Sustainable Agrobiology: Design and Development of Microbial Consortia

Preface
Contents
Editors and Contributors
Part I: Basic and Fundamentals: Microbial Consortia
Chapter 1: An Overall Insight Into the Attributes, Interactions, and Future Applications of ``Microbial Consortium´´ for Plant...
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Microbe-Microbe Interactions
1.3 Microbial Consortia
1.3.1 Definition and Design
1.3.2 Types, Process, and Development
1.4 Formulations: Difficulties and Success
1.5 Root Colonization and Biofilm Formation
1.6 Abiotic Stress: Action and Mechanism
1.7 Metagenomics and Biotechnological Approach to Increase Efficiency of Microbial Consortium for Plant Growth Promotion
1.7.1 Microbiome Engineering
1.7.2 Molecular Tools to Increase Efficiency of Microbiome Engineering
1.7.3 Next-Generation Microbial Synthetic Communities (SynComs) for Plant Yield Promotion
1.8 Application: Microbial Inoculation and Soil Community
1.9 Conclusions
References
Chapter 2: Beneficial Microbial Mixtures for Efficient Biocontrol of Plant Diseases: Impediments and Success
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Protocol Strategy: Artificial Microbial Consortia, Construction, and Mode of Applications
2.2.1 Cocktail and Combined Effect
2.2.2 Co-inoculation
2.3 Biofilm and Quorum Sensing
2.4 Factors Affecting the Efficacy of Consortia
2.5 Reason for Failure
2.6 Success Stones and Bottlenecks
References
Chapter 3: Rhizobacterial-Mediated Interactions for Enhanced Symbiotic Performance of the Root Nodule Rhizobia in Legumes
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Rhizobacterial Interaction in the Initiation of Symbiotic Nitrogen-Fixing Systems
3.2.1 Initiation of Nodule Formation and Development
3.2.2 Induction of Flavonoid Secretion and Symbiotic Effectiveness
3.3 Nutrient Acquisition and Abiotic Stress Tolerance
3.3.1 Induced Systemic Tolerance (IST) in the Legume-Rhizobium Symbiosis
3.3.2 Rhizosphere Interaction for Iron (Fe+3) Acquisition
3.3.3 Phosphorus Acquisition for SNF
3.4 Concluding Summary
References
Chapter 4: Plant Growth-Promoting Bacterial Consortia Render Biological Control of Plant Pathogens: A Review
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Plant Growth-Promoting Bacterial Consortia
4.3 Plant Growth-Promoting Bacterial Consortia-Mediated Biocontrol Mechanisms
4.4 Plant Growth-Promoting Bacterial Consortia Against Bacterial Pathogens
4.5 Plant Growth-Promoting Bacterial Consortia Against Fungal Pathogens
4.6 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
References
Chapter 5: Phytohormonal Role of Microorganisms Involved in Bioinoculants
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Bioinoculant: Uses and Practices
5.3 Phytohormones Produced by Soil Microorganisms
5.4 Role of Phytohormones in the PGPB-Plant Relationship
5.5 Yield Increase and Environmental Advantages: Phytohormonal Bioinoculants
5.6 Concluding Remarks
References
Chapter 6: The Bacterial-Fungal Consortia: Farmer´s Needs, Legal and Scientific Opportunities, and Constraints
6.1 Introduction
6.2 The Farmer´s Need
6.2.1 Biopesticides
6.2.2 Biostimulants
6.2.3 Soil Conditioners
6.2.4 Biofertilizers
6.3 Legal Framework
6.4 Scientific Opportunities and Constraints
References
Part II: Contribution to Agriculture and Sustainability
Chapter 7: Sustainable Improvement of Productivity and Quality of Agricultural Crops Using a Microbial Consortium
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Soil Microbial Consortia
7.3 Mechanism of Microbial Consortia in the Improvement of Productivity and Quality of Agricultural Crops
7.3.1 Biofertilization
7.3.1.1 Nitrogen Fixation
7.3.1.2 Improvement of the Nutrient Bio-availability
7.3.2 Phytostimulation
7.3.2.1 Production of Plant Growth Regulators
7.3.2.2 Production of ACC Deaminase
7.3.3 Biocontrol
7.3.3.1 Production of Antibiotics
7.3.3.2 Cell Wall-Degrading Enzymes
7.3.3.3 Production of Siderophore
7.3.3.4 Hydrogen Cyanide Production
7.3.3.5 Induced Systemic Resistance
7.3.4 Multiple Mechanisms of Action
7.4 Effect of Soil Microbial Consortia on Productivity and Quality of Agricultural Crops
7.5 Future Considerations and Conclusion
References
Chapter 8: Consortia of Probiotic Bacteria and Their Potentials for Sustainable Rice Production
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Consortia of Probiotic Bacteria for Rice
8.2.1 Probiotic Bacteria
8.2.2 Consortia of Probiotic Bacteria
8.3 Type of Rice Probiotic Bacteria
8.3.1 Nitrogen-Fixing Probiotic Bacteria
8.3.2 Phosphate-Solubilizing Probiotic Bacteria (PSPB)
8.3.3 Potassium-Solubilizing Probiotic Bacteria (KSPB)
8.3.4 Siderophore-Producing Probiotic Bacteria (SPPB)
8.3.5 Accumulation of Nutrients
8.3.6 Act as Biocontrol Agent
8.4 Isolation and Identification of Rice Probiotic Bacteria
8.5 Mode of Beneficial Effects of Probiotic
8.5.1 Root Colonization by Probiotic Bacteria
8.5.2 Nitrogen Fixation
8.5.3 Enhanced Nutrient Accumulation
8.5.4 Increased Plant Growth and Development
8.5.5 Increased Root Growth
8.5.6 Production of Phytohormone
8.5.7 Production of Antibiotic
8.5.8 Induction of Systemic Resistance (ISR) in Plant Life
8.5.9 Production of Lipopeptides
8.6 Conclusions and Future Perspective
References
Chapter 9: Strategies to Evaluate Microbial Consortia for Mitigating Abiotic Stress in Plants
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Strategies for the Development of Microbial Consortia/Rhizobacterial Consortia
9.2.1 What Are Microbial Consortia?
9.2.1.1 Step 1: Analysis of Traits of Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria
9.2.1.2 Step 2: Compatibility Efficiency Studies
9.2.1.3 Step 3: Sensitivity to Physical and Chemical Conditions
9.2.1.4 Step 4: PGPR Growth and Mitotic Behavior
9.2.1.5 Step 5: Design of Microbial Consortia
9.2.1.6 Step 6a: Rapid Plant Bioassay
9.2.1.7 Step 6b: Pot Experiments
9.3 Microbial Consortia on Plant Roots: Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)/Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)
9.4 Role of Microbial Consortia as Efficient Biofertilizer
9.5 Mechanisms as Biofertilizer
9.6 Role of Microbial Consortia to Remediate Abiotic Stress
9.6.1 Abiotic Stress Affecting Crop
9.7 Conclusions
References
Part III: Contributions to Ecosystem and Crop Production
Chapter 10: Co-inoculation of Rhizobacteria in Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) Production in East Africa
10.1 Introduction
10.2 General Overview of the Modes of Action of PGPMs
10.2.1 Nutrient Acquisition
10.2.2 Alleviation of Abiotic Stress: Soil Moisture and Salinity
10.2.3 Biological Control Against Pathogens
10.2.4 Production of Growth Regulators/Promoters
10.3 P. vulgaris Growth Response to Co-inoculation with PGPMs
10.3.1 Effect of Co-inoculation with PGPM Consortia on Common Bean Growth Promotion
10.3.2 PGPM Consortia Inoculation on Nutrient Acquisition for Common Beans
10.3.3 Co-inoculation Effect of PGPM Consortia on Biological Control of Root-Knot Nematodes
10.3.4 Alleviation of Moisture Stress in Common Beans by Co-inoculation with PGPM Consortia
10.4 Formulation and Survival of the PGPM Biofertilizers
10.5 Commercialization of PGPM Strains´ Biofertilizers
10.6 Conclusions
Glossary
References
Chapter 11: Management of Sustainable Vegetable Production Using Microbial Consortium
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Role of Microbial Consortium in Sustainable Vegetable Production
11.3 Types of Microbial Consortia
11.3.1 Bacteria-Bacteria Consortia
11.3.2 Fungus-Bacteria Consortia
11.4 Microbial Consortium as Plant Biostimulants
11.5 Microbial Consortium as a Biocontrol Agent (BCA)
11.6 Microbial Consortium-Mediated Plant Defense
11.7 Microbial Consortium as Biofertilizer
11.8 Challenges with Microbial Consortium
11.9 Conclusive Remarks and Future Perspectives
References
Chapter 12: Consort Interactions of the Root Endophytes Serendipita spp. (Sebacinales, Agaricomycetes, Basidiomycota) with Cro...
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Inoculum and Root Colonization
12.2.1 Measures of Assessing Mycorrhization
12.2.2 PRC Vs. Inoculum Density
12.2.3 Inoculum Quantity and the Outcome of the Interaction
12.2.4 Inoculum Types and Sources
12.2.5 Inoculum Quantity and Nutritional Conditions of the Substrate
12.2.6 Inconsistent Choice of Inoculum Quantity
12.3 Inoculation Methods
12.3.1 Inoculation Based on Weight/Volume Ratio
12.3.1.1 Mycelial Plugs as the Source of Inoculum
12.3.1.2 Other Inoculation Methods
12.3.2 Improving the Reproducibility of the Inoculation Technique
12.4 Multipartner Symbioses
12.4.1 Consortium of S. indica and/or S. vermifera with Other Microorganisms
12.4.1.1 Consortium with Trichoderma spp.
12.4.1.2 Consortia with Bacteria and AM Fungi
12.4.2 Antagonisms/Synergisms in Multicomponent Systems
12.5 Development of Carrier-Based Formulation
12.5.1 Carrier-Based Formulations of S. indica and S. vermifera
12.6 Conclusions
References
Chapter 13: Applications of Microbial Consortia and Microbiome Interactions for Augmenting Sustainable Agrobiology
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Overview of the Soil Microbiome
13.2.1 Major Types of Soil Microbiome
13.2.2 Factors Influencing the Growth, Survival, and Diversity of Soil Microbiome
13.2.3 Overview of the Role of the Microbiome in Sustainable Agriculture
13.3 Rhizosphere and Its Importance in Plant Systems
13.3.1 Major Types of Interactions in the Soil
13.3.1.1 Plant-Microbiome Interactions
13.3.1.2 Root-Root Interactions
13.3.1.3 Microbe-Microbe Interactions
13.4 Modern Technology Used in Sustainable Agriculture: Major Goals and Concepts
13.4.1 Data Science Concepts Involved in Agrobiology
13.4.1.1 Genomics and Metagenomics
13.4.1.2 Proteomics and Transcriptomics
13.4.1.3 Metabolomics
13.5 Scope of Data Sciences for the Analysis of Interactions in the Soil Microbiome
13.5.1 Soil Metagenomics and Their Applications
13.5.1.1 Soil Health
13.5.1.2 Discovery of Antibiotics
13.5.1.3 Industrial Use
13.5.1.4 Bioremediation
13.5.1.5 Sustainable Agriculture
13.6 Scope of Next-Generation Sequencing in Agrobiology
13.6.1 Single and Multiple Species Genomics in Agriculture
13.6.2 Impact of NGS on Agrobiology
13.6.3 NGS and Omics Approaches
13.6.4 Revolution of Omics and Impact on Bioinformatics Research
13.7 Challenges of Chemical Pesticides and Fertilizers in Agrobiology
13.8 Alternative Approaches: Design and Development of Novel Microbial Consortia for Enhancing Plant Productivity
13.8.1 Principles Involved in Formulating Microbial Consortia
13.8.2 Methods for Formulating Microbial Consortia
13.8.3 General Applications and Recent Case Studies of Designed Microbial Consortia
13.9 Major Types of Microbial Consortia Responsible for Sustainable and Balanced Agrobiology
13.9.1 Bacterial Consortia and Their Interactions
13.9.2 Bacteria-Fungi Consortia and Their Interactions
13.10 Merits and Demerits of Microbial Consortia-Based Approaches
13.10.1 Merits
13.10.2 Demerits
13.11 Computational Biology and Bioinformatics Tools and Resources for the Design and Formulation of Novel Microbial Consortia
13.11.1 Dynamic Modeling Tools
13.11.2 Steady-State Modeling Tools
13.12 Successful Applications of Data Sciences and Microbial Consortia-Based Approaches in Agrobiology
13.13 Future Perspectives
13.14 Concluding Remarks
References
Part IV: Biofertilizer, Biocontrol Agents, and Crop Growth
Chapter 14: Effect of Microbial Consortium Vs. Perfected Chemical Fertilizers for Sustainable Crop Growth
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Chemicals Vs. Biologicals
14.2.1 Microbial Consortia in Lowering of Chemical Fertilizers
14.2.2 Microbial Consortia in Salinity Stress Conditions
14.2.3 Effect of Microbial Cocktail
14.3 Microbial Consortia in Soil Management
14.4 Consortia Constructions and Applications
14.5 Conclusions
References
Chapter 15: Bioencapsulation of Biocontrol Agents as a Management Strategy for Plant Pathogens
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Progress in Encapsulation Technology to Sustain BCA Viability
15.3 Encapsulation of BCAs in Plant Disease Management
15.4 Potential Challenges and Future Research Directions
15.4.1 Choice of Microbes
15.4.2 Alternative Low-Cost Carrier Materials
15.4.3 Features of Capsules
15.4.4 Scaling Up of Encapsulated Microbes
15.5 Conclusions
References
Chapter 16: Designing Tailored Bioinoculants for Sustainable Agrobiology in Multi-stressed Environments
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Plant Allies: How Do They Work?
16.2.1 Improving Nutrient Acquisition
16.2.1.1 Dinitrogen Fixation
16.2.1.2 Phosphate Solubilization
16.2.1.3 Potassium Solubilization
16.2.1.4 Promotion of Plant Growth and Development Via Phytohormones
16.2.2 Indirect Mechanisms
16.2.2.1 ACC Deaminase Activity
16.2.2.2 Production of Siderophores
16.2.2.3 Other PGP Properties
16.2.3 Tolerance of Bacterial Inoculants Toward Abiotic Stresses
16.2.4 Competition in the Rhizosphere and Root Colonization
16.3 How Can Omics Help Designing Inoculants?
16.3.1 Traits for Resistance Toward Abiotic Stresses
16.3.2 Traits for PGP Properties
16.3.3 Traits Related to Competition in the Rhizosphere and Root Colonization
16.4 Designing Inoculants Adapted to Poly-Stress Situations: The Core-Microbiome Approach
16.5 Bottlenecks to Commercialization: Stability, Competitiveness, Regulatory Issues
16.6 Concluding Remarks
References
Part V: Conclusion: A Future Perspective
Chapter 17: Development and Application of Consortia-Based Microbial Bioinoculants for Sustainable Agriculture
References