This book reports the latest research and successful industrial case studies on sustainable technologies in the oil palm industry, ranging from plantation, processing to waste handling. It covers the latest developments on harvesting, refining, nanomaterial production, aviation biofuel, biomass supply chain and waste treatment and handling. This book is a continuation of a previously published Springer book 'Green Technologies for the Oil Palm Industry' and is intended for industrial practitioners and academics interested in sustainable technologies for palm oil milling processes.
Author(s): Dominic C.Y. Foo, Mustafa Kamal Tun Abdul Aziz, Suzana Yusup
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2022
Language: English
Pages: 382
City: Singapore
Foreword
Preface
Contents
Disruptive Technologies for Palm Biomass
Maximizing Valorisation Opportunities from Palm Biomass
1 Introduction
2 Oil Palm Plantations in Malaysia
3 Biomass from Plantations
3.1 Oil Palm Trunks (OPT)
3.2 Oil Palm Fronds (OPF)
4 Palm Biomass from Processing Activities in POM
4.1 Empty Fruit Bunch (EFB)
4.2 Mesocarp Fiber (MF) and Its Opportunities
4.3 Palm Kernel Shell (PKS) and Its Opportunities
4.4 Palm Kernel Cake (PKC) and Its Opportunities
4.5 Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) and Its Opportunities
5 Strategies to Explore Full Potential of Biomass from Plantation
6 Conclusion
References
Aviation Biofuels: Conversion Routes and Challenges
1 Introduction
2 Aviation Jet Fuel’s Standards and Specifications
3 Classification of Feedstock for Bio-Jet Fuel Production
3.1 Wastes/Low-Valued Co-Products
3.2 Dedicated Energy Crops
3.3 Algae
4 Conversion Routes of Bio-aviation Fuel
4.1 Hydroprocessed Renewable Jet Fuel
4.2 Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis
4.3 Alcohol-To-Jet Fuel Process
4.4 Pyrolysis Process
4.5 Hydrothermal Liquefaction
4.6 Blending of Fatty Acid Methyl Ester (FAME) in Jet Fuel
5 SAF in Aircraft Engines
6 Challenges and Opportunities
6.1 Challenges in Biomass Feedstock
6.2 Challenges in Production Process
6.3 Challenges in Commercialisation of Bio-Jet Fuels
7 Conclusion
References
Oil Palm-Based Nanocellulose: From Extraction to Applications
1 Introduction
1.1 Lignocellulosic Components of Oil Palm Biomass
1.2 Nanocellulose
2 Extraction of Nanocellulose from Oil Palm Biomass
2.1 Pre-treatment
2.2 Mechanical Treatment
2.3 Chemo-Mechanical Treatment
2.4 Enzymatic-Mechanical Treatment
3 Characterization of Nanocellulose from Oil Palm Biomass
3.1 Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Analysis
3.2 X-ray Diffraction (XRD) Analysis
3.3 Morphological Analysis
4 Application of Nanocellulose from Oil Palm Biomass
4.1 Food Industry
4.2 Biomedical Field
4.3 Effluent Treatment
4.4 Miscellaneous
5 Conclusion and Future Recommendations
References
Effect of Nanolignin and Nanocrystalline Cellulose on Thermal, Mechanical, and Water Barrier Properties of Starch Composites
1 Introduction
2 Materials and Methods
2.1 Materials
2.2 Methods
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 NCC and NL Characterization
3.2 Bionanocomposite Characterization
4 Conclusion
References
Process Simulation and Scheduling of Bio-succinic Acid Production from Palm Biomass
1 Introduction
2 Process Simulation
3 Process Scheduling
4 Options for Debottlenecking
5 Conclusion
References
Stochastic Modeling for Palm Biomass Supply Chain
1 Introduction
2 Biomass Selection Decision
2.1 Formulation of Generic Correlation Equation
2.2 Monte Carlo Model Formulation for Biomass Selection
2.3 Illustrative Example
3 Facilities Location Decision
3.1 Model Formulation for Location Selection
3.2 Illustrative Example
4 Policy Selection Decisions
4.1 Model for Biomass-Based Polygeneration System
4.2 Illustrative Example
5 Further Reading
6 Conclusion
References
Process Integration Tools for Optimal Allocation of Palm Biomass
1 Introduction
2 Conceptual Understanding
3 Process Integration Methods
3.1 Overall Targeting with Bioenergy Pinch Diagram (BEPD)
3.2 Optimal Allocation with Superstructural Model
4 Biomass Allocation Examples
5 Conclusion
References
Innovations to a Palm Biomass-Fueled Power Plant
1 Introduction
2 Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emission
3 Single Pass Configuration of Water Tube Boiler
4 Fuel Handling and Fuel Feeding
5 Fuel Combustion Grate
6 Boiler Tubes Protection
7 Energy Conservation
8 Heat Recovery
9 Resource Utilization- Zero Waste
10 Soot Removal—Detonation Pulse Technology
11 Summary
12 Conclusion
References
Innovations in Palm Oil Processing
Mathematical Modelling and Optimisation for Fresh Fruit Bunch Harvesting and Evacuation
1 Sustainable Palm Oil
2 Adaptation of Industry 4.0 Technology in Oil Palm Cultivation
3 Improving Oil Palm Fresh Fruit Bunch Harvesting and Evacuation Process
4 Integration of Mathematical Optimisation Modelling in FFB Harvesting and Evacuation Process
5 Methodology
6 Case Studies and Discussions
6.1 Case Studies Descriptions
6.2 Scenario (A): Optimisation of Harvesting and Evacuation Route on Different Plantation Floorplans
6.3 Scenario (B): Optimisation of Harvesting and Evacuation Route with Different Harvestable Fresh Fruit Bunch Distribution
6.4 Scenario (C): Optimisation of Harvesting and Evacuation Route with Different Transporter Loading Capacity
7 Conclusions
References
Zero-Waste Technologies for the Sustainable Development of Oil Palm Mills
1 Introduction
2 Thrust Area 1: Biohydrogen for Power Generation
3 Thrust Area 2: Bioconversion of EFB and POME into Organic Fertiliser
4 Thrust Area 3A: Utilisation of POME and EFB Hydrolysate in Biohydrogen Production
5 Thrust Area 3B: Catalytic Conversion of Biogas into H
6 Thrust Area 4: Biomass Pretreatment for Biohydrogen Production
7 Thrust Area 5: Algae CO2 Sequestration and Effluent Treatment
8 Thrust Area 6: Water Recycling and Reuse
9 Technology Readiness for Commercialisation
10 Conclusion
References
Advancement in Various Stages of Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) Treatment Process
1 Introduction
2 Implementation of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in POME Treatment
2.1 Automating an Up-Flow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket-Hollow Centered Packed Bed (UASB-HCPB) Reactor in POME Treatment
2.2 Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) for POME Anaerobic Digester
2.3 Results and Discussion
3 Integration of Thermal Pretreatment and a Thickening Device
3.1 Materials and Methods
3.2 Results and Discussion
4 Post-Treatment of Anaerobically Treated POME with Assisted Microbubble Flotation
4.1 Materials and Methods
4.2 Results and Discussion
5 Conclusion
References
Performance and Stability of Pre-commercialized Integrated Anaerobic–Aerobic Bioreactor (IAAB) for the Treatment of Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME)
1 Introduction
2 Materials and Methods
2.1 Wastewater Preparation
2.2 Reactor Configuration and Operating Procedures
2.3 Analytical Methods
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Steady State Performance of IAAB at Different OLRs
3.2 Effect of OLR
3.3 Effect of MLSS Concentration and F/M
3.4 Operational Issues Faced by IAAB
3.5 Recommended Operating Conditions for IAAB
4 Conclusion
References
3-MCPDE in Palm Oil Processing: Formation Factors, Transference to Food and Mitigation Approaches
1 Introduction
2 Factors Influencing 3-MCPDE Formation
3 Transference of 3-MCPDE to Food
4 Mitigation Strategies
4.1 Precursors Reduction in CPO
4.2 Refining Process Modification
5 Conclusion
References
Sustainable Practices of IOI Palm Oil and Palm Kernel Processing Complex in Sabah
1 Introduction
2 Conservation of Energy
3 CPO Washing Process for Physical Refinery: 3-monochloropropanediol Ester (3-MCPDE) and Glycidyl Ester (GE) Mitigation Initiatives
4 Research and Development Department
5 Nitrogen Blowing—Quality Preservation
6 Resource Utilization and Zero Waste
7 Reduction in Atmospheric Emissions
8 Kernel Crushing Plant
9 Corporate Social Responsibility
10 Awards and Recognition
11 Conclusion
References
Index
