Sustainable Development Goals in Europe: A Geographical Approach

Acknowledgements
Contents
SDG 1. End Poverty in All Its Forms Everywhere
SDG1 in Europe: Micro-grants, Poverty, and the Big-Picture Future of Sustainable Development in a Post-pandemic World
Introduction
Performance of European Countries Against the SDGs 1: End of Poverty
Micro-grants: Sustainable Approaches Through Local Innovation and Creativity
Vetting Grant Applicants
Intermediaries for Linking Providers and Recipients
Timeliness
Supporting the Social Pillar of Sustainability
Grant Management and Oversight
Grant Deliverables
Trust and Grant Formalization
The Threat of Success
Re-“Viewing” Sustainable Development
Conclusion
References
SDG 2. End Hunger, Achieve Food Security and Improved Nutrition, and Promote Sustainable Agriculture
Geography: Origin of the Complexity of the Food System
Geography Imposes Its Barriers
Development of the Food System in Three Major Stages
The Complexity of the Global Food System
Feeding a Growing Population in Balance with the SDGs
Sustainable Global Food System and SDGs for Zero Hunger
A Quantitative Model of Approximation to the SDGs. Zero Hunger
References
SDG 3. Ensure Healthy Lives and Promote Well-Being for All at All Ages
Exploring Health and Well-Being in a European Context
Introduction
About SDG3 and its Targets
Exploring the Data on SDG3
Target 3.1: Reduce Maternal Mortality
Target 3.2: End All Preventable Deaths Under 5 years of Age
Target 3.3: Fight Communicable Diseases
Target 3.4: Reduce Mortality from Non-communicable Diseases and Promote Mental Health
Target 3.5: Prevent and Treat Substance Abuse
Target 3.6: Reduce Road Injuries and Deaths
Target 3.7: Universal Access to Sexual and Reproductive Care, Family Planning and Education
Target 3.8: Achieve Universal Health Coverage
Target 3.9: Reduce Illnesses and Deaths from Hazardous Chemicals and Pollution
Target 3.A: Implement the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control
Target 3.B: Support Research, Development and Universal Access to Affordable Vaccines and Medicines
Target 3.C: Increase Health Financing and Support Health Workforce in Developing Countries
Overall Progress in Relation to SDG3
COVID-19 Impacts on SDG3
Demographic Futures in Europe and Beyond
References
SDG 4. Ensure Inclusive and Equitable Quality Education and Promote Lifelong Learning Opportunities for All
New Horizons for Quality Education Within the Framework of the 2030 Agenda
Quality Education in Europe: A Reality, or a Distant Goal?
Educational Inequalities in Basic Education
Higher Education in Europe: Tertiary Education and Lifelong Learning
Expenditure on Education and Its Impact on the Development of European Citizens
References
SDG 5. Achieve Gender Equality and Empower All Women and Girls
Recent Demographic Trends in Spanish Rural Areas: Poverty and Inequality with Gender Perspective (1999–2020)
Spanish Rural Areas: Evolution, Characteristics and Current Situation
Objectives and Methodology
Results and Discussion
Demographic Changes in Spanish Rural Areas: Reversed or not Reversed that is the Question
The Path to Achieving SDGs 5 and 10 in Spanish Rural Areas, Near or Far
Conclusion
References
SDG 6. Ensure Availability and Sustainable Management of Water and Sanitation for All
Sustainable Solution for Clean Water (SDG6) Implemented in Ethiopia to Remove Fluoride from Drinking Water Using Natural Zeolites
The Sustainable Development Goals of the United Nations and SDG6
The Problem of Fluoride and Fluorosis
The Solution Based on Natural Zeolites: A Technology Transfer Journey
The Bumpy Road of the Implementation in Ethiopia
The Role of Commitment and Interaction Between the Different Actors
References
SDG 7. Ensure Access to Affordable, Reliable, Sustainable, and Modern Energy for All
Improving Eco-social Literacy Using Spanish Media Coverage of the EU’s Clean Energy Strategy
Introduction
Methodology
Results and Discussion
Steps to Achieve Zero Emissions in the World and the EU Response
The Nuclear Energy Issues
Ongoing Initiatives
Promoting Renewable Energy Sources
The Other Side of the Coin: Energy Poverty
Eco-social Literacy: The Main Concepts for a Clean Energy Future
Conclusions
References
SDG 8. Promote Sustained, Inclusive, and Sustainable Economic Growth, Full and Productive Employment, and Decent Work for All
“Economics for Future” from Different Perspectives—Critical Reflections on SDG 8 with a Special Focus on Economic Growth and Some Suggestions for Alternatives Pathways
Introduction
Critical Reflections on SDG 8
Going Beyond: Designing the Post-growth Era
Young People’s Perspectives on Post-growth Economies
Conclusion
References
SDG 9. Build Resilient Infrastructure, Promote Inclusive and Sustainable Industrialization, and Foster Innovation
Perceived Benefits and Barriers to Cooperation Between Small Farms and Clusters—A Case Study of Poland
Introduction
Materials and Methods
Materials
Methods
Literature Review
Definition of a Cluster
Field Research
Clusters in Europe
Clusters in Poland
Expert Survey—Policies Targeting Regional Agribusiness Clusters—Opportunities and Barriers
Farmer Survey
Solutions for Improving Cooperation Between Farmers and Agro-clusters
Conclusions
References
SDG 10. Reduce Inequality Within and Among Countries
Spatial Disparities: An Approach to Reveal “Hidden Areas” to Territorial Development in the Marrakech-Safi Region—Morocco
Introduction
The Marrakech-Safi Region: A Relevant Space to Study Spatial Disparities
Methodology
Data Collection
Calculation of a Multidimensional Territorial Development Index
Statistical Analysis PCA, HAC and Spatial Representation
The Multidimensional Territorial Development Index at the Communal Level (MTDIC)
Spatial Distribution of MTDIC
Variation and Disparity of MTDIC at the Level of Each Province
The Multidimensional Territorial Development Index at the Provincial Level (MTDIP)
What Correlation Between the Deficits Used for the Calculation of MTDI
Correlation Analysis Between Deficits
The Distribution of Deficits Used for the Calculation of MTDIC Within the 8 Provinces of the Marrakech-Safi Region
A Causal Relationship Between the Deficits Used for the Calculation of MTDI and an Increased Disparity of MTDI at the Level of the Communes of the Marrakech-Safi Region
Spatial Disparities in Relation to the Deficits Used for the Calculation of MTDI
Links Between Deficits in Different Indicators
Conclusion
References
SDG 11. Make Cities and Human Settlements Inclusive, Safe, Resilient, and Sustainable
Sustainable Cities, Urban Indicators and Planning for the New Urban Agenda. Sustainable Developments Goals and the Rights to the City
Introduction
Urban Planning Monitoring Sustainable Cities and Communities
Urban Indicators for Sustainable Cities and Communities
United Nations Indicators
European Indicators
Indicators in Spain
Sustainable Urban Development and the Rights to the City
Conclusions
References
SDG 12. Ensure Sustainable Consumption and Production Patterns
Toward a New Sustainable Production and Responsible Consumer in the Food Sectors: Sustainable Aquaculture
Introduction
Sustainable Economic Development
Sustainable Production
Sustainable Production: Aquaculture Sector
Spanish Fishing in the EU
Recovery, Transformation and Resiliency Plan PERTE
PERTE and the Circular Economy
Sustainable Consumption
European Healthy Consumption Organizations
Characteristics of New Consumers (Deloitte 2022)
Conclusions
References
SDG 13. Take Urgent Action to Combat Climate Change and Its Impacts
1975–2018: 43 Years of Glacial Retreat in the Incachiriasca Glacier (Nevado Salcantay, Vilcabamba Range, Peru)
Introduction
Study Area
Methodology
Glacier Limit Mapping from Satellite Imagery (1975–2007)
Glacier Delimitation Based on Fieldwork and Topographic Analysis (2007–2018)
Data Processing in a Geographic Information System
Results
Surface Reduction
Glacier Front Retreat
Glacier Minimum and Average Elevation
Discussion
INCA-I and INCA-II Glacier Evolution Since Oppenheim and Spann (1946)
Regional RAR Comparison
Relation Between Glacier Size and RAR
Conclusions, Implications and Management Actions
References
SDG 14. Conserve and Sustainably Use the Oceans, Seas, and Marine Resources for Sustainable Development
Jellyfish Distribution and Abundance on the Southern Coast of the Iberian Peninsula
Introduction
The Impact of Jellyfish Blooms
The Role of Marine Geography
Materials and Methods
The Andalusian Coast (Southern Spain)
GIS Analysis of Jellyfish Sightings
Results and Discussion
Distribution and Abundance of Jellyfish Sightings
Overall Picture Implications for Coastal Management
Conclusions
References
SDG 15. Protect, Restore, and Promote Sustainable Use of Terrestrial Ecosystems, Sustainably Manage Forests, Combat Desertification, and Halt and Reverse Land Degradation and Halt Biodiversity Loss
Using the European CORINE Land Cover Database: A 2011–2021 Specific Review
Introduction
CORINE Land Cover Database
Bibliographic Reviews Relating to Land Use/Land Cover Change
Methods
Results
The Authors
Analysis of the Citations
The Use of the CLC Database
Discussion and Conclusions
References
SDG 16. Promote Peaceful and Inclusive Societies for Sustainable Development, Provide Access to Justice for All and Build Effective, Accountable, and Inclusive Institutions at All Levels
Achieving a Sustainable Future: The Geographical Centrality of UN SDG-16, Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions
Introduction: UN Sustainable Development Goal 16
Foundational Geographical Research
Theory, Concepts and Contexts
The UN and SDG-16
SDG-16: Emergency, Crisis or Disaster
Integrating SDG-16 into Education
Conclusions
References
SDG 17. Strengthen the Means of Implementation and Revitalize the Global Partnership for Sustainable Development
Revitalizing the Global Alliances for Sustainable Development; Analyzing the Viability of SDG 17 Using Marine Conservation Case Studies in Europe
The Sustainable Development Goals of the United Nations and SDG 17
Marine Conservation Project 1—Marine Turtle Bycatch Project in Valencia, Spain
Marine Conservation Project 2—Bottlenose Dolphin Conservation Project in Normandy, France
Conclusion
References
Index