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Sustainable Agriculture Reviews 61: Biochar to Improve Crop Production and Decrease Plant Stress under a Changing Climate

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The book aim to contribute the latest understandings of physiological, biochemical and molecular bases of the responses of major crop plants to a range of different biomass produced biochar to introduce climate resilience crop varieties which leads to enhanced crop productivity and quality under stressful conditions and also for better utilization of natural resources to ensure food security through modern breeding. Finally, this book will be a valuable resource for future plant stress related research with biochar, and can be considered as a reference book for front-line researchers working on sustaining crop production under climate change.

Adverse effects of climate changes on crops has developed the situation quite critical for sustainable agriculture. Food security has become in danger due to low production of agricultural crops by resilient climate and ever increasing human population. Heat, drought, salinity, soil compaction, flooding and poor soil organic carbon induced stress in crops by climate adverse conditions are major concerns in this regard. A mechanistic understanding of the interactions between abiotic stresses response of crops is needed to identify and take advantage of acclimation traits in major crop species as a prerequisite for securing robust yield and good quality. This underpins a need for crops with inherent yield increase, yield stability against multiple abiotic stresses and improved quality. Individual stress tolerance mechanisms have been well documented so far. However, mechanisms behind plants’ tolerance by application of biochar and its interactions with soil and plant roots towards multiple abiotic stresses are not fully understood.

In addition, there will always be some uncertainty associated with modelling the complex relationships between agricultural yields, product quality with biochar under future climate scenarios. Prediction of yield and quality stability, one of most complex agronomic traits, must integrate aspects of plant development, physiology, biochemistry and genetics. Furthermore, the GxExM interactions will complicate the model predications, thus the responses of a given genotype to a defined environment under certain management strategy need to be determined empirically and used to parameterise and refine crop models.

Author(s): Shah Fahad, Subhan Danish, Rahul Datta, Shah Saud, Eric Lichtfouse
Series: Sustainable Agriculture Reviews, 61
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2023

Language: English
Pages: 383
City: Cham

Preface
Contents
About the Editors and Contributors
Editors
Contributors
Part I: Improvement of Crop Yield
Chapter 1: Biochar Application for Improving the Yield and Quality of Crops Under Climate Change
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Biochar Synthesis
1.3 Biochar for Sustainable Agriculture
1.4 Role of Biochar in Climate Change Mitigation
1.4.1 Carbon Sequestration
1.4.2 Evaluation of Biochar System
1.4.3 Biochar and Bioenergy Production
1.4.4 Soil Biological Activity and Biochar Stability
1.4.5 Effect of Biochar on Tillage
1.4.6 Biochar to Improve Soil Quality
1.4.7 Biochar Impact on Greenhouse Gases
1.4.8 Economic Feasibility
1.5 Biochar for Improving Crop Health
1.5.1 Soil Health Management
1.5.1.1 Impact of Biochar on Soil Physical Properties
1.5.1.2 Impact of Biochar on Soil Chemical Properties
1.5.1.3 Impact of Biochar on Soil Biological Properties
1.5.2 Nutrient Retention, Use Efficiency and Leaching
1.5.2.1 Nutrient Retention
1.5.2.2 Nutrient Use Efficiency
1.5.3 Water Retention and Irrigation Management
1.5.4 Biochar for Remediation of Pesticide-Contaminated Soils
1.5.5 Role of Biochar for Improving Quality of Irrigation Water
1.5.6 Role of Biochar in Enhancing Crop Yield and Productivity
1.5.7 Potential Drawbacks of Biochar Application
1.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 2: Biochar to Improve Crops Yield and Quality Under a Changing Climate
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Biochar as Soil Conditioner
2.3 Biochar in Optimizing Crop Quality and Yield
2.4 Biochar with Organic and Mineral Fertilizers
2.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 3: Biochar for Improving Crop Productivity and Soil Fertility
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Biochar and Crop Productivity
3.2.1 Biochar as a Soil Amendment
3.3 Conclusion
References
Chapter 4: Biochar Application to Soil to Improve Fertility
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Effects of Biochar
4.3 Status of Biochar
4.4 Biochar Effect on Plant Growth
4.5 Biochar Production
4.6 Physical and Chemical Characterization
4.6.1 Soil Organic Carbon
4.6.2 Soil Inorganic Carbon
4.6.3 Albedo
4.6.4 Water Retention
4.6.5 Evapotranspiration
4.6.6 Net Primary Productivity
4.6.7 Black Carbon
4.7 Uses of Biochar
4.8 Influences of Biochar on Agriculture
4.9 Impact of Biochar on the Respiration Rate of Plants Roots
4.10 Conclusion
References
Part II: Alleviation of Plant Stress
Chapter 5: Biochar as Soil Amendment for Mitigating Nutrients Stress in Crops
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Biochar Versus Other Organic Amendments
5.3 Biochar Effects on Soil Properties
5.4 Biochar for Carbon Sequestration
5.5 Biochar Role in Nitrogen Availability
5.6 Biochar and Phosphorus Availability
5.7 Biochar and Micronutrients Availability
5.8 Conclusion
References
Chapter 6: Biochar to Mitigate Crop Exposure to Soil Compaction Stress
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Types of Biochar
6.3 Biochar Types Based on Pyrolysis
6.4 Importance of Biochar for Crop Productivity
6.5 Soil Physical and Chemical Properties
6.6 Biochar for Better Nutrient Availability in Soil
6.7 Nutrient Supply and Retention
6.8 Biochar Increased Soil Fertility
6.9 Physical Enhancement of Soil Fertility by Biochar
6.10 Biochar Interactions in Soil
6.11 Conclusion
References
Chapter 7: Biochar for Mitigation of Heat Stress in Crop Plants
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Effect of Heat Stress on Crop Production
7.3 Heat Stress Toxicity in Plants
7.4 Effect of Biochar on Plant Growth and Physiology Under Heat Stress
7.5 Biochar Mitigation of Heat Stress by Decreasing Greenhouse Gas Emission
7.6 Biochar Mitigation of Heat Stress by Improving the Root Zone Environment
7.6.1 Improvement of the Soil Water Holding Capacity
7.6.2 Improvement of Soil Bulk Density
7.6.3 Biochar Application Increases Soil Organic Matter Content
7.6.4 Reshaping Soil Microbial Community’s Structures
7.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 8: Biochar Application to Soil for Mitigation of Nutrients Stress in Plants
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Biochar to Alleviate Nutrient Stress
8.3 Nutrients Stress and Plant Growth
8.4 Nutrient Stress and Plant Cell Functions
8.5 Physiological Alteration and Role of Micronutrients Under Nutrient Stress
8.6 Management of Nutrient Stress
8.7 Sustainable Plant Growth Under a Stressed Environment with Biochar
8.8 Physiochemical Changes in Soil After Biochar Addition
8.9 Management of Nutrients by Biochar Under Nutritional Stress
8.10 Conclusion
References
Part III: Improvement of Soil Health
Chapter 9: Biochar from On-Farm Feedstocks for Sustainable Potassium Management in Soils
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Forms of Potassium in Soil
9.3 Potassium in Field Crops Residues and Its Release
9.4 Potassium in Biochar and Its Release
9.5 Potassium Enriched Biochar a Way to Agricultural Sustainability
9.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 10: Biochar for Crop Protection from Soil Borne Diseases
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Biochar to Improve Soil Health
10.3 Improvement of Soil Microflora and Plant Growth by Biochar Amendment
10.4 Effects of Biochar Application on Plant Diseases
10.4.1 Biochar to Control of Soilborne Phytopathogens
10.4.2 Role of Biochar in Induced Resistance Against Soilborne Phytopathogens
10.5 Status
10.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 11: Biofertilizers to Improve Soil Health and Crop Yields
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Current Fertility Status of Pakistani Soils
11.3 Biofertilizers
11.3.1 Types of Biofertilizers
11.3.2 Phosphate-Solubilizing Microbe Biofertilizers
11.3.3 Rhizobium Biofertilizers
11.3.4 Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Biofertilizers
11.3.5 Azotobacter Biofertilizers
11.3.6 Azospirillum Biofertilizers
11.3.7 Azolla and Blue Green Algae Biofertilizers
11.3.8 Silicon-Solubilizing Microbe Biofertilizers
11.4 Biofertilizer Effect on Cucumber
11.5 Market Characteristics for the Release of Biofertilizer
11.6 Pakistan and Biofertilizers
11.6.1 History of Biofertilizers in Pakistan
11.6.2 Biofertilizer Research and Development in Pakistan
11.6.3 Ayub Agricultural Research Institute, Faisalabad
11.6.4 The Nuclear Institute of Agriculture and Biology and National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering
11.6.5 The National Agricultural Research Centre
11.6.5.1 Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences (ISES), University of Agriculture, Faisalabad
11.6.6 The Nature Farming Research and Development Foundation
11.6.7 Biofertilizer Studies in Higher Education Institutes of Pakistan
11.7 Problems of Mass Scale Production and Commercialization of Biofertilizers in Pakistan
11.8 Recommendations
11.9 Conclusion
References
Chapter 12: Biochar Application to Soils to Improve the Management of Irrigation Water
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Impact of Biochar on Irrigation Water Movement, Retention, and Quality
12.2.1 Effect of Biochar on Soil Water Holding Capacity
12.2.2 Effect of Biochar on Soil Surface Runoff and Erosion
12.2.3 Effect of Biochar on Soil Hydraulic Conductivity
12.2.4 Effect of Biochar on Soil Water Repellency
12.2.5 Effect of Biochar on Nutrient Leaching and Mobility
12.2.6 Effect of Biochar on Heavy metals and Organic Pollutants Reduction in Irrigation Water
12.3 Factors Influencing the Effectiveness of Biochar
12.3.1 Source of Feedstock
12.3.2 Pyrolysis Conditions/Process
12.3.3 Biochar Application Rate
12.3.4 Biochar Basic Properties
12.3.5 Co-application of Biochar with Other Amendments
12.3.6 Biochar Modification
12.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 13: Role of Biochar in the Adsorption of Heavy Metals
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Interactions Between Biochar and Heavy Metals
13.2.1 Direct Interactions Between Biochar and Heavy Metals in Soils
13.2.1.1 Complexation
13.2.1.2 Ion Exchange
13.2.1.3 Precipitation
13.2.1.4 Electrostatic Interaction
13.2.2 Indirect Interactions Between Biochar and Heavy Metals in Soils
13.2.2.1 Changes in Soil pH Resulting from Biochar Application
13.2.2.2 Changes in Soil Cation Exchange Capacity Resulting from Biochar Application
13.2.2.3 Changes in Dissolved Organic Carbon in Soil Resulting from Biochar Application
13.2.2.4 Changes in Mineral Matter Content of Soils Resulting from Biochar Application
13.3 Conclusion
References
Part IV: Microbial Interactions
Chapter 14: Positive and Negative Impacts of Biochar on Microbial Diversity
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Positive Impact of Biochar on Microbiota and Their Secretions
14.3 Biochar Colonization by Microorganisms
14.4 Reduction in Toxicity of Contaminants to Microorganisms
14.5 Modification of Microbial Habitats
14.6 Negative Impacts of Biochar on Microbial Diversities
14.7 Bactericidal and Anti-pathogenic Effects
14.8 Impact of Toxic Biochar Compounds
14.9 Indirect Impact of Biochar on Microorganisms
14.10 Conclusion
References
Chapter 15: Biochar and Arbuscular Mycorrhizae Fungi to Improve Soil Organic Matter and Fertility
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi
15.3 Classification of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi
15.4 Symbiosis of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi with Plants
15.5 Biochar as Soil Amendment
15.6 Biochar and Soil Physiochemical Properties
15.7 Factors Affecting the Properties of Biochar
15.8 Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Biochar Interaction
15.9 Dynamics of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in Response to Biochar
15.10 Conclusion
References
Chapter 16: Biochar Feedstocks, Synthesis and Interaction with Soil Microorganisms
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Factors Affecting Quality Standards of Biochar
16.2.1 Physiochemical Characteristics of Biochar Feedstock
16.2.2 Technologies for Biochar Production
16.2.3 Pyrolysis
16.2.4 Torrefaction
16.2.5 Hydrothermal Carbonization
16.2.6 Gasification
16.3 Characterization of Biochar
16.4 Effect of Biochar on Soil Physio-Chemical and Biological Properties
16.5 Interaction of the Soil Microbial Community with Biochar
16.6 Conclusion
References
Index