Mode of Action
9.2.3 Symptoms
9.2.4 Diagnosis
9.2.5 Types of Lungs Cancer
9.2.6 Treatment Strategies
9.3 Synbiosis
9.3.1 Gut Microbiome
9.3.2 Probiotics
9.3.3 Prebiotics
9.3.4 Benefits of Gut Microbiome
9.3.5 Synbiotics
9.4 Synbiotics in Lung Cancer
9.4.1 Gut Lung Axis
9.4.2 Dysbiosis of Microbiome in Lung Cancer Patients
9.4.3 Probiotic Effect on Lung Cancer
9.4.4 Synbiotic Approach to Reduce the Effect of Chemotherapy
9.5 Conclusion
References
10: Human Microbiome Modulation: A Potential Therapeutic Strategy for Pancreatic Cancer
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Epidemiology and Risk Factors of Pancreatic Cancer
10.3 Treatment of Pancreatic Cancer: Therapeutic Challenges
10.3.1 Surgery and Chemotherapy
10.3.2 Immunotherapy
10.4 Role of Human Microbiome in the Development of Pancreatic Cancer
10.4.1 Association of Pancreatic Microbiome with Pancreatic Cancer
10.4.2 Association of Gut Microbiome with Pancreatic Cancer
10.4.3 Association of Oral Microbiome with Pancreatic Cancer
10.4.4 Association of Lung Microbiome with Pancreatic Cancer
10.4.5 Association of Skin Microbiome with Pancreatic Cancer
10.5 Modulation of Gut Microbiome as a Promising Therapeutic Strategy for Pancreatic Cancer
10.5.1 Potential Use of Prebiotics for Treatment of Pancreatic Cancer
10.5.2 Probiotics for Prevention and/or Treatment of Pancreatic Cancer
10.5.3 Postbiotics for Treatment of Pancreatic Cancer
10.5.4 Synbiotics: A Prospective Therapeutic Approach for Pancreatic Cancer
10.5.5 Faecal Microbiota Transplantation for Treatment of Pancreatic Cancer
10.5.6 Preventive Approaches for Pancreatic Cancer
10.5.7 Microbiome modulation: Impacts in Pancreatic Cancer
10.5.7.1 Prevention of Pancreatic Cancer
10.5.7.2 Enhance Anticancer Treatment Efficacy
10.5.7.3 Alleviate Side Effects of the Treatment
10.5.7.4 Microbiomes Act as Biomarkers in Pancreatic Cancer
10.6 Clinical Studies Related to Gut Microbiome Modulation in Pancreatic Cancer
10.7 Future Aspects
10.8 Conclusion
References
11: Uncharted Potentials of Synbiotics in Treatment of Cervical and Ovarian Cancer
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Oncobiotic Biotransformation in Cervical and Ovarian Cancer
11.3 Chemotherapeutics in Cervical and Ovarian Cancer
11.3.1 Cervical Cancer
11.3.2 Ovarian cancer
11.4 Challenges Faced During Cancer Therapy
11.5 Probiotics, Prebiotics, and Synbiotics
11.6 Role of Synbiotics in the Treatment and Diagnosis of Cervical Cancer
11.7 Future Perspective and Conclusion
References
12: Synbiotics in Buccal Cancer
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Probiotics
12.3 Prebiotics
12.4 Postbiotics
12.5 Synbiotics
12.6 Conclusion
References
13: Regulatory Issues of Synbiotics in Cancer
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Probiotics
13.3 Prebiotics
13.4 Synbiotics
13.5 Sources of Synbiotics
13.5.1 Prebiotic Sources
13.5.2 Probiotic Sources
13.6 Advantages of Synbiotics Over Other Therapeutics
13.7 Selection Criteria for Synbiotic
13.7.1 Selection Criteria for Probiotics
13.7.2 Selection Criteria for Prebiotic
13.8 Regulatory Guidelines for Synbiotics
13.9 Characterization of Synbiotic
13.10 Safety Measures for Synbiotics
13.11 Factors to Be Considered for Research
13.11.1 Trial Design
13.11.2 Selection of Participants or Population
13.11.3 Intervention
13.11.4 Selection of Placebo or Control
13.11.5 Outcome
13.11.6 Statistics
13.12 Conclusion
References
14: Synbiotics in the Management of Breast Cancer
14.1 Synbiotics
14.2 Synbiotics in Cancer
14.2.1 Inflammation-Induced by Microbiota
14.3 Microbiota of GIT
14.3.1 Oral Cavity
14.3.2 Microbiota in Stomach
14.3.3 Microbiota in Colon
14.4 Anticancer Mechanisms of Prebiotics and Probiotics
14.5 Microbiota in Cancer Prevention
14.6 Microbiota in Cancer Progression
14.6.1 Microbiota in Prevention of Intestinal Barrier Loss
14.6.2 Immunomodulation
14.6.3 Antiproliferative Effects
14.7 Role of Microbiota in Breast Cancer
14.7.1 Microbiota in Breast
14.7.2 Microbiota Dysbiosis in Breast
14.7.2.1 Types of Dysbiosis
14.7.3 Host-Gut Microbiome Interaction
14.7.4 Probiotic Therapies in Breast Cancer
14.8 Conclusion
References
15: Synbiotics in Gastroesophageal Cancer
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Probiotics
15.3 Prebiotics
15.4 Synbiotics
15.5 Anticancer Mechanism of Synbiotics
15.6 Role of Synbiotic in GI Cancer
15.7 Conclusion
References
16: Role of Probiotics and Synbiotics in Mitigating Alcohol-Induced Liver Damage
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Sequelae of Alcohol-Induced Pathogenesis
16.3 Biochemical Metabolism of Alcohol
16.4 Alcohol and Free Radical Generation
16.5 Pathological Classification
16.6 Role of Gut Microbiota
16.7 Probiotic Organisms
16.7.1 Lactobacillus acidophilus
16.7.2 Lactobacillus plantarum or Lactiplantibacillus plantarum
16.7.3 Lactobacillus gasseri
16.7.4 Lactobacillus casei
16.7.5 Levilactobacillus brevis
16.7.6 Limosilactobacillus reuteri
16.7.7 Limosilactobacillus fermentum
16.7.8 Bifidobacterium Species
16.7.9 Probiotics in Mitigating Alcohol-Induced Liver Damage
16.8 Conclusions
References
17: Understanding the Role of Synbiotics in Prevention and Management of Cervical Cancer
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Synbiotics: An Overview
17.3 Effects of Synbiotics on Cancer
17.4 Cervical Cancer: A Major Global Burden Among Women
17.5 Synbiotics as Therapeutic Strategy in Cervical Cancer
17.6 Influence of Synbiotics on HPV Infection in Cervical Cancer
17.7 Conclusion
References