Sustainable Development Goals in Northeast India: Challenges and Achievements

Foreword
Acknowledgements
About This Book
Contents
1 Sustainable Development Goals in Northeast India—Challenges and Achievements
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Sustainable Development
1.3 SDGs and North East India
1.4 Chapters on SDGs
1.4.1 Part I: Introduction
1.4.2 Part II: SDG and North East India
1.4.3 Part III: Case Studies
References
Part I Introduction
2 Professor Narendra Nath Bhattacharyya: A Brief Profile of His Life, Academic Career and Contributions
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Childhood and Schooling
2.3 Higher Education and Academic Career
2.4 Doctoral Research
2.5 Service Career
2.6 Research Guidance
2.7 Publications
2.8 Organizational Linkages and Academic Activities
2.9 Family Life
2.10 Conclusion
References
3 Just Transition, (Re)vision 2020—The Story Hitherto
3.1 Introduction
3.2 A Window to the North-East of Location and People
3.3 North-Eastern Region Vision 2020 (NER2020) Strategy
3.4 Empowering of the People and Institutions—Inclusive Growth Through Inclusive Governance
3.4.1 Economic Development Perspectives (EDP)
3.4.2 Institutional Development Perspectives (IDP)
3.4.3 Participatory Development Perspectives (PDP)
3.4.4 Human Resource Development Perspectives (HRDP)
3.4.5 Infrastructure Development Perspectives (Infr. DP)
3.5 Creating a Hospitable Climate- Economic, Political, and Transnational
3.6 Just Transition, Economic Growth and Economic Development: NER2020
3.7 Conclusion
References
Part II SDG and North East India
4 An Analysis of the Performance of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in the North-East Region of India: An Economics Perspective
4.1 Introduction
4.1.1 The Evolution of SDGs in India: A Socio-Economic Perspective
4.2 SDG in the North-East Region (NER) in India
4.2.1 Poverty and Inequality
4.2.2 Hunger, Health or Well-Being
4.2.3 Quality Education and Gender Equality
4.2.4 Target 08: Clean Water and Sanitation
4.2.5 SDG 07: Affordable and Clean Energy
4.2.6 Goal 08: Decent Work and Economic Growth
4.2.7 Goal 09: Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure
4.2.8 Goal 11: Sustained Cities and Communities
4.2.9 Sustained Production and Consumption
4.3 Conclusion and the Way Forward
References
5 Extreme Weather Events and Food Insecurity in Northeast India
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Literature Review
5.2.1 Climate Change and Food Insecurity
5.2.2 Extreme Weather Events and Food Insecurity
5.3 Data and Methodology
5.3.1 Data Source and Study Sample
5.3.2 Methodology
5.4 Empirical Results
5.4.1 Extent of Food Insecurity Across NER States
5.4.2 Regression Results
5.5 Concluding Remarks
References
6 Food Security in North-East India: The Role of Agriculture, Challenges, and the Road Ahead
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Dimensions of Food Security
6.3 Food Production
6.4 Cropping Pattern/Land Use
6.5 Agricultural Challenges Prevalent in the Region
6.6 Linking Agriculture and Sustainable Development Goals
6.7 The Impetus for Agricultural Growth and Ensuring Food Security
6.8 Policy Reforms for Sustainable Growth
6.9 Conclusion
References
7 Juxtaposing Food Security and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in North-East India: Evidence and Explanations
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Structure of the Chapter
7.3 Food Insecurity, Farming Distress and Institutional Arrangements of Ensuring ‘Food for All in India’
7.4 Food Security and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in North-East India: Evidence and Explanations
7.5 Conclusion
References
8 Land Degradation, Desertification, and Food Security in North-East India: Present and Future Scenarios
8.1 Introduction
8.1.1 About the North-Eastern (NE) Region
8.1.2 Land Use Pattern
8.2 Land Degradation and Desertification in NER of India
8.3 The Vulnerability of Land Degradation and Desertification in NER
8.3.1 Overgrazing and Deforestation
8.3.2 Shifting Cultivation or Slash and Burn Practices
8.3.3 Urbanization and Mining
8.3.4 Socio-natural Sources of Land Degradation
8.3.5 Land Scarcity, Fragmentation and Poor Economy
8.3.6 Over Irrigation, Flood and Water Management
8.3.7 Monoculture and Poor Crop Rotations
8.3.8 Inorganic Fertilizer and Pesticide Overuse
8.4 Land Degradation Mitigation Measures and Strategies
8.5 Effects of Land Degradation and Desertification (Past and Present Scenario) on Food Security
8.6 Prediction in Land Degradation and Desertification Concerning Food Security
8.7 Sustainable Development Goals for Land Degradation and Desertification
8.8 Conclusion
References
9 Enhanced Vegetation Index and Land Use Analysis for Seven Sister States of India (2000–2022)
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Study Area
9.3 Analysis
9.4 Results and Conclusions
References
10 Quality of Living Space Among Rural Households in North-Eastern Region of India
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Objective of the Study
10.3 North-Eastern Region
10.4 Database and Methodology
10.5 Results and Discussion
10.6 Availability of Household Amenities and Assets and Position of Districts
10.7 Levels of Quality of Living Space
10.8 Conclusions
References
11 Augmentation of North-East Resources: Intervention Through Data Science and Advanced Technology
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Agricultural Yield and Post-harvest Value Addition
11.2.1 Agricultural Robots
11.2.2 Crop and Soil Monitoring
11.2.3 Predictive Analytics
11.3 Precision Agriculture
11.4 Database on Taxonomy and Bioinformatics
11.4.1 DNA Sequencing
11.4.2 Protein Classification
11.4.3 Analysis of Gene Expressions
11.4.4 Genome Annotation
11.4.5 Computer Aided Drug Design (CADD)
11.5 Environment
11.6 Traditional Knowledge Documentation
11.7 Conclusion
References
12 Sustainable Development Goals (SDG 3) “Health and Well-Being”: What’s Ailing North–Eastern States?
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Health Indicators of North–Eastern States
12.3 Various Communicable and Non-communicable Diseases
12.3.1 Tuberculosis
12.3.2 Diarrhoeal Diseases
12.3.3 Malaria
12.3.4 Japanese Encephalitis
12.3.5 Immunodeficiency Diseases
12.3.6 Respiratory Diseases
12.3.7 Malignancies
12.3.8 Mental Health Issues
12.3.9 Substance Abuse and Addiction
12.3.10 Utilization of Healthcare Services
12.4 Conclusion
References
13 Progress Made by the Northeastern States of India Towards the 2030 Health-Related Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): Performance of the Health and Well-Being Indicators
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Data and Methodology
13.2.1 Data Source
13.2.2 Methodology
13.3 Analysis and Results
13.3.1 Family Planning Services
13.3.2 Child Immunization
13.3.3 Maternal and Reproductive Health
13.3.4 Nutritional Status of Children
13.3.5 Nutritional Status of Adults
13.3.6 Tobacco and Alcohol Consumption
13.3.7 Infant Mortality Rate
13.3.8 Maternal Mortality Ratio
13.3.9 Under-Five Mortality Rate
13.3.10 Neo-Natal Mortality Rate
13.4 Summary and Conclusions
References
14 Status of Gender Equality in the Northeastern States: A Pathway Towards Achievement of Sustainable Development Goal
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Gender Inequality at International Level
14.3 Area of the Study
14.4 Literature Review
14.5 Theoretical Framework
14.6 Socialization Theory
14.7 Double-Burden Syndrome
14.8 Sticky Floor Theory
14.9 Schema Theory
14.10 Conceptual and Theoretical Framework Justifying Reasons for Gender Inequality
14.11 Data and Methodology
14.12 Gender Inequality in Employment
14.13 Gender Inequality in Education
14.14 Literacy Ratio
14.15 Enrollment Gap
14.16 Gender Inequality in Health
14.17 Sex Ratio
14.18 Life Expectancy at Birth
14.19 Infant Mortality Rate
14.20 Gender Inequality in Political Participation
14.21 Conclusions
14.22 Limitations and Future Scope
14.23 Policy Implications
References
15 Change in Dominant and Deficient Functions of Rural Female Workers in North-Eastern Region of India: An Analysis
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Objective of the Study
15.3 Study Area
15.4 Data Source and Research Methodology
15.5 Changing Pattern of Rural Female Working Force
15.6 Changing Pattern of Rural Female Cultivators
15.7 Changing Pattern of Rural Female Agricultural Labourers
15.8 Changing Pattern of Rural Female Workers in Household Industry
15.9 Changing Pattern of Rural Female Other Workers
15.10 Pattern of Dominant and Deficient Functions of Rural Female Workers
15.11 Change in Dominant and Deficient Functions of Rural Female Workers
15.12 Areas of No Change
15.13 Conclusions
References
16 An Evolving Paradigm of Cybersecurity in North Eastern India
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Cyberattacks and the Evolution of Network Risks
16.3 The Rise of State-Backed Actors
16.4 Critical Infrastructures in the Cross Hair
16.5 The India Story
16.6 North Eastern India and Cyber Risk Evaluation
16.7 The Current Response Model
16.8 Cybersecurity Response Model for the Future
16.9 Conclusion
References
Part III Case Studies
17 Sustainable Development Goals and Assam—A Roadmap to a Better Future
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Study Area
17.3 Related Researches
17.4 SDG India Index 2018 and Assam
17.5 SDG Indicators and Assam
17.5.1 Goal 1: End Poverty in All Its Forms Everywhere
17.5.2 Goal 2: End Hunger, Achieve Food Security and Improved Nutrition and Promote Sustainable Agriculture
17.5.3 Goal 3: Ensure Healthy Lives and Promote Well-Being for All at All Ages
17.5.4 Goal 4: Ensure Inclusive and Equitable Quality Education and Promote Lifelong Learning Opportunities for All
17.5.5 Goal 5: Achieve Gender Equality and Empower All Women and Girls
17.5.6 Goal 6: Ensure Availability and Sustainable Management of Water and Sanitation for All
17.5.7 Goal 7: Ensure Access to Affordable, Reliable, Sustainable and Modern Energy for All
17.5.8 Goal 8: Promote Sustained, Inclusive and Sustainable Economic Growth, Full and Productive Employment and Decent Work for All
17.5.9 Goal 9: Build Resilient Infrastructure, Promote Inclusive and Sustainable Industrialization and Foster Innovation
17.5.10 Goal 10: Reduce Inequality Within and Among Countries
17.5.11 Goal 11: Make Cities and Human Settlements Inclusive, Safe, Resilient and Sustainable
17.5.12 Goal 12: Ensure Sustainable Consumption and Production Patterns
17.5.13 Goal 13: Take Urgent Action to Combat Climate Change and Its Impacts
17.5.14 Goal 14: Conserve and Sustainably Use the Oceans, Seas and Marine Resources for Sustainable Development
17.5.15 Goal 15: Protect, Restore and Promote Sustainable Use of Terrestrial Ecosystems, Sustainably Manage Forests, Combat Desertification, and Halt and Reverse Land Degradation and Halt Biodiversity Loss
17.5.16 Goal 16: Promote Peaceful and Inclusive Societies for Sustainable Development, Provide Access to Justice for All and Build Effective, Accountable and Inclusive Institutions at All Levels
17.5.17 Goal 17: Strengthen the Means of Implementation and Revitalize the Global Partnership for Sustainable Development
17.6 Conclusion
References
18 Measuring Gaps to Achieve the SDG 1 in Assam and Identifying the Causes
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Poverty Concept and SDGs
18.3 Data
18.4 Methods
18.5 Discussion
18.6 Understanding the Causes
18.7 Conclusion
References
19 On Understanding the Drinking Water Treatment Requirements in Assam, India, During Emergencies
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Mapping Gendered Water Access
19.3 Methodological Issues
19.4 State of Drinking Water in India and Burden of Diseases
19.5 Conclusion
References
20 Perilous Waters: Gendering Community-Based Disasters Management Practices from Floods—A Study of Majuli, Assam
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Situating the Field Area of Study
20.3 Methodological/Epistemological framework for the Research
20.4 Revisiting Disasters Through a Gendered Lens
20.5 Understanding the Prerequisite of Gender as an Analytical Category in Disasters Management
20.6 Factors Influencing Gendered Vulnerabilities in Disasters
20.7 Gendered Roles
20.7.1 Gender Role of Men and Women in Different Phases of Disaster Management
20.8 Changing Roles of Women and Their Vulnerability Due to Added Roles
20.9 Hegemonies Spaces and Gender Vulnerabilities
20.10 Unequal Access to Resource and Power Dynamics
20.11 Lack of Healthcare Facilities
20.12 Gendered Exclusive Early Warning System and Responses in CBDM
20.13 Women Resisting the Everyday Precarity in Majuli
20.14 Way Forward
References
21 Rejuvenating Geographies of Manas Through People’s Participation: A Success Story of Community Conservation
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Study Area
21.3 Materials and Method
21.4 Discussion
21.5 A New Beginning, A New Hope
21.6 Conclusion
References
22 Ephemeral Char Ecosystems and Mitigation of Flood-Induced Vulnerability Along River Brahmaputra
22.1 Introduction
22.2 A Brief History of River Management
22.3 Precarity as a perennial feature of life
22.3.1 Response to Vulnerable Conditions
22.4 Hydrosocial Agents at the Centre of Sustainability
References
23 Making Unpaid Work Visible—The Key to Removing Gender Inequality: A Study in the Urban Households of Assam
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Unpaid Work and Sustainable Development Goals
23.3 The ‘3 R s’
23.4 Unpaid Work and Performance of Women in the Labour Market
23.5 Case Studies
23.6 Valuation of Unpaid Work
23.7 Problems/Limitations of Time-Use Survey Data
23.8 Conclusion
References
24 Wildlife Habitat Dynamics and Sustainable Development: Revisiting Pabitora Wildlife Sanctuary of Assam India
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Study Area
24.3 Dataset and Methodology
24.4 Results
24.4.1 Habitat Change
24.4.2 Invasive Plant Species
24.4.3 Habitat Suitability
24.4.4 Accuracy Assessment of Suitability Model Based on Animal Presence and Absence
24.5 Conclusion and Recommendations
References
25 Prospects of Tourism Sector in Assam to Achieve Sustainable Development Goals
25.1 Introduction
25.2 Sampling Framework
25.3 Profile of the Study Area
25.4 Kaziranga National Park (KNP)
25.5 Majuli Island
25.6 Effect of Tourism in Economic Growth
25.7 Constraints of Tourism Sector in Assam
25.8 Conclusions and Policy Implications
References
26 Sustainable Ethnic Tourism Development in Arunachal Pradesh
26.1 Introduction
26.1.1 Sustainable Tourism
26.1.2 Ethnic Tourism
26.1.3 Community Participation as a Tool for Sustainable Development
26.1.4 Scope for the Development of Ethnic Tourism in Arunachal Pradesh
26.2 Study Setting
26.3 Material and Methods
26.4 Results
26.4.1 Scope for Development of Ethnic Tourism in the Study Areas
26.4.2 Participation of Respondents in Tourism
26.4.3 Local Residents’ Attitudes Toward Impacts of Tourism Development
26.5 Discussion
26.6 Conclusion
References
27 SDG 3 in Manipur: A Story of Hill-Valley Divide?
27.1 Introduction
27.2 Sustainable Development Goal 3
27.3 Manipur
27.3.1 Relative Performance in Health: India and Manipur
27.3.2 District-Wise Performance
27.4 Challenges to the Achievement of ‘Health and Well-Being for All’ in Manipur
27.4.1 Health Financing
27.4.2 Infrastructure
27.4.3 Other Challenges
27.5 Conclusion
References
28 An Analytical Study on the Inseparable Relations Between Food, Population, Arable Land and Economy in Manipur from the Perspective of Sustainability
28.1 Introduction
28.2 Inseparable Relations Between Food, Population, Arable Land and Economy
28.3 Conclusion
References
29 Application of Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques for Landslide Hazard Zonation in Tamenglong District of Manipur, North East India
29.1 Introduction
29.2 Study Area
29.3 Objective
29.4 Materials and Methods
29.5 Results and Discussion
29.5.1 Local Geology
29.5.2 Slope Gradient and Aspect
29.5.3 Land Use
29.5.4 Drainage Density
29.5.5 Rainfall
29.6 Landslide Hazard Mapping
29.7 Result
29.8 Conclusion
References
30 Analyzing Development Induced Trade-Offs: A Case Study of Loktak Multipurpose Project (LMP) in Manipur
30.1 Introduction
30.2 Study Area
30.3 History of the Loktak Multipurpose Project (LMP), Manipur
30.4 Methodology
30.5 Analysis and Results
30.6 Discussion and Conclusion
References
Index