Sustainable Agriculture Reviews 48: Pesticide Occurrence, Analysis and Remediation Vol. 2 Analysis

Preface
Contents
About the Editors
Contributors
Chapter 1: Pesticide Residues Analysis by Electroanalytical Techniques
1.1 Introduction - Pesticides Analysis
1.2 Electroanalytical Techniques in Pesticides Analysis
1.3 An Overview of Pesticides Electroanalysis
1.3.1 Potentiometry
1.3.2 Amperometry
1.3.3 Voltammetry
1.3.3.1 Cyclic Voltammetry
1.3.3.2 Differential Pulse Voltammetry
1.3.3.3 Square Wave Voltammetry
1.3.4 Stripping Voltammetry
1.3.5 Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy
1.3.6 Electrochemical Detection Systems
1.4 Application of Electroanalytical Techniques in Pesticides Determination
1.4.1 Basic Instrumentation
1.4.1.1 Equipment
1.4.1.2 Electrochemical Cell
1.4.1.3 Electrodes
1.4.1.4 Supporting Electrolyte
1.4.2 Electroactivity Tests
1.4.2.1 Mercury-Based Electrodes
1.4.2.2 Noble Metals Electrodes
1.4.2.3 Carbon-Based Electrodes
1.4.2.4 Chemically Modified Electrodes
1.4.2.5 Biosensor
1.4.3 Experimental Parameters
1.4.3.1 Solvents
1.4.3.2 Supporting Electrolytes
1.4.3.3 Ionic Strength and pH
1.4.3.4 Stripping Steps
1.4.4 Parameters Related to Electroanalytical Technique
1.4.5 Analytical Parameters
1.4.6 Applications
1.5 Electrochemical Behavior of Pesticides from Different Chemical Class
1.6 Conclusions
References
Chapter 2: Protocols for Extraction of Pesticide Residues
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Liquid-Phase Extraction Techniques
2.2.1 Liquid-Liquid Extraction
2.2.2 Soxhlet Extraction
2.2.3 Microwave-Assisted Extraction
2.2.4 Pressurized Liquid Extraction
2.2.5 Supercritical Fluid Extraction
2.2.6 Liquid-Phase Microextraction Techniques
2.2.6.1 Single-Drop Microextraction
2.2.6.2 Hollow-Fiber Microextraction
2.2.6.3 Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction
2.3 Solid-Phase Extraction Techniques
2.3.1 Solid-Phase Extraction
2.3.2 Dispersive Solid-Phase Extraction: QuEChERS
2.3.3 Matrix Solid-Phase Extraction
2.3.4 Solid-Phase Microextraction
2.3.5 Stir Bar Sorptive Extraction
2.4 Gel Permeation Chromatography
2.5 Conclusions and Perspectives
References
Chapter 3: Analysis of Pesticide Residues by on Line Coupled Liquid Chromatography-Gas Chromatography Using the Through Oven T...
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Through Oven Transfer Adsorption Desorption Interface
3.3 Pesticide Residue Analysis
3.4 Pesticide Residue Analysis by Large Volume Injection
3.4.1 Pesticide Residue Analysis in Vegetables
3.4.2 Pesticide Residue Analysis in River Water
3.5 Pesticide Residue Analysis by on Line Coupled Liquid Chromatography-Gas Chromatography
3.5.1 Pesticide Residue Analysis in Water
3.5.2 Pesticides Residue analysis in Edible Oils
3.5.3 Pesticide Residue Analysis in Nuts
References
Chapter 4: Detectors for the Analysis of Pesticides Residues
4.1 Introduction
4.2 General Methods of Detection for Pesticides
4.2.1 Gas Chromatography (GC)
4.2.2 Liquid Chromatography (LC) and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)
4.2.3 Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (HPLC-MS)
4.2.4 Thin-Layer Chromatography (TLC)
4.2.5 Capillary Electrophoresis (CE) and Capillary Electrochromatography (CEC)
4.2.6 Immunoassays (IA)
4.2.7 Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography (UPLC)
4.2.8 Hydrophilic Interaction Liquid Chromatography (HILIC)
4.2.9 Other Techniques
4.3 Pesticide Residue Detection in Fruits and Vegetable Products
4.4 Pesticide Residue Detection in Plant Material
4.5 Pesticide Residue Detection in Water
4.6 Pesticide Residue Detection in Air
4.7 Pesticide Residue Detection in Soil
4.8 Conclusions
References
Chapter 5: Bioindicators of Pesticide Contaminations
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Pesticide in Environment, Air and Water
5.3 Bioindicators
5.3.1 Animals as Bioindicators for Pesticides Pollution
5.3.1.1 Zooplankton
5.3.1.2 Invertebrates
Honey Bees and Bee Products
Ants
Earthworms
Aquatic Insects
5.3.1.3 Vertebrates
Birds
Fish
Wild Animals and Small Mammals
5.3.2 Plants as Bioindicators
5.3.2.1 Higher Plant
5.3.2.2 Lower Plants
Phytoplankton
Lichen and Mosses
5.3.2.3 Aquatic Macrophytes
5.3.3 Microorganisms
5.3.3.1 Terrestrial Microorganism
5.3.3.2 Aquatic Microorganism
5.3.4 Pesticides Toxicity Bioindicators for Humans
5.4 Conclusion and Future Research
References
Chapter 6: Occurrence and Removal of Pesticides in Drinking Water
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Dispersal of Water on Earth
6.3 Historical Perspectives
6.4 Pesticide Classification
6.4.1 Mode of Action
6.4.2 Target Insect
6.4.3 Chemical Composition
6.5 Sources of Pesticide Pollutants
6.5.1 Pesticides Water Pollution
6.6 Pesticide Properties
6.6.1 Adsorption
6.6.2 Solubility
6.6.3 Firmness
6.6.4 Evaporation
6.7 Pesticide Transportation
6.7.1 Surface Runoff and Erosion
6.7.2 Diffuse Source
6.7.3 Spray Drift
6.7.4 Leaching Processes
6.7.5 Overland Flow
6.8 Pesticide Poisoning
6.8.1 Organophosphates
6.8.2 Chlorpyrifos
6.8.3 Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane
6.8.4 Aldrin and Dieldrin
6.9 Pesticide Treatment Technologies
6.9.1 Membrane Technology
6.9.1.1 Reverse Osmosis
6.9.1.2 Microfiltration
6.9.1.3 Ultrafiltration
6.9.1.4 Nanofiltration
6.9.2 Ion Exchange Resins
6.9.3 Activated Carbon
6.9.4 Phytoremediation
6.9.5 Bioaugmentation
6.9.6 Electrocoagulation
6.10 Conclusion
References
Chapter 7: Degradation of Pesticides Residue by Engineered Nanomaterials
7.1 Introduction
7.1.1 Wordwide Consumption of Pesticides
7.1.2 Chemical Sketch and Grouping of Pesticides
7.1.3 Environmental Concerns of Harmful Pesticides
7.2 Classes of Engineered Nanomaterials
7.2.1 Carbon Based Engineered Nanomaterials
7.2.2 Metal and Metal Oxides Based Engineered Nanomaterials
7.2.3 Engineered Nanomaterials of Magnetic-Core Based Composites
7.2.4 Engineered Nanomaterials Based on Composites
7.2.5 Working Mechanisms of Engineered Nanomaterials
7.3 Degradation of Pesticides by Engineered Nanomaterials
7.3.1 Titanium Based Engineered Nanomaterials
7.3.2 Zinc Oxide Based Composite Nanomaterial
7.3.3 Tungsten Based Composite Nanomaterial
7.3.4 Composite Nanomaterials Using Adsorption and Reduction Approaches
7.3.5 Iron Based Composite Nanomaterial
7.3.6 Carbon Based Composite Nanomaterials
7.3.7 Polymeric Composite Nanomaterials
7.4 Importance of Green Synthesized Nanomaterials
7.5 Future Scope and Perspectives
7.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 8: Environmental and Health Effects of Pesticide Residues
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Soil and Water Contaminations by Pesticide Residues
8.3 Pesticide Bioaccumulation and Bio-magnification in Living Systems
8.4 Impact of Pesticide Residues on Biodiversity
8.5 Impact of Pesticides Residues on Pollinators and Bees
8.6 Pesticides Residues and Food Chain Contamination
8.7 Pesticide Resdues and Health Concerns
8.7.1 Carcinogenic Effects of Pesticide Residues
8.7.2 Neurological Effects of Pesticide Residues
8.7.3 Endocrine Disruptions and Pesticide Residues
8.7.4 Effect of Pesticide Residues on Reproduction and Fertility
8.7.5 Pesticides Residues and Child Health
8.7.6 General Health Aspects and Pesticide Residues
8.8 Conclusion
References
Chapter 9: Pesticides Pollution and Analysis in Water
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Pesticides as Water Contaminants
9.3 Classification of Pesticides
9.4 Source, Fate and Transport of Pesticides
9.5 Environmental Effects of Pesticide Pollution
9.6 Health Effects Caused Due to Pesticides
9.7 Analysis of Pesticides
9.8 Thin-Layer Chromatography
9.9 Liquid Chromatography
9.10 Gas Chromatography
9.11 Miscellaneous Chromatography
9.12 Spectrometry Techniques
9.13 Electrophoresis Techniques
9.14 BioAssays
9.15 Biosensors
9.16 Conclusion & Future Perspectives
References
Index