Sustainable Conservation of UNESCO and Other Heritage Sites Through Proactive Geosciences

Preface
Contents
Rock Mechanics, Rock Weathering and Slope Stability
Landslide Mitigation Measures for the Conservation of the Archaeological Site of Mata Ngarau, Orongo Village (Easter Island-Chile)
1 Geological and Geomorphological Setting
2 The Orongo Village
3 Recent Evolution of the Orongo Cliff
4 Site Analysis and Rock Mechanic Proprieties
5 Geological Model and Slope Stability Analysis
6 Passive Seismic Analysis
7 Discussion
8 Conclusion and Follow Up
References
Geotechnical Design and Mitigation Measures for the Conservation of Akapana Pyramid in the Tiwanaku Archaeological Site (Bolivia)
1 Site Location and Archaeological Setting
1.1 Archaeological Setting of the Area
2 Instability Processes Threatening the Pyramid
3 Geophysical and Geotechnical Caractherisation of the Akapana Pyramid
3.1 Unconfined Compression Test on Reconstructed Samples of Argamasas
3.2 Direct Shear Test on Reconstructed Samples
4 Terrestrial Laser Scanner Acquisition (TLS) and UAV Survey
4.1 Laser Scanning Survey–April 2017 and 2018
5 Mitigation Measures Proposed and Adopted for the Control of Erosion Processes Affecting the Akapana Pyramid
5.1 Limits and Constrains
6 Project Pilot Design Implementations
6.1 General Schema
7 Mitigation Mesures Implementation Along the Selected Pilot Site
8 Conclusions
References
Multiscale Analysis of Geo-Hazards Affecting the Alhambra Cultural Heritage
1 Introduction
2 Geology
3 Geo-Hazards
3.1 Earthquakes
3.2 Landslides
3.3 Floods
4 Monitoring of Landslides and Earth Flows
4.1 Regional-Scale and Large-Scale Monitoring
4.2 Detailed Local-Scale Monitoring
5 Modelling of Landslides and Earth Flows
5.1 Large scale modelling
5.2 Local scale modelling
5.3 Detailed Local Scale Modelling
6 Discussion
7 Conclusions
References
Rock Mechanic Characterization and 3D Kinematic Analysis of Katskhi Pillar (Georgia)
1 The Katskhi Pillar and the Monastery
2 Site Investigations
2.1 Geomatic Survey
2.2 Rock Mechanic Characterization
2.3 Structural Analysis
2.4 Types of Rock Slope Failures
3 Kinematic Analysis
4 Passive Seismic Analysis
5 Overall Stability
6 Discussion and Conclusion
References
Petrological Study on the Roman Mortars from Kom El-Dikka Archaeological Site (Alexandria, Egypt)
1 Introduction
2 Study Area
3 Material and Methods
4 Analytical Methods
5 Results
5.1 Petrographic Characterization
5.2 Ion Chromatography
5.3 Isotope Analysis
6 Conclusion
References
Experimental Study of Different Electrokinetic Configurations for Desalination of a Brick Wall
1 Introduction
2 Material and Methods
2.1 Description of the Building
2.2 Electrokinetic Desalination Setup
2.3 Desalination Treatment Monitoring and Effectiveness
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Anion Content Before the Treatment
3.2 Resistivity Measurements
3.3 Analysis of the Poultices
3.4 Analysis of the Brick Wall. Final Ion Content
4 Conclusions
References
Geotechnical Engineering
Investigation and Preservation of Historic Foundations
1 Introduction
2 Historic Towers: A Distinctive Italian Heritage
2.1 Construction Methodology of Medieval Tower Foundations in Bologna
2.2 Bell Tower Foundations in Venice
3 The Monitoring-Driven Intervention on the Foundations of the Frari Bell Tower in Venice
3.1 The Frari Bell Tower: A Story of Maintenance Interventions
3.2 Investigations and Monitoring Before the Intervention
3.3 The Multi-phase Strengthening Intervention
3.4 Investigations and Monitoring During and After the Intervention
4 Concluding Remarks
References
Authenticity of Foundation and Proactive Conservation of the Central Tower of Bayon Temple Under a Changing Climate in Angkor, Cambodia
1 Introduction
2 Authenticity
2.1 Authenticity of Cultural Heritage Subsection
2.2 Authenticity of Soils and Foundation
3 Bayon Temple in Angkor Thom
4 Trenched Foundation of Bayon Temple
5 Foundation Structure of Bayon
5.1 Direct Shallow Foundation
5.2 Platform Mound with Vertical Shaft at the Center
5.3 Characteristics of Stiff Sand Fill of the Platform Mound
5.4 Increase of Strength by Decreasing Moisture
5.5 Circular Laterite Structure Embedded in the Platform Mound
5.6 Authenticity of the Foundation of Bayon Temple, Angkor Thom
6 Anticipated Geotechnical Risk in Angkor
6.1 Heavy Rain
6.2 Change of the Water Contents by Rain
6.3 Countermeasures with Preventive Monitoring
7 Conclusions
References
Slope Instability Induced by Climate Changes on the UNESCO Etruscan Necropolis of Monterozzi (Tarquinia, Italy)
1 Introduction
2 The Necropolis of Monterozzi
2.1 Tomba dei Vasi Dipinti
2.2 Tomba delle Iscrizioni
2.3 Tomba della Porta di Bronzo
2.4 Preservation of the Three Tombs Over the years
3 Geological and Geomorphological Setting
4 Topographical Survey
5 In Situ Monitoring
6 Characterisation of the Rock Material and Rock-Mass
6.1 Laboratory Testing
6.2 In Situ Survey
7 Stability Analyses
8 Conclusive Remarks and Mitigation Strategies
References
Geophysics
Joint Application of Multiple-Geophysical Surveys for Archaeological Prospection
1 Introduction
2 Geological and Archaeological Setting
3 Site Description and Field Surveys
4 Results and Discussion
4.1 2D ERT Imaging of the Archaeological Layer
4.2 Archaeological Interpretation of Magnetic Data
4.3 Three-Dimensional Resistivity Imaging
5 Summary and Conclusion
References
The Implementation of Shallow Geophysical Survey for Detection of Some Buried Archaeological Structures in Aswan City, Egypt
1 Introduction
2 Historical Background
3 Geological Setting
4 GPR Data Acquisition, Processing and Interpretation
5 GPR Profiles Measured in X-direction
6 GPR Profiles Measured in Y-direction
7 GPR Time-Slice Maps
8 MASW Data Acquisition, Processing and Interpretation
9 Steps for Data Processing
10 MASW Profiles Measured in X-direction
11 MASW Profiles Measured in Y-direction
12 GPR’s and MASW's Cross-Sections Comparison
13 Discussion and Conclusions
References
Ground Penetrating Radar for Investigating Painted Walls and Floors of Ancient Buildings
1 Introduction
2 The Radars
3 No-Contact High Frequency GPR: The Case Study of the Walls of the Great Hall in “Palazzo Vecchio”, the City Hall of Florence, Italy
4 ORFEUS GPR: The Case Study of the Floor of the Great Hall in “Palazzo Vecchio”, the City Hall of Florence, Italy
5 Conclusions
References
Laser Scanning and Virtual Reality
Developments in Digital Documentation of Cultural Heritage
1 Introduction
2 Technologies–Past and Present
3 Unmanned Aerial Vehicles
4 Challenges and Improvements in the Processing of 3D Data
4.1 Challenges
4.2 Improvements
5 Developments in Virtual Reality (VR)
6 Issues in the Use of 3D Data
7 Training on Using 3D Data
8 Metadata
9 Conclusion
References
Usage of Laser Scanning Systems to Document the Cultural and Historical Heritage
1 Introduction
2 Methodology
3 Laser Scanning Range Principles
4 Mobile Laser Scanner
5 Terrestrial Laser Scanner
6 Total Station
7 Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)
8 Data Processing
9 Saqqara Site
10 Saqqara Pyramids
10.1 Unas Pyramid
10.2 Djoser Pyramid
10.3 Userkaf Pyramid
10.4 Teti Pyramid
11 Bit Al Qadi Site
11.1 Mahabb Al-Din Hall
11.2 Prince Mamay Al-Saifi’s House
11.3 The Entrance of Al-Qadi’s House
12 Hawara Site
References
HBIM Framework for Rehabilitation of Heritage Buildings
1 Introduction
2 Proposed Framework
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Identifying Optimum Laser Scanner Positions
3.2 Performing Structural Analysis
3.3 Optimizing Thermal and Visual Comfort
4 Conclusion
References
Hydrogeology
Geophysics’ Role in Investigating and Mitigating Groundwater Hazards on Archaeological Sites: Case Studies from “Sphinx-Giza, Kom Ombo Temple-Aswan and Hawara Pyramid-Fayoum”
1 Introduction
2 Geophysical Techniques in Archaeology
3 Electrical Resistivity (ER)
4 Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR)
5 Transient Electromagnetic Method (TEM)
6 Case Studies
6.1 Sphinx-Giza
7 Kom Ombo Temple—Aswan
8 Hawara Pyramid-Fayoum
References
Strengthening the Conservation and Management of Lumbini, the Birthplace of Lord Buddha, World Heritage Property (Lumbini, Nepal)
1 Introduction
2 Geological Setting
2.1 Geotechnical Boreholes
3 Active and Passive Seismic Analysis
3.1 Active Seismic Analysis
3.2 Passive Seismic Analysis
4 Hydrological and Hydrogeological Condition of the Maya Devi Temple
5 Conclusion and Possible Mitigation Actions
References
Water Infiltration and Waterproofing of Susan-Ri Tomb (North Korea)
1 Introduction
2 The Problem
3 Geological Condition of the Site
4 The Mechanism of Water Infiltration into the Tomb
5 Waterproofing the Tomb
6 The Drainage Trench
7 Waterproofing the Earthen Mound
8 Conclusion
References
Structural and Environmental Monitoring
Monitoring Cultural Heritage Sites Affected by Geohazards in Cyprus Using Earth Observation
1 Introduction
2 Types of Geohazards
2.1 Landslides
2.2 Seismic Hazards
2.3 Erosion
3 The Case Study of Choirokoitia, Cyprus
3.1 Methods
3.2 Methodology
3.3 Results
4 Conclusions
References
Innovative Structural Monitoring as Tool of Preservation and Valorisation of Monumental Architectures: The Case of Neptune Temple in Paestum (Salerno, Southern Italy)
1 Introduction
2 Neptune Temple Monitoring Network Framework
3 Conclusions
References
Structure Stability Analyses of Chapels Dedicated to Wives of Amun Using Non-Invasive Techniques, Case Study “Madinet Habu Temple—Luxor—Egypt”
1 Description of the Case Study and Historical Background
2 Problem Definition and Objective
3 Scope of Work
4 Material and Methods
4.1 Archaeometric Model
4.2 Archaeometric Measurements
5 Subsurface Investigations
6 Conclusions
References
Use of Integrated Regional Data and Local Low Impact Investigations for the Geo-Mechanical Characterisation of Rupestrian Cultural Heritage in Apulia (Southern Italy)
1 Introduction
2 Regional Data and Local Case Studies
2.1 Geological Setting
2.2 Local Case Studies
3 Collection of Data
3.1 Regional Database of Destructive Tests
3.2 Local Non-destructive Tests
4 Results and Discussion
4.1 DT and NDT Results Comparison
5 Conclusions
References
Geological Factors Controlling Evolution of Theban Tomb Stability, Luxor
1 Introduction
2 Geology and Rock Mass Quality
2.1 Geomorphological and Geological Context
2.2 Geological Mapping and Rock Mass Characterisation
3 Pillar Stability
4 Current Environmental Monitoring
5 Discussion
References
Seismic Hazard and Archeoseismology
Archeoseismology and the Lost Villages in Northern Syria, the Impact of Large Earthquakes on Cultural Heritage
1 Introduction
2 Archeological and Seismological Setting of “Dead Cities”
2.1 Archeoseismology and Typology of Buildings Exposed to Earthquakes
2.2 Rate of Earthquakes and Active Deformation
3 Major Earthquakes in the Area of Lost Cities
4 Archeoseismology of in Two Lost Cities: Case Studies
4.1 Deir Dahess
4.2 Earthquake Damage at Qalaât Samaan (Saint Simeon Church)
4.3 The Impact of Earthquakes on Buildings
5 Discussion and Conclusion
References
Integrated Geoscience Investigations in Hittite Imperial Sites Affected by Earthquakes
1 Introduction
2 Geology and Active Tectonic Zones of Hittite Territory
3 Archaeo-Seismological Studies
4 Geophysical Studies
5 Discussion and Conclusion
References
Multi-scenario Physics-Based Seismic Hazard Assessment of Cultural Heritage Sites
1 Introduction
2 Method
3 Web App and Case Studies
4 Saint Catherine's Monastery
5 Dahshur Pyramids
6 Madrasa of the Princess Tatar al-Higaziya
7 Conclusions
References
Seismic Vulnerability Assessment of Historical Heritage Structures, Analysis and Intervention: Application in Skikda City, Northeast of Algeria
1 Introduction
2 Seismic Assessment of Historical Buildings: Issues and Key Points
3 Overview of Skikda City
3.1 Study Area
3.2 Seismotectonic Context of Skikda Region
3.3 Strategic Choices for the Study Scale: Development of a Typological Classification
4 Vulnerability and Risk Assessment Methodologies
4.1 3D Mesh of Identified Typologies and Geometric Variability: MicMac and Preprocessor
4.2 Modeling Assumptions: Specific Elements
5 Routine Conditions for Structures
6 Importance Classes of Historical Heritage Structures
7 Performance Conditions for Historical Heritage Structures
8 Results and Discussions
8.1 Conservation Strategies for Historical Heritage Structures
8.2 Complete Measurements: Calibration and Identification of Numerical Models
8.3 Linear and Nonlinear Kinematic Analysis
9 Conclusions
References
Seismic Assessment of a Cultural Heritage Minaret in Cairo
1 Introduction
2 Structural Elements of the Madrasa
3 Selection of Response Spectra and Time Histories
4 Minaret Modelling
4.1 Ambient Vibrations Analysis
4.2 Numerical Model
4.3 Earthquake Response Spectrum Analysis
4.4 Time History Analysis
5 Conclusions
References
Remote Sensing
Notes on Artificial Intelligence and Big Earth Observation Data for the Study of the Human Past
1 Introduction
2 State of the Art: BIG EO Data for the Study of the Human Past
3 State of the Art: LiDAR Based Archaeology
4 State of the Art: UAV Archaeology
5 State of the Art: Ground Remote Sensing for Archaeology
6 State of the Art of the Data Integration for the Study of the Human Past
7 Artificial Intelligence and Big Earth Observation Data for the Study of the Human Past
8 Conclusion
References
The Potential of Satellite Interferometry for Geohazard Assessment in Cultural Heritage Sites
1 Introduction
2 The Tuscany Region
3 The Virtual Constellation
3.1 Sentinel-1 Results at Regional Scale
3.2 COSMO-SkyMed Results at Local Scale
4 Discussions and Conclusions
References
Instability Processes and SAR Data Analysis in the Pompeii Archeological Park
1 Introduction
2 Collection of Information on Past Damage Events and Geomorphological Zoning
3 Satellite Radar Interferometry in the Pompeii Archaeological Park
4 Back Analysis on Some Instability Events
5 Semi-automatic Detection of Anomalies or Accelerations
References
Remote Sensing Applications for Cultural Heritage Sites Sustainability: Case Studies from Egypt
1 Introduction
1.1 Study Area
1.2 Risk Definition
2 Data and Methods
2.1 Data
2.2 Methods
2.3 Unsupervised and Supervised Classification
2.4 Spatial Distribution Analysing (Getis-Ord and Hot Spot)
2.5 Spatial Autocorrelation (Global Moran’s I)
2.6 Band Indices
2.7 Ripley’s K Function
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Detection of Urban Changes
3.2 Hot Spot Analysis (Getis-Ord Gi*)
3.3 Spatial Cluster Analysis (Ripleys K Function)
3.4 Spatial Autocorrelation Moran's I
3.5 Band Indices
4 Recommendation
5 Conclusion
References
Rome Walls Satellite Monitoring and Protection by Prothego Methodology
1 Introduction
2 Geological and Geohazard Setting
3 Monitoring
4 Exposed Elements Description
5 Synthesis of the Analysis
6 Some Examples of the PS Application
6.1 ID 113-Bastione Del Sangallo
6.2 ID 114-Part L21-L23
6.3 ID 22-Part M16-M17
7 Conclusion
References
New Policies for Management and Conservation of Heritage Sites
The Project of Parco Archeologico Del Colosseo and the Italian Network of Archaeological Parks: From Satellite Monitoring to Conservation and Preventive Maintenance Policies
1 Introduction: The Monitoring Project of the Parco Archeologico Del Colosseo
2 The Activities of the Technical Advisory Board of Parco
2.1 Italian Space Agency (ASI)
3 National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology (INGV)
4 Italian Institute for Environment Protection and Research (ISPRA)
5 Interdepartmental Research Centre of Sapienza, University of Rome (CITERA)
6 The Parco Archeologico Del Colosseo and the Italian Archaeological Parks Network
7 Conclusion
References
Adaptation, Traditions and Conservation: The Case of the Asante Traditional Buildings World Heritage Site in Ghana
1 Introduction
2 Precolonial and Post-colonial Conservation Approaches in Ghana
3 The Asante Traditional Buildings and World Heritage Perspectives
4 Adopting an Integrated Approach for Managing the Asante Traditional Buildings
5 Discussion
5.1 Towards an Integrated Management Approach
5.2 Documentation of the TMS of the ATB
5.3 Community Empowerment
5.4 Review of the Antiquated Laws on Heritage and Domestication of the World Heritage Convention in Ghana
References
Management of Cultural Assets in Sudan from the Perspective of Sustainable Development Goals
1 Introduction
2 Recognition to Nubian Sites in Japan
3 Nubian Sites Except for Abu Simbel and Philae
3.1 Egypt Nubia
3.2 Sudan Nubia
4 Current Condition of Sudan
4.1 Background
4.2 Feature and Current Situation of Cultural Assets in Sudan
5 Cultural Assets in Sudan from the Perspective of SDGs
6 Conclusion
References
Improving the Georgian National Programme for the Preservation of the Rock-Cut Sites Through Interdisciplinary Geosciences
1 Introduction
2 The Vardzia Showcase
3 Advanced New Technology Applications
4 Conclusions
References
Aswan Declaration
The Aswan Declaration on Sustainable Conservation of UNESCO and Other Heritages Sites Through Proactive Geosciences
1 Introduction
2 The Context
3 The Aswan Declaration