Sustainable Agricultural Chemistry in the 21st Century: Green Chemistry Nexus

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Preface
Author Bio
1 Criteria for Sustainable Agricultural Chemistry
1.1 Environmental Science
1.1.1 Four Spheres
1.1.2 Dynamic Interaction Among Spheres
1.1.3 Foundation of Sustainability
1.2 Agricultural Chemistry
1.3 Components of Sustainable Agricultural Chemistry
1.3.1 Four Drivers
1.4 Contributing to the Success of Sustainability Through a Green Chemistry Nexus
1.4.1 Guidance From Green Chemistry
1.4.2 Response of Agricultural Chemistry to the World
1.4.3 Lithosphere
References
2 Agricultural Chemistry in Global Sustainability
2.1 Sustainability and Sustainable Development
2.2 Agricultural Chemistry (AC) Through the Lens of the Four Spheres
2.2.1 Lithosphere
2.2.2 Role of Water (Hydrosphere)
2.2.3 Role of Air (Atmosphere)
2.2.4 Role of Humans (Biosphere)
2.3 Factors Challenging Sustainable Agriculture
2.3.1 Soil Integrity
2.3.2 Water
2.3.3 Carbon Footprint
2.3.4 Ecology/economy
2.3.5 Nutrients and Food Safety
2.3.6 Climate Change
2.4 Emerging Areas
2.4.1 Green Chemistry
2.4.2 World Health
2.4.3 Modeling Sustainability
2.4.4 Bioeconomy/biorefinery
2.4.5 Biochar
2.5 Conclusion and a Path Forward
References
3 Forces in Agricultural Chemistry and the Need for Circularity
3.1 Agriculture and the Case for Circularity
3.1.1 Four Fields of Strategic Importance
3.1.2 Earth as a System
3.1.3 Identification of Issues
3.1.4 Closed Loop Toward Circular Agricultural Chemistry
3.2 Moving Agricultural Chemistry to Sustainability Through Chemistry
3.2.1 Food Systems
3.2.2 Problems Facing Agriculture
3.2.3 Economy, Society, and Culture
3.3 Circular Thinking in Agricultural Chemistry
3.3.1 Circular Economy
3.3.2 Agriculture and Chemistry
3.3.3 The Biorefinery and Biochar as Ways to Promote AC Sustainability
3.3.4 Life Cycle Analyses
3.4 Developing a New Paradigm
References
4 Life Cycle Assessment With Circularity
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Life Cycle Assessment
4.2.1 Components
4.2.2 Purpose of LCA
4.2.3 Limitations of LCA
4.2.4 Cost of LCA
4.2.5 LCA and Sustainable Circularity
4.3 Circularity: Circular Economy and Circular Chemistry
4.3.1 Circular Thinking as a Complement to LCA
4.3.2 LCA Adapting to Agricultural Chemistry in the Twenty-First Century
4.3.2.1 Land Use
4.3.2.2 Crop Rotation
4.3.2.3 Biodiversity Loss
4.4 Agricultural Chemistry Responding to Needs of the Twenty-First Century
4.4.1 Agricultural Sustainability Through LCA
4.4.2 Agricultural Chemistry Expressed in the Biorefinery
4.4.3 LCA, AC, and Water
4.4.4 LCA, AC, and Energy
4.5 LCA, CIR, and the Bioeconomy
References
5 Use of Natural Resources Affecting Sustainability
5.1 Agriculture in the Twenty-First Century
5.1.1 Three Roles of Agriculture
5.1.2 Global Partnerships
5.2 Systems of Cycles and Spheres
5.2.1 Importance of Soil for Agriculture and Global Issues
5.2.2 Advancing Food Security
5.3 The Earth as a System
5.3.1 Importance of Soil
5.3.2 Transport Processes
5.3.2.1 Energy and Material Flows
5.3.2.2 Biogeochemical Cycles
5.4 Sustainability Model
5.4.1 Material Circulation
5.4.2 Resources Recovery
5.5 Agriculture, Human Activity, and Global Sustainability
5.5.1 Anthropocene
5.5.2 Human Sustainability
5.6 Preservation of Necessary Resources Through Circular Chemistry
5.6.1 Introduction to SIA
5.6.2 Components of SIA
5.7 Agricultural Chemistry Contributions to Promoting Sustainability
5.7.1 Sustainable Biomass
5.7.2 Biochar
5.7.3 Plant Health Protection
References
6 Programs and Processes That Define Agricultural Chemistry in the Twenty-First Century
6.1 Characteristics of Twenty-First Century Agricultural Chemistry
6.1.1 Smart
6.1.2 Intense
6.1.3 Green
6.1.4 Circular
6.1.5 Renewable
6.1.6 Sustainable
6.2 Centrality of Chemistry
6.2.1 Explaining Activities, Processes, and Transport in Spheres
6.2.2 Human Health and Agricultural Chemistry
6.2.3 Climate Instability
6.2.4 Energy Usage
6.2.5 Analytical Techniques That Open New Areas of Science
6.2.6 Microbe Chemistry
6.3 Existing Agricultural Structures
6.3.1 Small Scale Farming Methods
6.3.1.1 Characteristics of Small-Scale Farming[28,29]
6.3.1.2 Main Differences Between Small-Scale and Conventional Farming
6.3.1.3 Challenges and Problems
6.3.1.4 Greenhouse Farming
6.3.2 Industrial Intense Farming
6.3.2.1 Description
6.3.2.2 Problems
6.3.2.3 Solutions
6.3.3 Environment
6.3.4 Pesticides
6.4 New Face of Agricultural Chemistry
6.4.1 Genetically Modified Crops
6.4.2 Artificial Intelligence
6.4.3 Chemical Products From Agriculture
6.4.4 Green Chemistry
6.4.5 Sustainable Intense Agriculture
6.4.6 Circularity
6.5 Agricultural Chemistry in the Twenty-First Century
References
7 Unsustainable Agricultural Waste Streams
7.1 Magnitude of Agricultural Waste
7.1.1 Types of FLW
7.1.2 Causes of Food Losses and Waste
7.1.3 Economic Consequences of Waste
7.1.4 Social Impacts/nutrition
7.1.5 Climate Change
7.2 Treatments
7.3 Valorization of Waste
7.3.1 Food Waste Management Gaps
7.4 Food Waste Management in the Twenty-First Century
7.4.1 Reusing and Recycling
7.4.2 Valorizing Waste
7.4.2.1 Biofuel
7.4.2.2 Valuable Biomaterials
7.4.2.3 Bioactive Compounds
7.4.2.4 Food Waste as Additives in Food Products
7.5 Food and Nutrition Security Through Waste Circularity
7.5.1 Biorefinery for Agricultural Food Waste
7.5.2 Circular Approaches
7.5.2.1 Digestate
7.5.2.2 Composting
7.5.2.3 Anaerobic Digestion
7.5.2.4 Land Applications
7.6 Concluding Remarks
References
8 Agricultural Chemistry in the Food, Energy, and Water Nexus
8.1 The Nexus of Food, Energy, and Water (FEW)
8.1.1 What Is the FEW Nexus
8.1.2 Interaction Among Nexus
8.1.3 Dimensions of the FEW Nexus
8.1.4 Food
8.1.5 Circularity in the FEW Nexus
8.2 Chemistry
8.2.1 Past
8.2.2 Present
8.2.3 Future
8.3 Agricultural Chemistry Role
8.3.1 Water Availability and Scarcity
8.3.2 Water Reclamation
8.3.3 Water Quality
8.3.4 Impact of Contaminated Water On Food
8.3.5 Food and Biofuels
8.3.6 Renewable Sources of Energy
8.4 Food Security With FEW Nexus
8.4.1 Employing Sustainable Production Methods
8.4.2 Changing Diets
8.4.3 Reducing Food Loss and Waste
8.5 Sustainable Solutions
References
9 Sustainable Intensive Agriculture
9.1 Background
9.1.1 Paradigm
9.1.2 Necessity for a Paradigm Shift
9.1.3 Criteria
9.1.4 Definition of Sustainable Intensive Agriculture (SIA)
9.2 Intensive Sustainable Practices for Human Needs
9.2.1 Sources of Practices
9.2.2 Biophysical Safe Space
9.2.3 Transforming the Anthropocene
9.2.4 Sustainable Examples With Intensive Agriculture (IA)
9.3 Sustainable Practices for the Four Spheres
9.3.1 Working With Nature
9.3.2 Managing Sustainable Increases
9.3.3 Twenty-First Century Production
9.4 The Way Forward
9.4.1 Transformation, Co-Design, and Learning
References
10 Circularity: Environmental, Chemical, Agricultural
10.1 The Nature of Circularity
10.1.1 Circular Economy
10.1.2 Transitioning to a Circular Economy
10.1.3 Circularity Goals
10.2 Environmental Circularity – a Necessary First Step
10.2.1 Introduction
10.2.2 Linking Environmental and Agricultural Circularity
10.2.3 Areas of Environmental Circularity Applications
10.3 Chemical Circularity
10.3.1 Circular Chemistry to Enable a Circular Economy
10.3.2 Integrating Chemistry Into a Circular Economy
10.3.3 Examples
10.3.4 Afterthoughts On Circular Chemistry
10.4 Agricultural Chemistry Circularity
10.4.1 Introduction
10.4.2 Dimensions and Models for Agricultural Circularity
10.4.3 Examples of Agricultural Circularity
10.5 Conclusion
References
11 Smart Agriculture Through Agricultural Chemistry
11.1 Introduction
11.1.1 Food Security
11.1.2 Smart Farming Technologies
11.1.3 Metrics for the Three Pillars of CSA
11.1.4 Environmental Impacts and Climate Change
11.2 Agricultural Sustainability and Climate Change
11.2.1 Current Situation
11.2.2 Consumers
11.2.3 Politics
11.3 Climate Smart Agriculture
11.3.1 Overview
11.3.2 Science in CSA
11.3.3 Impacts
11.3.4 Intensification Within the Constraints of CSA
11.4 Tools for Climate Smart Agriculture
11.4.1 Cloud Computing
11.4.2 Artificial Intelligence
11.4.3 Data Mining
11.4.4 Internet of Things (IoT)
11.5 Resources and Engineering That Comprise CSA
11.5.1 Monitoring
11.5.2 Nanomaterials for Fertilizers and Pesticides
11.5.3 Hydroponics
11.5.4 Biosensors
11.5.5 Genetic Engineering
11.5.6 Land Recovery
11.5.7 Diffusion
11.5.8 Scaling
11.6 Afterthoughts
References
12 Crop Protection and Agricultural Green Chemistry
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Classes of CPCs Used in Twenty-First-Century Agriculture
12.2.1 Need for Innovation
12.2.2 Fungicides for Disease Control
12.2.3 Herbicides for Weed Control
12.2.4 Safeners for Weed Control
12.2.5 Insecticides for Pest Control
12.2.6 Nematicides
12.2.7 Managing Microbes
12.3 Principles of Green Chemistry Applied in Crop Protection
12.3.1 Prevent Waste
12.3.2 Maximize Atom Economy
12.3.3 Design Less Hazardous Synthesis of CPCs
12.3.4 Design Safer Chemicals and Products
12.3.5 Use Safer Solvents and Reaction Conditions
12.3.6 Design for Energy Efficiency and Production of Biofuel
12.3.7 Use Renewable Feedstocks
12.3.7.1 Biorefinery
12.3.7.2 CPC
12.3.7.3 Bioplastics
12.3.7.4 Biopolycarbonates
12.3.7.5 Oils
12.3.8 Avoid Derivatives in Synthesis Steps
12.3.9 Use Catalysis, Not Stoichiometric Reagents
12.3.9.1 Chemical Reactions
12.3.9.2 Catalysts From Waste
12.3.9.3 Asymmetric Synthesis
12.3.9.4 Enzymes
12.3.10 Design Products to Degrade After Use
12.3.11 Analyze in Real Time
12.3.11.1 Manufacturing
12.3.11.2 Pesticide Analyses
12.3.11.3 Field Analyses/Smart Agriculture
12.3.12 Minimize Potential for Accidents
12.3.12.1 Personal Protection Equipment
12.3.12.2 Phytomanagement
12.4 Conclusion
References
13 Sustainable Agricultural Chemistry: The Biorefinery
13.1 Biorefinery Overview
13.1.1 Principles of a Sustainable Biorefinery
13.1.2 Global Drivers
13.1.3 Types of Biorefineries
13.1.4 Pretreatment Processes
13.1.5 Separation and Recovery Technologies
13.1.6 Role of Enzymes
13.1.7 Microorganisms
13.1.8 Biorefinery and Circular Economy
13.1.9 Green Biorefineries
13.2 Connection to Agriculture
13.2.1 Lignocellulosic Biorefinery (LBR)
13.2.2 Food Waste
13.2.3 Biomass
13.2.4 Fruit
13.2.5 Rice
13.2.6 Corn
13.3 Role of Agricultural Chemistry in the Biorefinery
13.3.1 Food Waste Biorefineries (FWB)
13.3.2 Modeling Biowaste Biorefineries
13.3.3 Integrated Biorefineries of Agricultural Waste
13.3.4 Challenges in Integrated Biorefinery of Agricultural Waste
13.4 Sustainability Contributions By Biorefineries
13.4.1 Wastewater
13.4.2 Energy
13.4.3 Biowaste
13.4.4 Chemical Production
13.4.5 Circular Economy
References
14 Epilogue: Building a Sustainable Agricultural Chemistry
14.1 Challenge of Building Sustainable Agricultural Chemistry
14.1.1 Agricultural Chemistry as a Tangled Ball of Yarn
14.1.2 Necessary Methodology
14.1.3 Importance of Agricultural Chemistry
14.2 Problems Affecting Sustainability
14.2.1 Intensification
14.2.2 Dietary Challenges
14.2.3 Land Use
14.2.4 Climate Change
14.2.5 Smart Agriculture
14.2.6 Disappearing Water
14.2.7 Societal Education
14.3 Integration of Solutions
14.3.1 Improving Policy Environment/education
14.3.2 New Practices and Technologies
14.3.3 Fertilizers/crop Protection
14.3.4 Improve Seed Growth
14.3.5 Valorizing Waste
14.3.6 Smart Agriculture Through IoT
14.3.7 Biorefinery
14.4 From this Day Forward…
References
Index