Sustainable and Clean Energy Production Technologies

Contents
About the Editors
Tiny Renewable Engines: Microalgae and Cyanobacteria as Biofuel Providers
1 Introduction
1.1 Biofuel Types
1.2 Biodiesel
2 Microalgae and Cyanobacteria
2.1 Microalgae and Cyanobacteria for Biodiesel Production
2.2 Fatty Acids in Microalgae for Biodiesel Production
2.3 Blooms of Microalgae and Cyanobacteria in the Aquatic Environment
2.4 Culturing of Microalgae and Cyanobacteria for Biodiesel Production
2.5 Culturing of Microalgae and Cyanobacteria Using Wastewater
3 Biodiesel Production from Microalgae and Cyanobacteria Biomass
3.1 Pre-Treatment for Microalgae and Cyanobacteria Biomass
3.2 Lipid Extraction from Microalgae and Cyanobacteria Biomass
3.2.1 Mechanical Methods for Microalgae Lipid Extraction
3.2.2 Chemical Solvent Methods for Microalgae Lipid Extraction
Static Solvent Extraction Method
Dynamic Solvent Extraction Method (Soxhlet Extraction Method)
Non-polar Solvents for Dynamic Lipid Extraction
Mixed Solvents for Dynamic Lipid Extraction
Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction and Ionic Liquid Extraction
3.3 Trans-Esterification
4 Properties of Microalgae and Cyanobacteria Biodiesel
5 Potentials and Challenges of the Production of Biodiesel
6 Conclusion
References
Different Energy Management Strategies for Clean Energy
1 Introduction
2 Energy Management
2.1 Different Approaches for Management of Energy
2.1.1 Standard of Energy Management and Auditing Energy
2.1.2 Software for Energy Audit
2.1.3 Systems for Energy Monitoring
2.1.4 Process Integration
2.1.5 Pinch Inspection
2.1.6 Energy Optimization
2.1.7 Decision Support Tool
2.1.8 Energy Analysis
2.1.9 Manufacturing Simulation
2.1.10 Investment Calculation Tools
2.1.11 Energy Services
2.1.12 Energy Efficiency Networks
2.1.13 Database and Real Energy Efficiency Measures
2.1.14 Training and Education
3 The Standard of Energy Management
4 Comparison between Method and Result Management
5 Monitoring Progress of Energy Efficiency Improvement
6 Different Obstacles for the Implementation of Energy Efficiency
7 Energy Management Program
8 Incentives to Drive EnMS Uplift
8.1 Different Types of Typical Incentives for Industry Implementing EnMS
9 Support System for EnMS Implementation
9.1 Energy Management Practitioner´s Toolbox
10 Conclusion
11 Acknowledgement
References
Recycle of Plastic Waste to Liquid Fuel: A Sustainable Energy Production
1 Introduction
1.1 Importance of Plastic as Material
1.2 Problems Due to Plastic
1.3 Effects on Humans
1.4 Methods of Recycling of Plastics
1.4.1 Mechanical Recycling
1.4.2 Chemical Recycling
1.4.3 Thermal Recovery or Incineration
1.5 World Energy Scenario
1.6 Recycling Plastic
2 Process
2.1 Thermal Pyrolysis
2.2 Catalytic Pyrolysis
2.3 Catalysts Used for Pyrolysis
3 Mechanism of Pyrolysis
3.1 Thermal Pyrolysis
3.2 Catalytic Pyrolysis
4 Various Plants Working Presently
4.1 BASF Feedstock Recycling Plant
4.2 VEBA Pyrolysis Plant
4.3 Fuji Fixed-Bed Pyrolysis Plant
4.4 Hamburg Fluidized-Bed Pyrolysis Plant
4.5 Author Tubular Pyrolysis Reactor
5 Summary
References
Nanomaterials for Energy Storage Applications
1 Introduction
2 Energy Storage Devices
2.1 Fuel Cells
2.1.1 Proton Exchange/Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFCs)
Noble Nanomaterial Catalysts
Carbon and Non-carbon Nanomaterials as Catalyst Support
Non-noble Metal-Free Nanocatalysts
Nanostructured Catalyst Layers
2.1.2 Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs)
Nanomaterials for Anode
Nanostructured Electrolytes
Nanomaterials for Cathode
2.1.3 Direct Liquid Fuel Cells (DLFCs)
Direct Methanol Fuel Cells (DMFCs)
Direct Ethanol Fuel Cell (DEFC)
2.2 Batteries
2.2.1 Li-Ion Batteries
Nanomaterial for Li-Ion Cathode
Nanomaterial for Li-Ion Anode
Nanomaterial for Electrolyte
2.2.2 Li-Metal Batteries
Nanomaterials for Li-Metal Anode
Nanomaterials for Li-Air Cathode
2.3 Capacitors
2.3.1 Electric Double-Layer Capacitors (EDLCs)
2.3.2 Pseudocapacitors (PCs)
2.3.3 Dielectric Capacitors
3 Challenges and Future Prospects
4 Conclusion
References
Biomass Energy Conversion Using Thermochemical and Biochemical Technologies
1 Introduction
2 Introduction to Thermochemical and Biochemical Conversion Technologies
2.1 Incineration
2.2 Gasification
2.3 Pyrolysis
2.4 Co-firing
2.5 Liquefaction
2.6 Carbonization
2.7 Advantages and Disadvantages of Thermochemical Processes
3 Introduction to Biochemical Processes
3.1 Anaerobic Digestion
3.2 Aerobic Digestion
3.3 Ethanol Fermentation
3.4 Photobiological Hydrogen Production
3.4.1 The Advantages and Disadvantages of Photobiological Hydrogen Production
3.5 Transesterification
3.6 Advantages and Disadvantages of Biochemical Processes
4 Potential of Biomass Energy Generating Plants in India
5 Current Installed Capacities of Biomass Energy Conversion Plants in India
6 Limitations and Challenges of Biomass Energy in India
7 Lack of Proper Financial Investment and Economic Limitation
8 Conflict of Public Interest
9 Environmental and Technological Difficulties of Biogas Production in Indian Scenario
10 Comparative Analysis of Global Biomass Energy Generation with Asian/Indian Scenario
11 Treatment and Removal of Major Air Pollutants and Health Hazards
12 Life Cycle Analysis of Bioenergy Plants
13 Conclusion
References
Pyrolysis of Waste Biomass Using Solar Energy for Clean Energy Production
1 Introduction
2 Continuous Pyrolysis Reactors
2.1 Recent Developments in Solar Energy-Assisted Auger Reactor
2.1.1 Potential Feedstock for Solar Pyrolysis
2.1.2 Feasibility Assessment
2.1.3 Operating Parameters
3 Upgradation of Bio-oil
4 Challenges for Continuous Auger Reactor Solar Pyrolysis
4.1 Choice of Solar Collector
4.2 Weather Conditions
4.3 Uniform Heat Flux in the Reactor
4.4 Heat Losses
5 Discussions
6 Conclusion
References
Biomass Digestion for Production of Electrical Energy
1 Introduction
2 Biomass
3 Biomass Conversion Technologies
3.1 Biomass Combustion
3.2 Biomass Gasification
3.3 Biomass Digestion
3.4 Selection of a Biomass Conversion Technology
4 Biomass Digestion
4.1 Hydrolysis
4.2 Acidogenesis
4.3 Acetogenesis
4.4 Methanogenesis
5 Biogas Cleaning and Upgrading
6 Power Generation
7 Effect of Operating Conditions
7.1 Feedstock
7.2 Pretreatment
7.3 Starting Inoculum and Bioaugmentation
7.4 Temperature
7.5 Organic Loading Rate
7.6 Hydraulic Retention Time
7.7 Nutrients
7.8 pH
7.9 Salinity
8 Mathematical Modelling of Biomass Digestion
9 Life Cycle Assessment
10 Barriers to Growth
11 Conclusion
References
Solar Energy Conversion Techniques and Practical Approaches to Design Solar PV Power Station
1 Introduction
1.1 Solar Thermal Technologies
1.2 Non-concentrated Solar Power
1.3 Concentrated Solar Power
1.4 Two Types of Concentrated Solar Collector Technologies
2 Solar Electrical Technologies
2.1 Solar Photovoltaic (PV)
2.2 Applications in Solar Energy
2.3 Site Calculations
2.4 Electrical Supporting System
2.5 DC-DC Power Converter
2.6 Step-Down Chopper or Buck Converter
2.7 Step-Up Chopper or Boost Converter
2.8 Buck/Boost Converter
2.9 Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT)
2.9.1 What Is an Inverter?
3 Different Types of Inverters
3.1 Input Source Wise Classification
3.2 Voltage Source Inverter (VSI)
3.3 Current Source Inverter (CSI)
3.4 Phase Wise Classification Output
3.4.1 Single-Phase Inverters
3.5 Three-Phase Inverters
3.6 Pulse Width Modulation
3.7 Single-Pulse Width Modulation (SPWM)
3.8 Multiple-Pulse Width Modulation (MPWM)
3.9 Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation
3.10 Modified Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation
4 Calculation of Modules in Series and Parallel
4.1 On-Grid and off-Grid Systems
4.2 Cables for DC and AC Power Transmission
4.3 Protection System
4.4 Protection of Solar Plants against Lighting
4.5 Lightning Arrestors
5 Conclusion
References
Recent Advancement in Preparation Strategy of Efficient Graphene-Cds-Based Photocatalysts for H2 Production by Water Splitting
1 Introduction
2 Photocatalytic H2 Production System by Water Splitting
2.1 Metal Sulfide Photocatalysts
2.2 Charge Recombination Phenomena and its Prevention
2.3 Graphene: Background and Current Status
3 GO/rGO-CdS-Based Photocatalysts
3.1 In Situ Growth Strategy
3.2 Two-Phase Method
3.3 Sol-Gel Method
3.4 Precipitation/Solution Method
3.5 Calcination Method
3.6 Hydrothermal/Solvothermal Method
4 Conclusion
References
Design and Storage of Solar Thermal Energy Production
1 Introduction
1.1 Solar Thermal Energy
1.1.1 Challenges of Solar Energy
1.1.2 Solar Thermal Applications
1.2 Design of Parabolic Dish Collector System
1.2.1 Governing Equations
1.2.2 Validation
2 Results and Discussion
2.1 Flux Distribution on the Focal Plane and Optimal Plane
2.2 The Relation between the Optimal Plane and the Focal Plane
2.3 Solar Thermal Energy Storage Using Phase Change Material
2.4 Mathematical Model
2.5 Governing Equation
2.6 Validation
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Different PCM at Constant Volume
4 Conclusions
References
Clean Energy Using Hydroelectric Generation from Rivers
1 Introduction
1.1 Global Scenario
1.2 Indian Scenario
2 Estimation of Hydropower Potential
2.1 Conventional Hydropower (Using Static Head)
2.2 Using Kinetic Head (Hydrokinetic)
3 Different Schemes for Conventional Hydropower
3.1 Run of River
3.2 Dam Toe Based
3.3 Canal Based
3.4 Pumped Storage Plant
4 Large Hydropower
5 Recent Developments in Small Hydropower
6 Hydrokinetic Energy
7 Other Disruptive Technologies
7.1 Gravitational Vortex Hydroturbine
7.2 Water Wheels
8 Conclusion
References
Clean Energy Production Using Solar Energy Resources
1 Introduction
1.1 Advantages of Solar Energy
1.2 Disadvantages of Solar Energy
1.3 Utilization of Solar Energy
1.4 Solar Energy and Climate Change
2 Solar Energy Conversion
2.1 Heat
2.2 Chemical Fuel
2.3 Power Generation
3 Solar Thermal Energy Conversion
4 Solar Photovoltaic System
4.1 Photovoltaic Effect
4.2 Semiconductors
4.3 Semiconductor Materials for Solar Cells
4.4 Advantages of Solar Photovoltaic Systems
4.5 Disadvantages of Solar Photovoltaic Systems
4.6 Applications of PV Systems
5 Combination of Solar Thermal and Solar Photovoltaic System
6 Conclusion
References