Sustainable Alternatives for Aviation Fuels

Front Cover
Sustainable Alternatives for Aviation Fuels
Copyright
Dedication
Contents
Contributors
Preface
Acknowledgments
Chapter 1: Conversion pathways for biomass-derived aviation fuels
1. Introduction
2. Conversion pathways of biojet fuel
2.1. Oil to jet fuel
2.1.1. Hydro-processed renewable jet
2.1.2. Catalytic hydro-thermolysis process
2.1.3. Hydro-processed depolymerized cellulosic jet
2.2. Gas-to-jet fuel
2.2.1. Fisher-Tropsch biomass to liquid process
2.2.2. Gas fermentation process
2.3. Alcohol to jet fuel
2.3.1. Ethanol to jet
2.3.2. Butanol to jet
2.3.3. Iso-butanol to jet
2.4. Sugar to jet fuel
2.4.1. Direct sugar-to-hydrocarbons
2.4.2. Catalytic upgrading of sugar to hydrocarbons
3. Lignocellulosic biomass to jet fuel
4. Conclusion and future perspectives
References
Chapter 2: Thermochemical conversion of agricultural waste to biojet fuel
1. Introduction
2. Agricultural waste generation and composition
2.1. Lignocellulosic biomass
2.2. Vegetable oil from residues
3. Conversion of agri-waste
3.1. Thermochemical
3.1.1. Pyrolysis
3.1.2. Gasification
3.2. Biochemical
4. Thermochemical production pathways of biojet fuel
4.1. Fischer-Tropsch (FT-SPK)
4.2. Hydroprocessed esters and fatty acids (HEFA-SPK)
4.3. Synthesized isoparaffin via hydroprocessed fermented sugars (SIP-HFS)
4.4. Fischer-Tropsch with increased aromatic content (FT-SPK/A)
4.5. Alcohol-to-jet synthetic paraffinic kerosene (ATJ-SPK)
4.6. Catalytic hydrothermolysis jet and coprocessing jet (CHJ-SPK)
5. Future challenges
5.1. Feedstock challenge
5.2. The technical challenge in thermochemical conversion of biomass
5.3. Future perspectives of thermochemical conversion for biofuel production
6. Summary and conclusions
References
Chapter 3: Conversion of lignin-derived bio-oil to bio-jet fuel
1. Introduction
1.1. Fossil and renewable fuels
1.2. Concerns about bio-oil
1.3. HDO as an appropriate process for upgrading bio-oils
2. Catalyst utilization in HDO process for production of aviation fuels
2.1. Proposed reaction networks for bio aviation fuels production
2.2. Future prospective for bio aviation fuel production
3. Conclusions
References
Chapter 4: Main feedstock for sustainable alternative fuels for aviation
1. Introduction
2. Biofuel generations
3. Aviation biofuel feedstocks-Lipids
3.1. Main vegetable oils
3.1.1. Palm oil
3.1.2. Macauba oil
3.1.3. Soybean oil
3.1.4. Carinata (Brassica carinata)
3.1.5. Algae oil
3.1.6. Waste oil
3.1.7. Animal oils and fatty materials
4. Aviation biofuel feedstocks: Sugar and starchy crops
4.1. Sugar and starchy crops composition
4.2. Sugar crops for ethanol and butanol production
4.3. Ethanol and bioethanol production from starch-based feedstock
4.4. Sugar from industrial wastes
5. Lignocellulosic biomass
5.1. Lignocellulosic composition
5.2. Lignocellulosic agricultural residues
5.3. Energy crops
5.4. Forest biomass
5.5. Lignocellulosic industrial wastes
5.6. Municipal solid wastes
5.7. Lignocellulosic conversion processing to produce drop-in biofuels
6. Conclusion
References
Chapter 5: Advanced biorefineries for the production of renewable aviation fuel
1. Introduction
2. Production processes of renewable aviation fuel
3. Biorefineries to produce renewable aviation fuel
3.1. Basic concepts
3.2. Revision of the literature
4. Future trends in the production of renewable aviation fuel through biorefineries
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 6: Role of catalysts in sustainable production of biojet fuel from renewable feedstocks
1. Introduction
2. Roles of catalyst on different feedstock
2.1. Roles on vegetable oil
2.2. Roles on microbial oil
2.3. Roles on lignocellulosic biomass
2.4. Roles on sugar-based feedstock
3. Roles of catalyst on different stages of biojet fuel production
3.1. Deoxygenation
3.2. Hydrocracking
3.3. Hydroisomerization
3.4. Aromatization
4. Future look
5. Conclusion
References
Chapter 7: Biojet fuels and emissions
1. Biojet fuels properties
1.1. Incorporation of biofuels in aviation transport
1.2. Biojet fuels standards
1.3. Properties of biojet fuels
2. Biojet fuels emissions in jet engines
2.1. Pollutant emissions in jet engines
2.2. Biojet fuels in jet engines. A review
3. Biojet fuels emissions in compression ignition engines
3.1. Reciprocating engines in aircraft transport
3.2. Pollutant emissions of biojet fuels in compression ignition engines
3.3. Reactivity and genotoxicity of soot
4. Strengths and weaknesses of the use of biojet fuels
References
Chapter 8: Governance and policy developments for sustainable aviation fuels
1. Introduction
2. Governance of sustainable aviation fuels
3. Policy framework of sustainable aviation fuels (SAF)
4. Policy lessons on sustainable alternative fuels
5. Conclusions
References
Chapter 9: Life cycle assessment of biojet fuels
1. Introduction
2. The technology of biofuels production
2.1. The feedstocks for the production of biofuels
2.2. The main technological process of biofuels
3. Economic evaluation
3.1. Production costs
3.2. Minimum jet fuel selling price (MJSP)
3.2.1. HEFA process
3.2.2. FT process
3.2.3. DSHC process
3.2.4. ATJ process
3.2.5. Other conversion process
3.3. Energy consumption assessment
4. Environmental impact assessment
4.1. Greenhouse gas emissions
4.1.1. Oil
4.1.2. Lignocellulose
4.1.3. Sugar
4.1.4. Ethanol
4.2. Water footprints
4.3. Other environmental issues
5. Biojet fuels development
5.1. Current polices and attitudes of countries
5.2. Challenges and potential risks of biojet fuels
6. Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 10: Sustainability tensions and opportunities for aviation biofuel production in Brazil
1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Production alternatives for aviation biofuel
2.2. Sustainability analysis
3. Discussion on sustainability performance of production alternatives
3.1. Quantitative aspects
3.2. Qualitative aspects
4. Sustainability tensions and opportunities
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Competing interests statement
References
Index
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