Sustainable Development Goals and Pandemic Planning: Role of Efficiency Based Regional Approaches

Foreword
Contents
Contributors
1: Introduction: Regional Catalysts for the Realisation of the SDGs in the Post Pandemic Era
1.1 Background
1.2 Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on SDGs
1.2.1 Recalibrating Regional Catalysts for the Post Pandemic SDG Planning
1.2.2 Getting from Crisis to Systemic Changes
1.2.3 Collective Challenges in Achieving Sustainable Development Goals
1.3 Efficiency Based Regional Approaches
1.3.1 Measuring the Distance to 2030 Targets
1.3.2 Regional Approaches with Geo-economic Index for Doubling the Efforts
1.3.3 Engaging the Private Sector for Realizing the SDGs
1.3.4 Integrated Financing Framework to Meet SDGs Funding
1.4 Role of Regional Mechanisms in Meeting the 2030 Targets
1.5 Conclusions
References
Part I: Country Implementation of SDGs: Measuring the Distance to 2030 Targets
2: The Impact of Global COVID-19 Crisis on SDGs Achievement in ASEAN-Countries
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Literature Review
2.3 Methodology
2.3.1 Data Collection
2.3.2 Estimating Elasticity of Income (Gross National Income Per Capita in Constant USD) on SDGs Indicator
2.3.3 Projecting SDGs Indicator Toward 2030 for ASEAN-5 Countries
2.4 Results and Discussions
2.4.1 Indicator Selection
2.4.2 Projection of SDGs Indicator Toward 2030
2.5 Conclusion
2.5 Appendices
Appendix A
Appendix B
Appendix C
References
3: Measuring the Distance to 2030 Targets in China and East Asia Imperatives
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Methodology
3.2.1 Levels of Analysis and Indicators
3.2.2 Target Values
3.2.3 Measuring Distance to Target
3.3 Distance to Target: Poverty
3.4 Distance to Target: Infrastructure and Connectivity
3.5 Distance to Target: Natural Resource Management
3.6 Distance to Target: Sustainable Consumption and Production
3.7 Distance to Target: Resilience
3.8 Poverty
3.8.1 Structural Poverty and Its Reduction in China
3.8.2 Structural Poverty: China´s Evolving Poverty Reduction Programs
3.8.3 Remaining Poverty in China
3.8.4 New Poverty Reduction Policies
3.8.5 Lessons for ASEAN and Regional Cooperation
3.9 Infrastructure and Connectivity
3.9.1 Infrastructure and Economic Development
3.9.2 Infrastructure Development in China
3.9.3 The Belt and Road Initiative and SDGs
3.9.4 Lessons for ASEAN and Regional Cooperation on SDGs
3.10 Natural Resource Management
3.10.1 The SDGs and China
3.10.2 China´s Growth Model, Energy Sources, and Pollution
3.10.3 The War on Pollution
3.10.4 Lessons for ASEAN and Cooperation on SDGs
3.11 Sustainable Production and Consumption
3.11.1 Sustainable Production and Consumption in China
3.11.2 Lessons for ASEAN and Regional Cooperation
3.12 Resilience
3.12.1 Disaster Resilience in China and Among RCEP Countries
3.12.2 Characteristic of Disaster Response in China
3.12.3 Scope of Collaboration in Disaster Response for China and ASEAN
3.13 COVID-19 and Impact
3.14 Conclusion
3.14 Appendix: Full Indicator List and Distances to Travel
References
4: Measuring the Distance to 2030 SDG Targets in India and South Asia Imperatives
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Study Objectives
4.3 SDG Monitoring Arrangements in India
4.4 Methodology
4.5 Statistical Overview of Measuring Distance to SDG Targets
4.6 India´s SDGs Centred Regional Cooperation in South Asia
4.7 COVID-19 Impact on SDGs
4.8 Conclusions and Policy Recommendations
4.8 Appendix
References
5: Measuring the Distance to 2030 Targets in Indonesia Which SDGs That Indonesia Need to Prioritize? A Distance-to-Target Appr...
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Method to Measure the Distance to SDG Targets
5.2.1 Data
5.2.2 Distance to the SDGs Target
5.3 Findings
5.3.1 People
5.3.1.1 SDG-1 No Poverty
5.3.1.2 SDG-2 Zero Hunger
5.3.1.3 SDG-3 Good Health and Well Being
5.3.1.4 SDG-4 Quality Education
5.3.1.5 SDG-5 Gender Equality
5.3.2 Prosperity
5.3.2.1 SDG-7 Affordable and Clean Energy
5.3.2.2 SDG-8 Decent Work and Economic Growth
5.3.2.3 SDG-9 Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure
5.3.2.4 SDG-10 Reduced Inequalities
5.3.2.5 SDG-11 Sustainable Cities and Communities
5.3.3 Planet (SDG-6 Clean Water and Sanitation, SDG-12 Responsible Consumption and Production, SDG-13 Climate Action, SDG-14 L...
5.3.4 Peace (SDG 16 Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions)
5.3.5 Partnership
5.4 Conclusion
5.4 Appendix: Indonesia´s Distance to SDGs Target on Selected Indicator-Series-Dimension
References
6: Measuring Distance to SDGs Target in Five Complementarity Area: Malaysia
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Purpose of the Study
6.3 Methodology
6.3.1 Selecting Relevant Indicators
6.3.2 Setting Target Value
6.3.3 Measuring Distance to Target
6.4 Distance to 2030 SDGs Targets in Five Complementarity Areas
6.4.1 Poverty Eradication
6.4.2 Infrastructure and Connectivity
6.4.3 Natural Resources Management
6.4.4 Sustainable Consumption and Production
6.4.5 Resilience
6.5 The Impact of Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic on SDGs
6.6 Conclusion and Recommendations for Future Works
6.6 Appendix: Details of Indicators, Target Values, and Sources of Data
References
7: Measuring the Distance to the 2030 Targets and the Impact of COVID-19 in Myanmar
7.1 Introduction
7.1.1 Applying Fragility Framework
7.2 Myanmar´s Long Term Sustainable Development Trajectory
7.2.1 Economic and Social Development
7.2.2 National and International Economic Determinants
7.3 Effects of COVID-19 Pandemic in Myanmar
7.3.1 Effects on Poverty Eradication
7.3.2 Effects on Infrastructure and Connectivity
7.3.3 Effects on Natural Resources Management
7.3.4 Effects on Sustainable Consumption and Production
7.3.5 Effects on Resilience
7.3.6 COVID-19 Economic Relief Plan
7.4 Measuring the Distance to 2030 SDG Targets
7.4.1 Methodology
7.4.1.1 Selecting Priority Areas
7.4.1.2 Selecting Indicators
7.4.1.3 Setting the Target Value
7.4.1.4 Measuring the Distance to the SDG Targets Using a z-Score Formula
7.4.1.5 Data Sources
7.4.1.6 Scoring the Performance and/or Progress
7.4.2 Limitations
7.5 Myanmar´s Progress Towards Accomplishing SDG Targets
7.5.1 Priority Area 1: Poverty Eradication
7.5.2 Priority Area 2: Infrastructure and Connectivity
7.5.3 Priority Area 3: Natural Resources Management
7.5.4 Sustainable Consumption and Productivity
7.5.5 Priority Area 5: Resilience
7.6 Moving Forward
References
8: Measuring the Distance to 2030 Targets: Can the Philippines Achieve the SDGs?
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Monitoring SDG Performance
8.2.1 Measuring the Distance to 2030 Targets
8.2.2 Calculation of Distance to SDG Targets in the Philippines
8.3 Distance to SDG Targets in the Philippines
8.3.1 Poverty and Inequality
8.3.2 Health and Nutrition
8.3.3 Education
8.3.4 Environment and Natural Resources
8.3.5 Access to Basic Services and Utilities
8.4 Conclusions and Recommendations
8.4 Appendix: Computed Standardized Distance of the Philippines to SDG Targets on Selected SDG Indicator-Dimensions
References
9: Measuring the Distance to 2030 Targets in Thailand
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Measuring Distance to the SDG Targets-Thailand
9.3 Health Dimension
9.4 Economic Dimension
9.5 Sustainable Consumption and Production and Natural Resources Dimension
9.6 Achievement of Thailand´s ASEAN Chairmanship in 2019
9.7 Impact of COVID-19 on the Achievement of SDGs
9.8 Conclusions and Recommendations
References
10: Measuring the Distance to 2030 Targets in Vietnam
10.1 Introduction
10.2 A Review of the Priority Areas
10.3 Methodology
10.3.1 Method for Constructing the Relative Distance
10.3.2 Data Sources
10.4 State and Progress on the Priority Areas
10.4.1 Poverty Eradication
10.4.2 Connectivity and Infrastructure Enhancement
10.4.3 Sustainable Management of Natural Resources
10.4.4 Responsible Consumption and Production
10.4.5 Resilience Capacity
10.4.6 Strategic Priorities
10.5 The Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Progress of SDGs
10.5.1 Short-Term Impacts
10.5.2 In the Medium- to Long-Term
10.6 The Way Forward
10.6.1 Measures to the Strategic Priorities
10.6.2 Conclusion
References
Part II: Regional Indicators, Monitoring Systems for Nexus Approach and MRV
11: Geo-Economic Importance Index for Doubling the Efforts by 2030
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Need for Regional Cooperation to Achieve the SDGs
11.3 Methodology
11.3.1 Data
11.4 Geo-Economic Importance Index: Results and Discussion
11.5 Summary and Policy Suggestions
11.5.1 Summary
11.5.2 Policy Suggestions
References
12: SDGs´ Indicators for Trade Facilitation and the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) in ASEAN
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Trade and SDGs: Basic Interconnectedness
12.3 Trade Liberalization and SDGs
12.3.1 Trade and Poverty Alleviation
12.3.2 Trade and Zero Hunger
12.3.3 Trade and Employment
12.3.4 Trade and Inequality
12.3.5 Trade and Gender equality
12.3.6 Trade and Environment
12.3.7 Trade and Global Partnership
12.4 Empirical Analysis
12.4.1 Impacts of Intraregional Trade Liberalization on SDGs in ASEAN Countries
12.4.1.1 Trade Openness and Poverty
12.4.1.2 Trade Openness and Zero Hunger
12.4.1.3 Trade and Employment
12.4.1.4 Trade and Inequality
12.4.1.5 Trade and Gender Equality
12.4.1.6 Trade and Environment
12.4.2 Intraregional Trade and Partnership
12.4.2.1 Stochastic Frontier Model
12.4.2.2 Model Specification
12.4.2.3 Description of Data
12.4.2.4 Results and Findings-ASEAN Alone
12.5 Summary of the Findings
12.6 Policy Recommendations and Conclusion
12.6 Appendix I: Impact of RCEP Calculation
References
13: The 2030 Agenda and Capital Market Integration in ASEAN
13.1 SDG Achievements and Financing Gap in ASEAN
Box 13.1: Priority Areas for Complementarities Between ASEAN Vision 2025 and 2030 Agenda
13.2 Sustainable Infrastructure as a Key to Reaching the SDGs
13.3 Economic Impact of COVID-19 Outbreak on ASEAN
13.4 Raising Resources for SDG Investments Through Regional Capital Markets
13.5 Sustainable Finance in ASEAN Capital Markets
13.6 The EU Example - Capital Market Union for Financing Sustainable Growth
13.7 Conclusions
References
14: Monitoring, Reporting, and Verification Framework for Nationalisation and Regionalisation of Indicators for the Sustainabl...
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Nationalisation and Regionalisation of SDGs
14.3 Monitoring and Reporting: Principles, Framework, and Process
14.4 Verification: Process and Feedbacks
14.5 Policy and Enabling Environment
14.6 Conclusion
References
15: Institutional Mechanisms for Scaling Up Finance for the SDGs in ASEAN: Lessons from the European Union
15.1 Introduction
15.2 The European Union´s Approach to Implementing the SDGs
15.2.1 Sustainable Development in the European Union
15.2.2 Measuring Progress with the SDGs
15.2.3 Criticism of SDG Implementation in the EU
15.3 SDG Financing Mechanisms in the EU
15.3.1 EU Budgeting for the SDGs and Europe´s Green Deal
15.3.2 Reorienting Capital Flows Towards Achieving the SDGs and Addressing Sustainability-Related Financial Risks
15.3.3 Fostering Investment in the SDGs Through Public Banks and Initiatives
15.3.4 Financing a Sustainable Recovery and SDGs After COVID-19
15.3.5 The Role of Public Policies in Advancing the SDG Agenda in the EU
15.4 Conclusion: Lessons from the EU for ASEAN
References
Part III: Engaging the Private Sector in Realizing the SDGs in the Post COVID-19 Era
16: Building Private Sector Engagement Strategy and Monitoring Changes at the Corporate Level: Study of Corporate Disclosures ...
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Background Literature
16.3 Data & Method
16.4 Summary of Findings
Case Study: Proactive Government Policy Support Leading to Greater Transparency and Emission Reduction: Japan
16.5 Conclusion
References
17: Beyond Voluntary Initiative - SDGs by Business Sector and SDGs for Business Sector
17.1 Introduction
17.1.1 SDGs and Business Sector
17.1.2 Paris Agreement and ``Above Regulations´´
17.1.3 Value of Voluntary Actions on Policy Adoption
17.1.4 For Further Contribution
17.2 Overviews of Voluntary Initiative
17.2.1 Varieties of Financial Initiative
17.2.2 Voluntary initiatives by Industry
17.2.2.1 Voluntary Participation to the Climate Related Initiatives
17.2.2.2 Voluntary Initiative by Industry - Oil and Gas Industry
17.2.2.3 Voluntary initiative by Industry - Steel Industry
17.2.3 Cooperation Between Finance and Industry Through Voluntary Initiatives
17.3 Lessons Learned
17.3.1 Criteria - Gap Between Ambitious Goal and the Reality
17.3.1.1 Gap of Timeline of Technology Innovation
17.3.1.2 Gap Among Countries
17.3.1.3 Gap of Views Between Financial Investor and Industry
17.3.2 Criteria - Technical Aspects
17.3.2.1 Engagement of Industry
17.3.2.2 Technology Approach and Corporate Approach
17.3.2.3 Burden of Responding to Inquiry from Voluntary Financial Initiatives
17.3.3 Economics of Voluntary Initiatives
17.3.3.1 Cost and Investment Return
17.3.3.2 New Technologies
17.3.4 Role of Offset for Company and Impacts on the Paris Agreement
17.3.5 Corporate Strategy and National and Global Policy
17.3.6 Social Cost for Low Carbon Restructuring
17.4 Measures for the Acceleration of Voluntary Action
17.4.1 Improvement of Approach of Voluntary Initiatives
17.4.1.1 Principle - Diversification or Globalization
17.4.1.2 Concept of Transition
17.4.1.3 Scope 1 to 3 Emission and MRV
17.4.1.4 Combination of Experts for Requirements
17.4.2 Partnership with Public
17.4.2.1 Improvement of Neutrality and Reputation
17.4.2.2 National Reporting System
17.4.3 Financial Incentives
17.4.3.1 Subsidies to Indirect Cost
17.4.3.2 Tax Incentive - Modification or Adoption
17.4.3.3 Subsidies Through Finance
17.4.3.4 Role of Subsidies to Voluntary Initiatives
17.4.4 International Alliance
17.4.5 Care of Unintended Negative Impact
17.4.6 Flexibility by Offset Credits
17.5 Discussion for Future Works
17.5.1 Role of Voluntary Initiatives for ASEAN SDGs
17.5.2 Four Types of Dialogue for Practical Voluntary Initiatives
17.5.3 Review and Revised - PDCA Cycle
17.5.4 Incentive
17.5.4.1 Green Tax Incentives
17.5.4.2 Indirect Cost Support
17.5.4.3 Voluntary Initiatives for SDGs and SDGs for Voluntary Initiatives
References
18: Small Business Strategies and Solutions for SDG Agenda
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Role of Small Businesses in Achieving SDGs
18.3 Institutional Pressures for SMEs
GRI´s Pressure on SMEs
18.4 Resource Limitation of SMEs
18.5 Creating Shared Value in Small Business for SDGs
Success of TOMS Shoes
18.6 Global Value Chains and Small Business
Hyundai & Kia´s Strategic Response Toward EU Regulation
18.7 SDGs for Small Business in ASEAN
18.8 Impact of COVID-19
Economic Loss in Asia-Pacific Region from COVID-19
18.9 Conclusions and Recommendations
References
19: Sustainable Development Goals Need and Financial Sector Imperatives
19.1 Introduction
19.1.1 Overview of the SDGs and the Financing Status
19.1.2 Different Criteria of SDGs by Different Consulting Firms
19.2 Literature Review
19.2.1 The SDGs and Financial Sector
19.2.2 Green Finance and Financial Sector Imperatives
19.2.3 Green Bond and Social Bonds: Suitable Instruments for Funding SDGs
19.2.4 Carbon Taxation a Reasonable Financing Instrument for SDGs
19.3 Theoretical Model of SDG Needs and Portfolio Selection
19.3.1 A Model by Incorporating SDG Indicator in the Investors´ Utility Function
19.3.2 GHG Taxation and Optimal Portfolio Allocation for Investment in SDGs
19.4 Empirical Analysis
19.4.1 Empirical Model
19.4.2 Empirical Results and Discussions
19.5 Key Findings
19.6 Conclusion and Policy Implications
19.6.1 Conclusion
19.6.2 Policy Recommendations
19.6 Appendix: Institutional Data Descriptions
References
Index