Sustainable Urbanism in Developing Countries

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Table of Contents
Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgments
Editors
Contributors
Part I: Local, Regional and Global Perspectives on Sustainable Urbanism
Chapter 1: Alternative Rehabilitation Program against Agricultural Land Acquisition for New Development Projects: A Case Study of New Town, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Study Area
1.3 Planning and Policies Behind the Development of New Town Kolkata
1.3.1 Planning Stages
1.3.2 Assessment of Policies
1.4 Issues and Concerns from Land-Use Change
1.5 Provision of Rehabilitation Under Land Legislation
1.5.1 Land Acquisition Act (LAA), 1894
1.5.2 The Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement (Henceforth RFCTLARR) Act, 2013
1.5.3 The Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement (Amendment) Ordinance, 2014
1.5.4 The Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement (Amendment) Ordinance, 2015
1.6 Existing Rehabilitation Program
1.7 Proposal for Alternative Rehabilitation Program
1.7.1 Mango Orchard in Vacant Land
1.7.2 Floriculture in Open Space
1.8 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 2: Contextualizing Urban Sustainability: Limitations, Tensions in Indian Sustainable-Smart Urbanism Perceived through Intranational, International Comparisons, and District City Ambala Study
2.1 Introduction
2.1.1 Simplicity to Complexity
2.1.2 Dilemmas: Poverty and Smart Sustainability
2.1.3 Traditional vs Institutionalized Sustainability
2.1.4 Sustainability for the Developed, Developing Economies
2.1.5 Roadmap
2.1.6 Struggling Sustainability of District City Ambala
2.2 From Unplanned to Sustainable Urbanization and Projections
2.2.1 Comparisons
2.3 Urban Agglomerations (UAs); Rural–Urban Continuums; and Smart District Urbanisms
2.3.1 Appraisals and Experiences of Smart City Mission
2.4 Ambala: Traditions Persist, Sustainable-Smart Urbanism Knocks
2.4.1 The Old and the Colonial
2.4.2 The Post-Colonial Era
2.4.3 The New
2.4.4 Public Participation
2.5 Urban Regenerative Architecture; Post-Colonial Approaches; Spaces of Consumption; Partaking in Globalization
2.5.1 Jaggi Smart City Centre
2.6 Conclusions
Notes
References
Chapter 3: The Geopolitics of Refugees: A Strategic Tool for Explaining the Concept of Migration in Developing Countries
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Theoretical Basis of the Research
3.2.1 Geopolitics
3.2.2 Refuge
3.3 Research Method
3.4 Research Findings
3.4.1 Finding the Importance of Refugees and Displaced People
3.4.1.1 The Political Importance of Refugees
3.4.1.2 The Economic Importance of Refugees
3.4.1.3 Socio-Cultural Importance of Refugees
3.4.2 The Nature and Concept of the Geopolitics of Refugees
3.4.2.1 Traditional Geopolitics Frameworks
3.4.2.2 Critical Geopolitical Approach
3.5 Analysis and Conclusion
References
Chapter 4: Economic Development, Environmental Degradation and Sustainability: A Panel-Data Analysis of the Major Economies from 1990–2015
4.1 Introduction
4.2 A Review of Existing Literature
4.3 Data and Methodology
4.4 Result and Discussion
4.5 Concluding Remarks and Policy Prescriptions
Notes
References
Chapter 5: Demarcation and Spatial Distribution of Urban Centres in Sri Lanka
5.1 Introduction
5.2 The Importance of Identification and Distribution of Urban Centres
5.3 Demarcation of Cities in Sri Lanka
5.3.1 Historical Development of Urban Centres
5.3.2 Categorization of Urban Centres in Sri Lanka
5.3.3 Distribution Pattern of the Urban Centers in Sri Lanka
5.4 Conclusion
5.4.1 Recommendations
References
Chapter 6: Colonial Urbanism and Morphology: The Case of the Colonial Port City of Kolkata
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Review of Literature
6.2.1 The Case of Colonial Port Cities in Developing Countries
6.3 Material and Methodology
6.4 Profile of the Study Area
6.4.1 Geographical Setting of the City
6.4.2 Evolution of the Urban Form
6.5 Analysis
6.5.1 Processes Shaping the Colonial City
6.5.1.1 Process of Urbanization
6.5.1.2 Process of Spatial Segregation
6.5.1.2.1 Race-Based Spatial Segregation
6.5.1.2.2 Class-Based Spatial Segregation
6.5.1.2.3 Caste-Based Spatial Segregation
6.5.2 Urban Morphology of Calcutta, as a Product of Urban Growth
6.5.3 Presence of Other Urban Morphological Characteristics
6.6 Conclusion
References
Part II: Urban Planning, Innovation and Urban Resilience for Sustainable Development
Chapter 7: Geopolitical Urbanism Network (GUN): Building Networked Understanding of Cities in Armed Conflicts for Sustaining Peace
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Cities in Conflict: The Contemporary
7.2.1 The Conflicts on the Ground
7.2.2 Conflict Mapping: Through Political Positionalities of Actors and the Three Ps Framework
7.3 Geopolitics of Conflicts in Cities: The Lens
7.3.1 GUN for Newer Crisis-Led-Conflicts?
7.4 Peace (Cities and the Globe): The Future
7.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 8: Sustainable Spatial Planning for the Rural–Urban Continuum Settlements of Kerala, India
8.1 Introduction
8.1.1 Settlement Pattern
8.1.2 Rural–Urban Continuum Settlement Pattern of Kerala
8.1.3 Current Planning Practices in Kerala
8.1.3.1 Detailed Town Planning (DTP) Schemes
8.1.3.2 Masterplans
8.1.3.3 District Perspective Plan
8.2 Materials and Methods
8.2.1 Methods of Settlement Analysis
8.2.2 Urbanization Trends
8.2.3 Present Urban Areas (2021)
8.2.4 Population Density Changes of Settlements
8.2.5 Functional Character of Settlements
8.2.6 Settlement Hierarchy
8.2.7 Population Score Estimation
8.2.8 The Functionality-Based Ranking
8.2.9 Centrality Index-Based Ranking
8.2.10 Cumulative Ranking
8.3 Analysis and Results
8.3.1 Urbanization in Kerala
8.3.2 Urban Areas in 2021
8.3.3 Population Density Variation
8.3.4 The Functional Character of Settlements
8.3.5 Hierarchy of Settlements
8.4 Discussion
8.4.1 Settlement Characteristics of Kerala
8.4.2 Issues of RUC Settlement Development
8.4.2.1 Environmental Issues
8.4.2.2 Economic Issues
8.4.2.3 Governance Issues
8.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 9: Self-Financing Urbanism in Developing Countries: A Ready Reckoner for Land Value Capture (LVC) Instruments
9.1 Urbanization and Challenges
9.2 The Need and Rationale for Land Value Capture (LVC)
9.3 Land Value Capture Instruments
9.4 Development Exactions and Impact Fees (DE&IF)
9.4.1 What Are They?
9.4.2 How Are They Implemented?
9.4.3 How Are They Calculated?
9.4.4 Debates and Controversy
9.5 Tax Increment Financing
9.5.1 What Is It?
9.5.2 How Is It Implemented?
9.5.3 How Is It Calculated?
9.5.4 Debates and Controversy
9.6 Special Assessment Districts and Betterment Levies
9.6.1 What Is It?
9.6.2 How Is It Implemented?
9.6.3 How Are They Calculated?
9.6.4 Debates and Controversy
9.7 Density Bonuses
9.7.1 What Are They?
9.7.2 How Are They Implemented?
9.7.3 How Are They Calculated?
9.7.4 Debates and Controversy
9.8 Land Readjustment (LR) or Land Pooling (LP)
9.8.1 What Is It?
9.8.2 How Is It Implemented?
9.8.3 How Is It Calculated?
9.8.4 Debates and Controversy
9.9 Transferable Development Rights (TDR)
9.9.1 What Are They?
9.9.2 How Are They Implemented?
9.9.3 How Are They Calculated?
9.9.4 Debates and Controversy
9.10 Air Rights
9.10.1 What Are They?
9.10.2 How Are They Created?
9.10.3 How Are They Valued?
9.10.4 Debates and Controversy
9.11 Conclusion
References
Chapter 10: Urban Simulation Model and Urban Growth, Agglomeration, Gentrification: The Case of Lucknow, India
10.1 Introduction
10.1.1 Lucknow: City Profile
10.1.2 Lucknow as a Growth Pole
10.1.3 Urban growth and land-Use classification
10.1.4 Economic Growth in Lucknow
10.2 Research Literature
10.2.1 Urban Growth Simulation Models
10.2.2 Concept of Gentrification and Commercial Gentrification
10.3 Research Methodology
10.3.1 Macro-Level Study
10.3.2 Micro-Level Study
10.4 Analysis and Findings
10.4.1 Macro-Level Study
10.4.1.1 Data Preparation
10.4.1.2 Data Simulation
10.4.1.3 Data Visualization
10.4.2 Micro-Level Study
10.5 Result and Discussion
10.5.1 Macro-Level Study
10.5.2 Micro-Level Study
10.6 Conclusion
10.7 Scope and Limitation
Notes
References
Chapter 11: Carrying Capacity of Air Environment and Development of a Megacity: A Case of NCT Delhi, India
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Methodology
11.3 Literature Study
11.3.1 Growth and Development of Delhi and Air Pollution
11.3.2 Master Plan of Delhi and Provisions for Air Pollution Control
11.3.3 Court Orders and Directions to Control Air Pollution in NCT Delhi
11.4 The Concept of Carrying Capacity of the Air Environment
11.4.1 Supportive Capacity Dimensions of Air Environment
11.4.2 Assimilative Capacity Dimensions of Air Environment
11.5 Framework for Carrying Capacity of the Air Environment
11.6 Lockdown and Impact on Air Pollution
11.7 Recommendations
11.8 Conclusion
References
Chapter 12: Urbanization and Sustainability in the South Pacific Region from the 1990s to 2020
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Objectives of the Study
12.3 Materials and Methods
12.4 Conceptual Framework of Pacific Towns and Cities
12.5 Result and Discussion
12.5.1 Nature and Potential of Pacific Urban Centers
12.5.2 Dense and Dilapidated Pacific Island Cities
12.5.3 Degree of Smartness and Sustainability of Pacific Cities
12.5.4 The Lives of Islanders in the 21st Century
12.5.5 Urban Resilience of the Pacific
12.5.6 Urban Planning and Management in the Pacific
12.6 Conclusion
12.7 Recommendations
References
Part III: Environmental Management and Ecosystem Services
Chapter 13: Walkable Urban Neighborhoods: The Adverse Effects of Industrialization and Climate Change in Developing Countries
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Background
13.3 Theoretical Foundations of Neighborhood Walkability Programs
13.4 The Negative Effects of Industrialization on Walkable Neighborhoods
13.5 The Adverse Impacts of Climate Change on Walkable Neighborhoods
13.6 The Joint Effects of Industrialization and Climate Change on Walkable Neighborhoods
13.7 Recommendations and Implications for Theory, Research, and Policy
13.8 Limitations and Future Research Pointers
13.9 Conclusions
References
Chapter 14: Urban Resilience to the Challenges of Climate Change: The Case of Africa
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Methodology
14.2.1 Approach
14.2.2 Criterion for Research Inclusion and Exclusion
14.3 Results
14.3.1 Climate Change Crisis in African Cities
14.3.2 Resilience and Adaptation to Climate Change
14.4 Discussion
14.4.1 Future Prospects
14.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 15: Not a ‘Peripheral’ Connection: Dynamics of Peri-Urban Agriculture in Kolkata Metropolitan Area, West Bengal
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Methodology
15.3 ‘Urban gardens’ in India and Beyond
15.4 Socio-natural Hybridity and Urban Food Production
15.5 UPA Trajectories in KMA
15.5.1 Practices and Encounters
15.6 Geospatial Analysis of Land-Use Changes
15.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 16: Degraded Land Management in Urban Areas: The Case of Biodiversity Parks in Delhi
16.1 Background
16.2 Methodology
16.3 Literature Study
16.3.1 Reasons for Land Degradation in Urban Areas
16.3.2 Impacts of Land Degradation
16.3.3 Need for Restoring Degraded Land
16.3.4 Biodiversity Parks
16.4 Biodiversity Parks of Delhi
16.5 Restoration Techniques
16.5.1 Soil Treatment
16.5.2 Wetland Revitalization
16.5.3 De-Weeding
16.5.4 Water Conservation
16.5.5 Plantation
16.5.6 Development of Infrastructure
16.6 Results
16.6.1 Yamuna Biodiversity Park
16.6.2 Aravali Biodiversity Park
16.6.3 Tilpath Valley
16.6.4 Tughlaqabad Biodiversity Park
16.6.5 Northern Ridge Biodiversity Park
16.6.6 Neela Hauz Biodiversity Park
16.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 17: Geospatial Analysis of Heat Islands in Badulla MC, Sri Lanka
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Literature Review
17.2.1 Urban Heat Islands
17.2.2 Identification of Urban Heat Islands
17.2.3 Technology Used for Analyzing Urban Heat Islands
17.2.4 Development Trends and Factors Affecting Urban Heat Islands
17.3 Methodology
17.4 Development of Urban Heat Island in Badulla MC
17.4.1 Distribution Pattern of Urban Heat Islands in Badulla MC
17.5 Analysis of Development of UHI in Badulla MC
17.6 Conclusion
17.7 Recommendation to Control UHI in Badulla MC
Bibliography
Chapter 18: Analyzing Land-Use/Land-Cover Changes and Its Impact on Land Surface Temperature in Berhampore Municipality, West Bengal, India
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Description of the Study Area
18.3 Data Source and Methodology
18.3.1 Data Source
18.3.2 Change Analysis for LULC
18.3.3 NDVI
18.3.4 Process for LST
18.3.5 Association between LST and NDVI
18.4 LULC Accuracy
18.5 Results
18.5.1 LU/LC Change
18.5.2 NDVI Change
18.5.3 LST Change
18.5.4 LST and NDVI
18.5.5 LST Profile
18.6 Discussion
18.7 Conclusion
Bibliography
Part IV: A Multidimensional Approach to Urban Ecology, Space, Society and Sustainability
Chapter 19: Reflections from East Kolkata Wetlands: A Conceptual Framework for Building Urban Resilience to Climate Change for Sustainable Urbanism in Developing Countries
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Conceptual Dimensional Model of Urban Resilience
19.3 Research Context
19.3.1 Aim and Scope of the Current Study
19.3.2 Limitations of the Study and Scope of Future Work
19.3.3 Need for the Protection and Conservation of the Wetlands
19.4 EKW Situational Analysis
19.4.1 LULC Change Detection
19.4.2 Dimension-Specific Situational Analysis
19.4.2.1 Environmental Dimension
19.4.2.2 Economic Dimension
19.4.2.3 Social and Cultural Dimensions
19.4.2.4 Institutional Dimension
19.5 Recommendations
19.6 Conclusions
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 20: Urban Societal Needs and Sustainability in Zambia: A Case of Public Land and Housing
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Housing, Access and Sustainability
20.3 Research Methodology
20.4 Public Urban Land and Housing in Zambia
20.4.1 Process of Accessing Public Land for Urban Housing
20.4.2 Barriers to Accessing Public Land for Housing in Urban Areas
20.4.3 High Plot Fees
20.4.4 Inadequate Supply of Public Urban Land
20.4.5 Cumbersome Public Land Allocation Process
20.4.6 Corruption in Land Sector
20.4.7 Rapid Increase in Population
20.4.8 Land Hoarding and Speculation
20.5 Conclusion
Note
References
Chapter 21: Impact of Noise Pollution on Human Health in Barasat Urban Area, West Bengal
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Materials and Methods
21.2.1 Study Area
21.2.2 Methodology
21.3 Results
21.3.1 Land-Use Land Cover Classification
21.3.2 Noise Level Analysis
21.3.3 Health Impacts of Noise
21.3.4 Relationship between Noise Level and Vegetation
21.4 Discussion
21.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 22: Water Vendors of Peri-Urban Kolkata: Life, Livelihood and Lived Experiences
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Study Area
22.3 Materials and Methods
22.3.1 Research Strategy and Methods
22.3.2 Sampling
22.3.3 The Questionnaire
22.3.4 The Interviews
22.3.5 Bias and Errors
22.4 Results and Discussions
22.4.1 Who Are the Vendors?
22.4.2 Occupational History
22.4.3 Modalities of Functioning
22.4.4 Regulation and Control
22.4.5 Issues and Challenges
22.4.6 Discussion
22.5 Conclusion
22.5.1 Major Observations
Notes
References
Chapter 23: ‘Sacred Land Capture’: An Introduction to a New Phenomenon of Encroachment in Urban India
23.1 Introduction: Facts and Facets of Urban India
23.2 SLC: What, How and Where the Phenomenon Takes Place
23.3 Methodology: From Unaccounted Reality on the Ground to Theoretical Contextualization
23.4 Small-Scale Encroachment (Sacred) in Urban Areas
23.4.1 Causes and Consequences of SLC
23.4.2 Exemplifying Undocumented Spatial Features
23.4.3 Observation of Inner Layout of SLC
23.5 Conclusions and Policy Suggestions
Notes
References
Chapter 24: Aging in Urban India: Needs and Policies for Sustainable Development
24.1 Introduction
24.1.1 Evolving Prospects of Aging: India
24.1.2 Growth of Older Population: India
24.1.3 Methodology
24.2 Identifying the Needs of the Aging Population
24.3 India in the Context of Sustainable Cities and Communities
24.4 Exploring Smart Cities Mission and Master Plans with Reference to Old Age
24.4.1 Smart City Mission: India
24.4.2 City Master Plans
24.5 Insights from Senior Citizens of Guwahati City
24.6 Conclusion
References
Index