Sustainable Management and Utilization of Sewage Sludge

Preface
Contents
About the Editors
Sewage Sludge Management for Environmental Sustainability: An Introduction
1 Introduction
2 Brief history of Sanitation Services and Related Health Issues
3 Sewage Sludge Treatments and Associations with Microbial Population
3.1 Impact of the SS on Soil Microbiota
4 Methodological Aspects
5 Legislation
6 Sewage Sludge Disposal Techniques
7 SS-Nutrient Recovery Technologies and Their Biostimulant Action
8 Future Perspectives
9 Conclusions and Recommendations
References
Ecological and Health Risk Assessment in Sewage Irrigated Heavy Metal Contaminated Soils
1 Introduction
1.1 Heavy Metal Contamination Due to Sewage Irrigation
1.2 Quality Analysis of Sewage Water for Agricultural Use
2 Ecological and Human Health Risk Assessment
3 Ecological Monitoring Indices
3.1 Heavy Metal Pollution Index
3.2 Geo-accumulation Index
3.3 Integrated Pollution Index
3.4 Potential Ecological Risk Index
3.5 Heavy Metal Evaluation Index
3.6 Ecological Risk Factor or Single Metal Ecological Risk
3.7 Enrichment Factor
3.8 Contamination Factor and Degree
3.9 Contamination Index
3.10 Heavy Metal Index
3.11 Nemerow Pollution Index
4 Heavy Metal Transfer Within Soil-Plant Continuum
4.1 Accumulation Factor or Bio-accumulation Factor
4.2 Translocation Factor
5 Human Health Risk Assessment Due to Heavy Metal Soil Contamination
5.1 Average Daily Dose
5.2 Estimated Daily Intake of HM
5.3 Chronic Daily Intake
5.4 Non-Carcinogenic Risk Assessment
5.4.1 Hazard Quotient
5.4.2 Target Hazard Quotient
5.4.3 Hazard Index
5.5 Carcinogenic Risk Assessment
6 Conclusions
References
Bioleaching Approach for Enhancing Sewage Sludge Dewaterability
1 Introduction
2 Characteristics of Sewage Sludge
3 Dewatering of Sewage Sludge
4 Dewaterability of Sewage Sludge
5 Bioleaching
5.1 Microorganisms Involved in Bioleaching
5.2 Mechanism of Bioleaching
5.2.1 Sulphur Based Bioleaching Process
5.2.2 Iron-Based Bioleaching Process
5.3 Effect of Bioleaching on Dewaterability
6 Future Scope
7 Conclusion
References
Potential Role of Beneficial Microbes for Sustainable Treatment of Sewage Sludge and Wastewater
1 Introduction
2 Role of Microorganisms for Sustainable Management of Sewage Sludge and Wastewater
2.1 Composition and Structure of Bacterial Communities and Their Control
2.2 Microbial Activities
3 Strategies to Using Microbial Techniques for Wastewater Treatment
3.1 Biological Treatment Techniques
3.2 Microalgae Role in Treatment of Wastewater
3.3 Microbial Electro Remediation Technique
3.4 Microbial Treatment of Sewage Sludge Concerning Specific Organic and Inorganic Contaminants
3.5 Treatment Processes for Organic Contaminants
3.6 Anaerobic Technique
3.7 Aerobic Technique
3.8 Treatment Processes for Inorganic Contaminants
3.9 Microbial Ecology of Sewage Sludge and Wastewater Treatment
3.10 Ponds Stabilization
3.11 Structural Units of Bacteria
3.12 Flocs
4 Wastewater as an Exceptional Resource of Renewable Energy
5 Strategies for Energy Adoption from Wastewater
5.1 Inputs
5.2 Intermediates
5.3 Outputs
6 Beneficial Energy Products Generation from Wastewater
7 Mechanisms Involved for Recovering the Renewable Energy Products
7.1 Production of Biogas
7.2 Microbial Fuel Cells
7.3 Amino Acids and Proteins
7.4 Bio-Pesticides
7.5 Bio-Flocculants and Bio-Surfactants
8 Microbial Fuel Cells for Improved Bioremediation
9 Algae and Cyanobacteria for Wastewater and Sewage Treatment
10 Current Challenges
11 Future Prospects
12 Conclusion
References
Biological and Thermo-chemical Treatment Technologies for Sustainable Sludge Management
1 Introduction
2 Sewage Sludge
3 Biological Methods for Treating and Stabilizing Sewage Sludge
3.1 Sludge Thickening
3.2 Sludge Digestion
3.3 Dewatering
3.4 Sewage Sludge Disposal
3.5 Composting
3.6 Advanced Biological Treatments
3.6.1 Membrane Bioreactor (MBR)
3.6.2 Aerobic Granular Sludge Systems (AGS)
3.6.3 Biological Predation
4 Thermo-Chemical Treatments
4.1 Pyrolysis
4.2 Hydrothermal Liquefaction
4.3 Gasification
4.4 Wet Oxidation
5 Conclusion
References
Emerging Nutrient Recovery Technologies in Sewage Sludge Management
1 Introduction
2 Nutrient Recovery
2.1 Nutrients Accumulation
2.1.1 Prokaryotic Organisms in Nutrients Accumulation
2.1.2 Chemical Precipitants in Nutrient Accumulation
2.1.3 Ion Exchange in Nutrient Accumulation
2.1.4 Algae in Nutrient Accumulation
2.1.5 Plant Species in Nutrient Accumulation
2.1.6 Membrane Filtration in Nutrient Accumulation
2.1.7 Magnetic Separation in Nutrient Accumulation
2.2 Nutrient Release
2.2.1 Anaerobic Digestion in Nutrient Release
2.2.2 Thermochemical Stabilization in Nutrient Release
2.2.3 Bioleaching in Nutrient Release
2.3 Nutrient Extraction
2.3.1 Chemical Precipitation in Nutrient Extraction
2.3.2 Gas-Permeable Membranein Nutrient Extraction
2.3.3 Ammonia Stripping in Nutrient Extraction
2.3.4 Electrodialysis in Nutrient Extraction
3 Conclusion
References
Biostabilization of Sewage Sludge
1 Introduction
1.1 Anaerobic Digestion
1.1.1 Introduction
1.1.2 Major Rudiments for Digestion of Sludge
1.1.3 Process Description
1.1.4 Reaction Kinetics
1.1.5 Pathogen Reduction
1.1.6 Biogas
1.1.7 Procedure and Controller of Sludge (Anaerobic) Digesters
1.1.8 Caring of the Digesters
2 Aerobic Digestion
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Mesophilic Aerobic Digestion
2.3 Digestion with Oxygen
2.4 Thermophilic Digestion
2.5 Composting
References
Sewage Sludge Treatment and Involvement of Microbes
1 Introduction
2 Types of Sludge
3 Sewage Sludge Treatment
3.1 Sludge Thickening
3.1.1 Rotary Drum Thickeners
3.1.2 Gravity Thickeners
3.1.3 Dissolved air Floatation
3.1.4 Centrifugal Thickening
3.1.5 Co-settling Thickening
4 Sludge Digestion
4.1 Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket Reactor
4.2 Fluidized and Expanded Bed Reactors
4.3 Completely Mixed Anaerobic Digester
4.4 Anaerobic Filters
5 Steps of Anaerobic Digestion Process
5.1 Hydrolysis
5.2 Acidogenesis
5.3 Acetogenesis
5.4 Methanogenesis
6 Sludge Dewatering
6.1 Vacuum Filters
6.2 Plate and Frame Filter Press
6.3 Centrifuge
6.4 Belt Filter Press
6.5 Electroosmosis
7 Sludge Disposal
8 Role of Bacteria in Wastewater Treatment
9 Role of Fungi in Wastewater Treatment
10 Role of Protozoa in Wastewater Treatment
11 Conclusion
References
Role of Beneficial Microbes in Sewage Sludge Management
1 Introduction
2 Sewage Sludge Composition and Its Features
3 Microbes in Wastewater
3.1 Viruses
3.2 Bacteria
3.3 Protozoa
3.4 Helminths
3.5 Yeast and Fungi
4 Microbial Indicators
5 Isolation and Identification of Wastewater Pathogens
5.1 Culture-Based Methods
5.2 Nucleic Acid Based Methods
5.3 Immunological Methods
6 Sources of Pathogens
7 Treatment of Wastewater
7.1 Procedures
7.2 Anaerobic and Aerobic Digestion
7.3 Chemical Treatment
7.4 Composting
7.5 Pasteurization
8 Conclusion
References
Sewage Sludge and Its Health Risk Assessment: Opportunities and Challenges
1 Introduction
2 Sewage Sludge
3 Sewage Sludge and Its Implication on Human Health
4 Major Pathogens Associated with Human Ailments Contained in Sewage Sludge
5 Sewage Sludge Application and Its Impact on Plant Pathogens
6 Organic Pollutants
7 Sources of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
8 Contents of Polychlorinated Biphenyls
9 Opportunities of Sewage Sludge in Agriculture
9.1 Status of Nutrients in Sewage Sludge
9.2 Sewage Sludge and Its Impact on Soil Physical Properties
9.3 Sewage Sludge and Its Effect on Soil Chemical Properties
9.4 Sewage Sludge and Its Effect on Soil Biological Properties
10 Conclusions
References
Scope of Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Sewage Sludge for Therapeutic Uses
1 Introduction
2 Occurrence and Spread of ARGs in Sewage Water
3 Treatment Approaches of Wastewater
3.1 Nanomaterial Based Treatment of Wastewater
4 ARBs and ARGs in Sewage Management Plants
4.1 β-Lactamase Resistance Genes
4.2 Sulphonamide Resistance Genes
4.3 Macrolides Resistance Genes
4.4 Tetracycline Resistance Genes
5 Role of STPs in Transmission of ARGs in Bacterial World
6 Molecular Approach to Identifying ARGs
7 ARGs in Therapeutic Use
8 Conclusion and Future Prospects
References
Required Quality of Sewage Sludge as an Agricultural Soil Amendment
1 Introduction
2 Role of Sewage Sludge in Agricultural Production
3 Limitations of Sewage Sludge as an Agricultural Soil Amendment
4 Quality Assurance of Sewage Sludge Prior to Using as a Soil Amendment
4.1 Physic-chemical Characteristics
4.2 Heavy Metal Concentration
4.3 Microbiological Parameters
4.4 Phytotoxicity Evaluation
5 Future Perspectives
References
Detoxification of Sewage Sludge by Natural Attenuation and Application as a Fertilizer
1 Introduction
2 Sewage Sludge (SS): A Worrying Component of Total Waste
2.1 SS Contains: Source of Nutrients in Agricultural
3 Processing of Sewage Sludge: In General
4 Natural Attenuation
4.1 Processing of Sewage by Natural Attenuation
4.1.1 Chemical Analysis of Sludge Sample
4.1.2 Bioassay of Sewage Sludge Sample
5 Impact of Sewage Application on Soil
6 Conclusion and Future Prospects
References
Socio Economic Aspects of Sewage Sludge Use in Agriculture
1 Introduction
2 Sewage Sludge: An Essential Resource
2.1 Usage of Sewage Sludge in Agriculture
2.2 Disadvantage of the Use of Sewage Sludge in Agriculture
2.3 Sociological Impacts of Wastewater Reuse
2.4 Economic Perspective of Waste Water Irrigation
3 Emerging Developments in Agricultural Wastewater Control
4 Cost-Effective Treatment of Wastewater
5 Conclusions
References
Sustainable Use of Sewage Sludge in Soil Fertility and Crop Production
1 Introduction
2 Effect of Sewage Sludge on Soil Fertility and Soil Physico-Chemical and Biological Characteristics
2.1 Soil Physical Characteristics
2.2 Soil Chemical Characteristics
2.2.1 Soil Acidity (pH)
2.2.2 Electrical Conductivity (EC)
2.2.3 Organic Carbon (OC)
2.2.4 Total Nitrogen (Total N)
2.2.5 Macro and Micronutrients
2.2.6 Sodium (Na) and Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR)
2.3 Soil Biological Characteristics
3 Effect of Sewage Sludge on Plant and Crop
3.1 Yield, Agronomic Traits and Some Morphological Characteristics
3.1.1 Positive Effects
3.1.2 Negative Effects
3.2 Product Quality
4 Heavy Metals
4.1 Soil
4.2 Plant
5 Concomitant Use of Sewage Sludge with Chemical Fertilizers (CF)
6 Solutions to Eliminate the Disadvantages or Harms of Sewage Sludge
6.1 Composting of Sewage Sludge
6.2 Ionizing Radiation for the Disinfection of Sewage Sludge
7 Conclusion
References
Municipal Waste Management: Current Research and Future Challenges
1 Introduction
2 Solid Waste Production in Different Societies
3 Production Resources and Solid Waste
3.1 Types of Solid Waste
3.1.1 Garbage
3.1.2 Ashes and Residues
3.1.3 Construction Waste
3.1.4 Special Wastes
3.1.5 Waste Treatment Plants
3.1.6 Agricultural Waste
3.1.7 Hazardous Waste
4 Factors Affecting Waste Recognition
4.1 Garbage Compounds
4.2 Garbage Grading
4.3 Water Content of Garbage
4.4 Organic and Mineral Waste
4.5 Waste Latent Heat
5 Percentage of Elements in the Composition of Waste Materials
6 Classifications in the Field of Waste
7 Solid Waste Disposal
8 Principles of Choosing the Method of Disposal
9 Comparison and Investigation of Effective Factors in Recycling and Disposal of Domestic Solid Wastes
10 Recycling of Waste Materials
11 Processing Principles
12 Compost Production Process
12.1 Properties of Raw Materials in the Production of Compost
12.2 Advantages and Limitations of Compost Production
12.2.1 Waste Stabilization
12.2.2 Deactivation of Pathogens
12.2.3 Application as a Nutrient and Soil Improvement
12.2.4 Drying the Waste Water
12.3 Reasons for the Acceptability of Compost Production
13 Conclusion
References
Management of Sewage Sludge for Environmental Sustainability
1 Introduction
2 Sewage Sludge Production Worldwide
2.1 Characters of Sewage Sludge
2.2 Sewage Sludge Final Treatment and Disposal
2.2.1 Anaerobic Digestion
2.2.2 Composting
2.2.3 Thermal Treatment
3 Sewage Sludge as Pollutant and Its Pathways
3.1 Chemical Contamination in Sludge
3.2 Pathogens
4 Conclusions
References
Global Scenario of Sewage- Sludge Management
1 Introduction
2 Sewage Sludge: Concept
3 Constituents of Sewage- Sludge
4 Sewage
4.1 Composition of Sewage
4.1.1 Chemical Composition
4.1.2 Microorganisms
4.2 Contaminants of Sewage
4.2.1 Pollutants and Nutrients from Organic Sources
4.2.2 Pathogens
4.2.3 Micro-contaminants
4.3 Sewage Characteristics
5 Sludge
5.1 Characteristics of Sludge
5.1.1 Physical Properties
6 Main Contaminants of Sewage- Sludge
6.1 Organic Content
6.2 Suspended Solids
6.3 Nutrients from Plants
6.4 Microorganisms
7 Sewage- Sludge Treatments
7.1 Treatment Processes
7.1.1 Thickening
7.1.2 Dewatering
7.1.3 Digestion
7.1.3.1 Anaerobic Digestion
7.1.3.2 Aerobic Digestion
7.1.4 Composting
7.1.5 Incineration
7.1.6 Drying Beds
8 Wastewater Treatments
8.1 Types of Treatment Systems for Waste Water
8.1.1 Sewage Treatment Plants (STPs)
8.1.1.1 Primary Treatment
8.1.1.2 Secondary Treatment
8.1.1.3 Tertiary Treatment
8.1.2 Effluent Treatment Plants (ETPs)
8.1.3 Activated Sludge Plants (ASPs)
8.1.4 CETPs
9 Wastewater Treatment Process
9.1 Phase Separation
9.2 Sedimentation
9.3 Oxidation
9.4 Polishing
10 Advantages of Waste- Water Treatment
10.1 Reducing Waste
10.2 Making Fertilizer
11 Conclusion
References
Biological and Thermo-chemical Treatment Technologies for Sustainable Sludge Management
1 Introduction
2 Composition of Sewage Sludge
2.1 Strategies in Sludge Management
2.2 Sludge Treatment and Disposal
2.3 Treatment Methods
2.4 Thickening
2.5 Digestion
2.6 Dewatering
2.7 Disposal
2.8 Biological Method
3 Preventing Actions
3.1 Material Recovery
3.2 Organic Matter
3.3 Nutrients
3.4 Carbon Source
3.5 Coagulants
3.6 Bricks
3.7 Pumice
3.8 Slag
3.9 Artificial Lightweight Aggregate (ALWA)
3.10 Portland Cement
3.11 Thermal Conversion
3.12 Deep-Shaft Wet Air Oxidation
3.13 Gasification
4 Conventional Management and Recycling Options
4.1 Land Application
4.2 Incineration
4.3 Landfilling
4.4 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References