Sustainable Fishery Systems

Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Preface and Guide to the Book
Acknowledgements
Part I Fishery Systems
Chapter 1 Introducing Fishery Systems
1.1 Sustainability and Resilience
1.2 Rationale for a Systems Approach
1.3 Fishery Systems as Social-Ecological Systems
1.4 Depicting Fishery Systems
1.4.1 Fishing Effort
1.4.2 Adding Dynamics
1.4.3 Adding Complexity
1.4.4 The Fishery System
1.4.5 Alternatives
1.5 Characterising Fishery Systems
1.5.1 Small-Scale Versus Large-Scale Fishery Systems
1.5.2 Spatial Scale and Time Scale
1.5.3 Other Approaches to Characterising Fishery Systems
1.6 Complexity
1.7 Next Steps
Chapter 2 The Natural System: The Fish
2.1 What Is Caught in Fishery Systems?
2.1.1 Fishes
2.1.2 Shellfish
2.1.3 Characteristics
2.2 Spatial Distribution of Fished Resources
2.3 Fish Dynamics
2.3.1 Single-Species Dynamics
2.3.2 Multi-Species Dynamics
Chapter 3 The Natural System: Fishery Ecosystems
3.1 Ecosystems
3.1.1 Aquatic/Fishery Ecosystems
3.1.2 A Typology of Fishery Ecosystems
3.2 Biodiversity
3.3 The Physical–Chemical Environment
3.3.1 The Winds
3.3.2 Ocean Currents
3.3.3 Upwellings
3.3.4 Other Relatively Localised Phenomena
3.3.5 Physical Features
3.4 Dynamics of Fishery Ecosystems and the Biophysical Environment
Chapter 4 The Human System: Fishers and Fishworkers
4.1 Fishers and Fishworkers
4.1.1 A Typology of Fishers
4.1.2 Women in Fishing
4.1.3 Fishworkers in the Post-Harvest Sector
4.1.4 Fisher Organisations
4.2 Fishing Methods
4.2.1 A Typology of Fishing Methods
4.2.2 The Choice of Fishing Method
4.3 Fisher and Fleet Dynamics
4.3.1 Dynamics of Fishing Effort
4.3.2 Capital Dynamics and Fishing Capacity
4.3.3 Technological Dynamics
4.3.4 Fleet Dynamics
Chapter 5 The Human System: Post-Harvest Aspects and Fishing Communities
5.1 The Post-Harvest Sector of the Fishery
5.1.1 Processing
5.1.2 Marketing and Markets
5.1.3 Distribution and Trade
5.1.4 Consumers
5.1.5 Food Security
5.2 Fishing Households and Communities
5.2.1 Households
5.2.2 Communities
5.3 The Socioeconomic Environment
5.3.1 Links of Fishery Systems and Their Socioeconomic Environment
5.3.2 Labour
5.4 Post-Harvest and Fishing Community Dynamics
5.4.1 Dynamics of Markets and Consumer Demand
5.4.2 Dynamics of Communities and the Socioeconomic Environment
Part II The Fishery Governance and Management System
Chapter 6 Fishery Governance
6.1 Rationale for Governance and Management
6.1.1 Open Access
6.1.2 The Need for Management
6.1.3 The Need for Participatory Management
6.2 Governance and Management
6.3 Fishery Values and Objectives
6.3.1 A Portfolio of Fishery Objectives
6.3.2 Objectives, Priorities, and Conflict
6.4 Fishery Management Institutions
6.4.1 Types and Roles of Institutions
6.4.2 The Choice of Institutions
6.4.3 Examples of Institutions
6.5 Governance of International Fisheries
6.6 Legal Framework
6.6.1 Legal Pluralism
6.7 Dynamics of Fishery Governance
Chapter 7 Fishery Management
7.1 Time Scales of Management
7.2 Spatial Scales of Management
7.2.1 International Coordination
7.2.2 Decentralisation/Devolution
7.3 Appropriate Fishing Effort and Catch Levels
7.3.1 The Yield-Effort Curve
7.3.2 The Gordon–Schaefer Graph
7.3.3 Fishery Objectives Influence the Choice of Effort Levels
7.4 Developing a Portfolio of Fishery Management Measures
7.5 Implementation at the Operational Level
7.6 Fishery Enforcement
7.7 A Survey of Fishery Management Measures
7.7.1 Input (Effort) Controls
7.7.2 Output (Catch) Controls
7.7.3 Technical Measures
7.7.4 Ecologically Based Management
7.7.5 Subsidies
7.8 Dynamics of Fishery Management
Chapter 8 Fishery Development
8.1 Rationale for Fishery Development
8.2 Objectives of Fishery Development
8.3 Strategic Choices in Fishery Development
8.3.1 New Fisheries
8.3.2 Existing Fisheries
8.3.3 Integrated Development
8.4 Targeting Fishery Development
8.4.1 Needs Assessment
8.4.2 Positive Signs
8.4.3 Other Considerations
8.5 Options for Fishery Development
8.5.1 Direct Support to Fishing Activities
8.5.2 Institutional Enhancement
8.5.3 Training and Human Resource Development
8.5.4 Economics and Planning
8.5.5 Scientific, Assessment, Statistical, and Information Support
8.5.6 Fisheries Management and Monitoring/Control/Surveillance
8.5.7 Post-Harvest Support
8.6 Participatory Fishery Development
Chapter 9 Fishery Knowledge
9.1 The Nature of Fishery Knowledge
9.2 The Knowledge of Indigenous Peoples, Fishers, and Communities
9.2.1 Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK)
9.2.2 Indigenous Knowledge
9.2.3 Fisher Knowledge and Local Knowledge
9.3 Connecting Fisher/Local/Indigenous Knowledge with Fishery Science/Research
9.4 Knowledge Within Institutions
9.4.1 Governments
9.4.2 International Agencies
9.4.3 Universities
9.4.4 Private Sector and Nongovernmental Organisations (NGOs)
9.5 Fishery Knowledge: The Natural System
9.5.1 Stock Assessment
9.6 Fishery Knowledge: The Human System
9.7 The Nature of Knowledge Production
9.7.1 Disciplinary Knowledge
9.7.2 Multidisciplinary, Interdisciplinary, Transdisciplinary Approaches
9.7.3 Pure (Basic) and Applied (Targeted) Knowledge
9.8 The Structure of Knowledge Production
9.8.1 Organized by Species
9.8.2 Organized by Function
9.8.3 Organized on a Geographical/Ecosystem Basis
9.9 Dynamics of Fishery Knowledge
Part III Three Major Challenges in Fishery Systems
Chapter 10 Uncertainty in Fishery Systems
10.1 Sources of Uncertainty in Fishery Systems
10.1.1 Sources in the Natural System
10.1.2 Sources in the Human System
10.2 A Typology of Uncertainty
10.2.1 Introduction: The Stock–Recruitment Relationship
10.2.2 Randomness
10.2.3 Uncertainties in Data and Parameters
10.2.4 Structural Uncertainty
10.3 Linking Uncertainty and Dynamics
Chapter 11 Conflict in Fishery Systems
11.1 Conflict over Priorities: Fishery Paradigms
11.1.1 The Conservation Paradigm
11.1.2 The Rationalisation Paradigm
11.1.3 The Social/Community Paradigm
11.1.4 Fishery Paradigms in Practice: Efficiency and Allocation
11.2 A Typology of Fishery Conflicts
11.2.1 Fishery Jurisdiction
11.2.2 Management Mechanisms
11.2.3 Internal Allocation
11.2.4 External Allocation Conflicts
Chapter 12 Attitudes (The Story of a Fishery Collapse)
12.1 The Cod Collapse Experience
12.1.1 The Collapse
12.1.2 The Aftermath
12.1.3 Understanding the Collapse
12.1.4 Recovery?
12.1.5 The Future
12.2 Attitudes Underlying the Cod Collapse
12.2.1 The Role of the Regulator
12.2.2 Blame for the Collapse
12.2.3 The Burden of Proof
12.2.4 Conservation Can Wait
12.2.5 The Illusion of Certainty and the Fallacy of Controllability
12.2.6 Synthesis on Fishery Attitudes
Part IV Modern Strategies for Fishery Systems
Chapter 13 Sustainability and Resilience
13.1 Sustainability
13.2 Resilience
13.3 The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
13.4 Components of Sustainability and Resilience
13.5 Sustainability and Resilience of Institutions
13.5.1 Institutional Sustainability
13.5.2 Institutional Resilience
13.5.3 Institutional Effectiveness
13.6 Sustainability and Resilience within the Fishery System
13.6.1 Biodiversity
13.6.2 Fishing Fleets, Capacity, and Subsidies
13.6.3 Efficiency
13.6.4 Livelihood Diversity
13.6.5 Post-Harvest and Fishing Communities
13.6.6 Fishery Objectives and Principles
13.6.7 Managing Conflict
13.7 Assessing Sustainability and Resilience in Fishery Systems
13.7.1 Sustainability Indicators
13.7.2 Resilience Assessment and Indicators
13.7.3 Developing a Framework of Indicators
Chapter 14 Adaptive, Robust, and Precautionary Management
14.1 Uncertainty and Risk
14.2 Risk Assessment
14.3 Risk Management: Analytical Approaches
14.4 Adaptive Management and Robust Management
14.4.1 Adaptive Management
14.4.2 Structural Uncertainty and Robust Management
14.5 Moving to Robust, Adaptive Management
14.5.1 Avoiding the Illusion of Certainty
14.5.2 Avoiding the Fallacy of Controllability
14.5.3 Avoiding Lack of Robustness (Using a Management Portfolio)
14.6 The Precautionary Approach and the Burden of Proof
14.6.1 Approach Versus Principle
14.6.2 Implementing the Precautionary Approach
14.6.3 The Burden of Proof
14.6.4 Possible Applications of the Precautionary Approach and the Burden of Proof
Chapter 15 The Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries
15.1 Rationale for an Ecosystem Approach
15.2 History of an Ecosystem Approach
15.3 Scope of an Ecosystem Approach
15.4 The Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries (EAF)
15.5 Implementing EAF
15.5.1 Principles
15.5.2 Entry Points
15.5.3 Resources for Implementation
15.6 Implementing EAF: Human Dimensions
15.6.1 Components of Human Dimensions
15.6.2 Human Dimensions Across Scales
Chapter 16 Rights-Based Approaches to Fisheries Management
16.1 The Rationale for Fishery Rights
16.2 Use Rights
16.3 Management Rights
16.4 Use Rights and Management Rights in Context
16.5 Rights Versus Ownership
16.6 The Commons
16.7 Human Rights
16.8 Practicalities of Use Rights
16.9 Forms of Use Rights
16.9.1 Customary Tenure/Territorial Use Rights in Fishing (TURFs)
16.9.2 Limited Entry
16.9.3 Effort (Input) Rights
16.9.4 Catch (Output) Quotas
16.9.5 Community-Based Use Rights
16.10 Use Rights Issues: Initial Allocation
16.11 Use Rights Issues: Transferability
16.11.1 Efficiency
16.11.2 Social Cohesion
16.11.3 Concentration of Rights
16.12 Choosing a Use Rights System
Chapter 17 Co-management and Community-Based Management
17.1 Fishery Co-management
17.1.1 Who Is Involved in Co-management?
17.1.2 Goals of Co-management
17.1.3 Forms of Co-management
17.1.4 Levels of Co-management
17.1.5 Co-management and Components of Fishery Management
17.1.6 Discussion
17.2 Community-Based Fishery Management
17.2.1 What Is Community-Based Fishery Management?
17.2.2 Rationale for Community-Based Fishery Management
17.2.3 What Is Involved in Community-Based Fishery Management?
17.2.4 Experiences with Community-Based Fishery Management
17.2.5 Community-Based Conservation
17.2.6 Community Science
17.2.7 Factors of Success in Community-Based Fishery Management
Part V Fisheries and the Bigger Picture
Chapter 18 Fisheries and Marine Protected Areas
18.1 Fishery Closed Areas
18.2 Nongovernmental (Informal) Protected Areas
18.3 Marine Protected Areas and OECMs
18.4 International Agreements
18.5 Types of MPAs and OECMs
18.5.1 No-Take MPAs
18.5.2 Zoned MPAs
18.5.3 Local/Community MPAs
18.5.4 Large-Scale MPAs
18.5.5 MPA Networks
18.6 Design of MPAs
18.7 Fishery Benefits and Costs of MPAs and OECMs
18.7.1 Examples of Possible Benefits of MPAs
18.7.2 Examples of Possible Costs of MPAs
18.8 Interactions of MPAs and OECMs with Fisheries
18.8.1 Objectives
18.8.2 Policy Linkages
18.8.3 Governance
18.8.4 Rights
18.8.5 Participation and Co-management
18.8.6 Community-Based Approaches
18.8.7 Knowledge
18.8.8 Livelihoods
18.9 MPAs as a Fisheries Management Tool
Chapter 19 Fisheries and Biodiversity Conservation
19.1 Introduction
19.2 A Brief History of Biodiversity Conservation in a Fishery Context
19.3 Fisheries and Endangered Species
19.3.1 Bycatch
19.3.2 Turtles
19.3.3 Marine Mammals
19.3.4 Seahorses
19.4 Fisheries and Biodiversity Conservation
19.4.1 The Fisheries ‘Stream’ and the Biodiversity Conservation ‘Stream’
19.4.2 Tensions Between the Fisheries and Biodiversity Streams
19.4.3 Common Ground of Fisheries and Biodiversity Conservation
19.5 Opportunities Across Scales for Linking Fisheries and Biodiversity Conservation
19.5.1 Global
19.5.2 Regional
19.5.3 National
19.5.4 Local
19.6 Incentives and Opportunities
19.7 CBD and IPBES
Chapter 20 Fisheries and Multi-Sectoral Management
20.1 Fisheries, Competing Uses and the Need for Management of Multiple Sectors
20.2 Integrated Management
20.3 Marine Spatial Planning
20.4 Ocean Zoning
20.5 Blue Economy
20.6 Some Common Features of Multi-Sectoral Approaches
20.6.1 Rationale
20.6.2 Institutional Framework
20.6.3 Spatial Delimitation
20.6.4 Scale
20.7 Fisheries and Multi-Sectoral Management
20.7.1 Benefits of Linking Fisheries and Multi-Sectoral Management
20.7.2 Concerns in Fisheries about Multi-Sectoral Management
20.7.3 Linking Fisheries and Multi-Sectoral Management
Chapter 21 Fisheries and Climate Change
21.1 Impacts of Climate Change
21.1.1 Physical, Chemical, and Biological Impacts of Climate Change
21.1.2 Effects of Climate Change on Human Dimensions of the Fishery System
21.1.3 Differential Impacts of Climate Change
21.2 Vulnerability and Adaptive Capacity
21.3 Responses to Climate Change: Mitigation and Adaptation
21.4 Responses to Climate Change: Mitigation
21.5 Responses to Climate Change: Adaptation
21.5.1 Types of Adaptation
21.5.2 Community-Based Adaptation
21.5.3 Differential Impacts and Benefits of Climate Adaptation
21.5.4 Adaptation of Fishery Management and Governance to Climate Change
21.5.5 Making Management and Governance more Adaptive, Flexible, and Robust
Part VI Conclusions
Chapter 22 Sustaining Fisheries into the Future
22.1 A Review of Fishery Systems
22.2 A Review of Fishery Sustainability and Resilience
22.3 Making Fishery Governance and Management Effective
22.3.1 Institutions
22.3.2 Robust, Adaptive, and Precautionary Management
22.3.3 Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries
22.3.4 Rights
22.3.5 Co-management
22.3.6 Community-Based Management
22.4 The Bigger Picture Around the Fishery System
22.4.1 Fisheries and Biodiversity Conservation
22.4.2 Fisheries, MPAs, and OECMs
22.4.3 Fisheries and Multi-Sectoral Management
22.4.4 Fisheries and Climate Change
22.5 A Closing Note
Appendix A Atlantic Canada’s Groundfish Fishery System
A.1 The Fish
A.2 The Ecosystem and the Biophysical Environment
A.3 The Fishers
A.4 The Post-Harvest Sector
A.5 Fishing Communities
A.6 The Socioeconomic Environment
A.7 Fishery Policy and Planning
A.8 Management Institutions
A.9 Fishery Management
A.10 Fishery Development
A.11 Fishery Knowledge
Appendix B Models of Fishery Systems
B.1 Integrated Fishery Models
B.2 Bioeconomic Models
B.3 A Behavioural Model
B.4 An Optimisation Model
B.5 Summary
Appendix C Developing a Framework of Fishery Indicators
C.1 Process for Indicator Development
C.1.1 Participants
C.1.2 Indicator Identification
C.1.3 Classification
C.1.4 General Quality Criteria
C.1.5 Context-Specific Criteria
C.1.6 Data-Specific Criteria
C.2 Ecological, Socioeconomic/Community, and Institutional Sustainability Indicators
C.2.1 Aggregation
References
Index
EULA