Sustainable Horticulture: Microbial Inoculants and Stress Interaction

Front Cover
Sustainable Horticulture
Copyright Page
Contents
List of contributors
About the editors
Preface
1 Effects of microbial inoculants on growth, yield, and fruit quality under stress conditions
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Biotic stresses
1.2.1 Plant diseases
1.2.2 Plant pests
1.3 Abiotic stresses
1.3.1 Drought stress
1.3.2 Heat stress
1.3.3 Salinity stress
1.4 Postharvest fruit storage
1.5 Future perspectives
1.6 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
2 Nutrient availability in temperate fruit species: new approaches in bacteria and mycorrhizae
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Microbial microorganisms
2.2.1 Bacteria
2.2.2 Fungi
2.3 The role of bacteria in nutrient availability
2.3.1 Nitrogen fixation
2.3.1.1 Free-living nitrogen fixing
2.3.1.2 Symbiotic nitrogen fixation
2.3.2 Phosphate solubilizing
2.3.3 Potassium solubilizing
2.3.4 Sequestering iron
2.3.5 Zinc solubilizing
2.4 The role of mycorrhizae in nutrient availability
2.5 Future perspectives and conclusion
References
3 The effects of microbial inoculants on secondary metabolite production
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Bacteria
3.3 Fungi
3.4 Nematodes
3.5 Viruses
3.6 Protozoa
3.7 Conclusion
References
4 Sustainable stress mitigation with microorganisms in viticulture
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Viticulture under environmental stress
4.3 Interactions between grapevine and beneficial microorganisms
4.4 Microorganism employment for precision viticulture
4.5 Arbuscular mycorrhiza symbiosis in viticulture
4.6 Plant growth–promoting rhizobacteria in viticulture
4.7 Concluding remarks and future perspectives
References
Further reading
5 Mitigation of heavy metal toxicity by plant growth–promoting rhizobacteria
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Effects of heavy metals on plants
5.2.1 Arsenic (As)
5.2.2 Cadmium (Cd)
5.2.3 Lead (Pb)
5.2.4 Nickel (Ni)
5.2.5 Aluminum (Al)
5.2.6 Chromium (Cr)
5.2.7 Copper (Cu)
5.2.8 Mercury (Hg)
5.3 Plant growth–promoting rhizobacteria
5.3.1 Nitrogen fixation
5.3.2 Phosphate solubilization
5.3.3 Potassium solubilization
5.3.4 Phytohormone production
5.3.5 Siderophore production
5.3.6 Antibiotics production
5.3.7 Lytic enzymes
5.3.8 Exopolysaccharides production
5.4 Plant growth–promoting rhizobacteria and heavy metal stress
5.4.1 Phytoremediation mechanisms of plant growth–promoting rhizobacteria
5.4.2 Phytoremediation of plant with plant growth–promoting rhizobacteria
5.5 Conclusion
References
6 Regulatory role of microbial inoculants to induce salt stress tolerance in horticulture crops
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Soil microbes and their abundance in soil
6.3 Origin of salinity and its impact on crops
6.4 Salinity effects on crops
6.5 Benefits and effects of microbial inoculants/plant growth–promoting bacteria to plants’ attributes
6.6 Impact of salinity on soil
6.6.1 Nutrient availability
6.6.2 Osmotic potential
6.6.3 Soil biological activity and diversity
6.7 Microbial functional genes that help to alleviate stress tolerance in plants
6.7.1 N cycle–related genes
6.8 Impact of soil salinity on crops
6.9 Regulation of plant response to soil salinity
6.10 Role of microbial phytohormone signaling in conferring salt stress tolerance in plants
6.10.1 Jasmonic acid and ethylene signaling to induce salt stress in plants
6.10.2 Auxin-producing plant growth–promoting rhizobacteria
6.10.3 Cytokinin and gibberellins-producing plant growth–promoting rhizobacteria
6.10.4 Ethylene-producing plant growth–promoting rhizobacteria
6.10.5 ABA-producing plant growth–promoting rhizobacteria
6.10.6 Brassinosteroids-producing plant growth–promoting rhizobacteria
6.10.7 Strigolactones-producing plant growth–promoting rhizobacteria
6.11 Plants with plant growth–promoting rhizobacteria-associated salinity stress tolerance
6.12 Plant growth–promoting bacteria alleviating plant stress due to soil salinity
6.12.1 Direct role/mechanisms of plant growth–promoting rhizobacteria in conferring stress tolerance
6.12.2 Facilitating resource acquisition
6.12.3 N-fixation
6.12.4 P-solubilization
6.12.5 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylase-deaminase
6.12.6 Siderophore production
6.12.7 EPS and biofilms formation
6.12.8 Enhanced plant nutrient uptake
6.12.9 Osmolytes accumulation
6.12.10 Indirect mechanisms
6.13 Plant growth–promoting rhizobacteria modulation of salinity stress response genes to induce plant tolerance
6.14 Conclusion and future prospects
References
7 Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in biotic and abiotic stress conditions: function and management in horticulture
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Principles of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi symbiosis
7.3 Functions of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in abiotic stress conditions
7.3.1 Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and nutrient deficiency
7.3.2 Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and soil salinity
7.3.3 Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and drought stress
7.3.4 Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and toxic elements
7.4 Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi as a biocontrol agent
7.4.1 Improving the host plant nutrient status
7.4.2 Competition
7.4.3 Changes in the host plant roots anatomy
7.4.4 Changes in the microbial status of rhizosphere
7.4.5 Stimulation of the host plant defense system
7.5 Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi technology
7.6 Conclusions and future directions
References
8 Enhancing the physiological and molecular responses of horticultural plants to drought stress through plant growth–promot...
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Effects of drought stress on plants
8.3 Mechanism of the drought tolerance
8.3.1 Physiological responses of the plants
8.3.1.1 Maintenance of the water status in plant tissues and cell
8.3.1.2 Antioxidant defense mechanism
8.3.1.3 Maintaining of membrane stability in plant cells
8.3.1.4 Phytohormones
8.3.1.5 Osmotic adjustment and osmoprotectant
8.3.2 Molecular responses of plants
8.4 Plant growth–promoting rhizobacteria under drought stress
8.4.1 Physiological and molecular responses of the plant growth–promoting rhizobacteria
8.5 Future perspectives and conclusion
References
9 Nanotechnologies for microbial inoculants as biofertilizers in the horticulture
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Characteristics of nanomaterials
9.2.1 Types of nanomaterials
9.2.1.1 Carbon-based nanomaterials
9.2.1.2 Hybrid nanomaterials
9.2.1.3 Metal-based nanomaterials
9.2.1.4 Polymeric nanomaterials
9.2.2 Synthesis of nanomaterials
9.2.2.1 Top-down synthesis
9.2.2.2 Bottom-up synthesis
9.3 Impact of nanomaterials on plant systems
9.3.1 Nanomaterials interaction with the plants
9.3.2 Mobilization of nanomaterials inside plants
9.3.3 Phytotoxicity of nanomaterials
9.3.4 Biochemical and physiological responses
9.3.5 Applications of nanomaterials in plant sciences
9.3.5.1 Biosensors
9.3.5.2 Controlled release of nutrients and agrochemicals
9.3.5.3 Nanomaterials in plant growth
9.4 Nanotechnology in agriculture
9.4.1 Nanoparticles as micronutrients and macronutrients
9.4.2 Nanoparticles as biocontrol agents
9.4.2.1 Nanopesticides and nanoherbicides
9.4.2.1.1 Nanoherbicides and its mechanism
9.4.2.1.2 Advantages of nanopesticides and nanoherbicides
9.4.3 Nanoparticles as abiotic stress alleviators
9.4.3.1 Drought stress
9.4.3.2 Salinity stress
9.4.3.3 Metal stress
9.4.3.4 Temperature stress
9.4.3.5 UV radiation stress
9.5 Nanoformulations for the crops
9.5.1 Microemulsions
9.5.2 Nanoemulsions
9.5.3 Nanodispersions
9.5.4 Nanoencapsulation
9.5.5 Polymer-based nanoformulations
9.5.6 Clay based encapsulations
9.5.7 Greener encapsulations
9.5.8 Metallic nanoparticles
9.5.9 Nanospheres
9.5.10 Nanomicelles
9.5.11 Nanogels
9.6 Nanotechnology in horticultural systems
9.7 Green nanotechnology
9.7.1 Bacteria and fungi as factories for synthesis of nanoparticles
9.7.2 Nano-biofertilizers and horticultural crops
9.7.3 Status of nano-biofertilizers in research and development
9.8 Conclusion and future perspective
Acknowledgments
References
10 Use of microbial inoculants against biotic stress in vegetable crops: physiological and molecular aspect
10.1 Why do we need methods as alternatives to the usage of pesticides in agriculture?
10.1.1 Action mechanism of biological agents on vegetables
10.1.2 Root exudates or chemical attractants
10.1.3 Molecular interaction between plants and the microbial community
10.1.3.1 Plants recruit beneficial microbes via exudation
10.1.3.2 Beneficial model species perceive those signals released by plants and produce response signals
10.1.3.3 Plant species perceive those signals released by beneficial species
10.1.3.4 Ca+2 oscillation during symbiotic relationships
10.2 Pathogen biocontrol
10.2.1 Direct pathogen hunter microbial agents
10.2.1.1 Parasitism
10.2.1.2 Antimicrobial production
10.2.1.3 Cell wall degrading enzyme production
10.2.2 Supportive-microbial agents to cope with pathogens
10.2.2.1 Induced systemic resistance
10.2.2.2 Nutrient supply
10.3 Physiological effects of microbial agents on plants
10.3.1 Direct action mechanisms
10.3.1.1 Nitrogen fixation
10.3.1.2 Dissolving phosphorus
10.3.2 Mechanism of Pi solubilization
10.3.2.1 Lowering soil pH
10.3.2.2 Chelation
10.3.2.3 Mineralization
10.3.2.4 Iron production
10.3.2.5 Phytohormone production
10.3.3 Indirect mechanisms of action
10.3.3.1 Induction of systemic disease resistance
10.3.4 Stress management
10.4 Use of microbial agents on solanaceae
10.5 Use of microbial agents on cucurbitaceae
10.6 Use of microbial agents on Brassicaceae
10.7 Other vegetables
10.8 Conclusion
References
11 Seed application with microbial inoculants for enhanced plant growth
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Methods to inoculate microbial applications
11.3 Plant beneficial microorganisms
11.3.1 Bacterial inoculations
11.3.2 Inoculants containing consortia of different bacterial species
11.3.3 Fungal inoculations
11.3.4 Consortia of different microorganisms
11.4 Microbial seed applications in agriculture
11.4.1 Role of microbial seed applications on plant nutrition
11.4.2 Role of microbial seed application to enhance plant growth and suppress plant diseases
11.4.3 Microbial seed applications decreasing the usage of chemical fertilizers and increasing yield
11.5 Cost-efficient microbial biomass preparations for seed treatments
11.6 Comparison of microbial seed applications with other inoculating methods
11.7 Limitations of microbial seed applications
11.8 Conclusion and future prospective
References
12 Organic waste separation with microbial inoculants as an effective tool for horticulture
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Sorption of polyaromatic hydrocarbons
12.3 Half-lives of polyaromatic hydrocarbons in soils
12.4 Presence of microbial genera/strains in organic waste
12.5 Taxonomical distribution of bacteria in organic waste
12.6 Thermophilic bacteria significance
12.7 Molecular technique to isolate thermophilic bacteria
12.8 Recent advances in characterization of novel metagenome
12.9 Micorbial consortium, an effective tool to degrade polyaromatic hydrocarbons in organic waste via composting
12.10 Microbial consortium (thermophilic or mesophilic), the best option for horticulture crop
12.11 Conclusion
References
13 Preharvest and postharvest application of microbial inoculants influencing postharvest storage technology in horticultur...
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Some relevant preharvest and postharvest factors influencing horticultural crop quality
13.3 Preharvest microbial inoculants, the allies of postharvest management technologies
13.4 Potential of bioinoculants in postharvest horticultural crops protection and preservation
13.5 Postharvest preservation technologies incorporating microbial inoculants or their metabolites
13.6 Conclusion and future prospective
Acknowledgments
References
14 Nano-based biofertilizers for horticulture
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Fertilizers
14.3 Microbial inoculants as fertilizers
14.3.1 Application of biofertilizers
14.4 Types of biofertilizers
14.4.1 Nitrogen-fixing biofertilizers
14.4.1.1 Symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria
14.4.1.2 Free-living nitrogen-fixing bacteria
14.4.1.3 Associative nitrogen-fixing bacteria
14.4.2 Phosphate solubilizing biofertilizers
14.4.3 Potassium solubilizing biofertilizers
14.4.4 Zinc solubilizing biofertilizers
14.4.5 Sulfur oxidizing biofertilizers
14.4.6 Plant growth–promoting biofertilizers
14.5 Nanotechnology—strategic potential in sustainable horticulture
14.6 Nanofertilizers—role in improving crop productivity and crop protection
14.6.1 Effect of macro and micronutrient NFs on plant growth and development
14.7 Nanobiofertilizers—an emerging eco-friendly approach for a smart nutrient delivery system for horticulture
14.7.1 Role in crop protection
14.8 Advantage of nanobiofertilizers over chemical fertilizers
14.9 Conclusion and future perspective
Acknowledgments
References
15 Biochemical and molecular effectiveness of Bacillus spp. in disease suppression of horticultural crops
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Plant growth promotion by Bacillus spp
15.3 Antagonistic effects of Bacillus species in management of the plant pathogens
15.3.1 Competition between Bacillus spp. and plant pathogens
15.3.2 Antibiosis-secondary metabolites with antibiotic properties
15.3.3 Peptide compounds
15.3.3.1 Ribosomally synthesized peptide compounds
15.3.3.2 Nonribosomally synthesized peptide/lipopeptide compounds
15.3.4 Hydrolytic enzymes
15.3.5 Antimicrobial and volatile compounds
15.4 Plant–pathogen–Bacillus interactions
15.4.1 Systemically induced disease resistance
15.4.2 Phenolic compounds and defense enzymes
15.4.3 Defense structures and genetics
15.5 Future perspectives
References
Index
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