Sustainability in Biofuel Production Technology

Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Preface
Chapter 1 Introduction to biofuel
1.1 Introduction
1.1.1 Need of Emerging Technology
1.1.2 Renewable Energy
1.2 History of Biofuel Development
1.3 Generation in Biofuel
1.4 Classification of Biofuels
1.5 Technologies Involved in Biofuel Production
1.6 Biofuel Properties
1.7 Socioeconomic and Environmental Impact
1.8 Conclusion
References
Chapter 2 Ethanol as the leading ‘first-Generation’ biofuel
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Historical Development of Ethanol as Biofuels
2.2.1 Feedstock Used for First-generation Bioethanol Production
2.3 Environmental Aspects of Using Ethanol as Biofuels
2.3.1 Adaptive Capacity
2.3.2 Biofuel Technology
2.3.3 Geographical Impact
2.3.4 Technology Transfer
2.3.5 Government Regulations
2.3.6 Resource Mobilisation
2.3.7 Entrepreneurship
2.4 Cost Models of Ethanol as Biofuels
2.5 Sustainability Aspects – Need of Alternative Biofuel
2.6 Summary
References
Chapter 3 Advanced biofuels – alternatives to biofuels
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Biofuels Deserve Another Look
3.2.1 Economic Model of Biofuels
3.2.2 Advanced Biofuels
3.3 Global Production, Need and Demand
3.3.1 Environmental Factor
3.3.2 Clean Fuel
3.3.3 Biofuel Policies
3.3.4 National Biofuel Policy 2018
3.4 Feedstock for Advanced Biofuels
3.5 Advanced Biofuels for Different Applications
3.6 Commercial Development
3.7 Aviation Fuel and Green Diesel
3.8 Conclusion
References
Chapter 4 Biofuel production technologies – an overview
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Industry Challenges Associated with Biofuels
4.3 Edible Vegetable to Non-edible/low-cost Raw Materials for Biodiesel Production
4.3.1 Advantages of Non-edible Oil
4.3.2 Oil Extraction Technologies
4.3.3 Biodiesel Standards and Characterisation of Non-edible Biodiesel
4.3.4 Technologies of Biodiesel Production from Non-edible Oil
4.4 Development of Chemical Conversion Technologies
4.5 Development of Thermochemical Conversion Technologies
4.6 Development of Biological Conversion Technologies
4.7 Development of Biochemical Conversion Technologies
4.8 Technology Innovation in Biofuel Production
4.9 Process Integration and Biorefinery
4.10 Alternatives to Biofuel Production
4.11 Technology Survey
4.12 Key Collaborations for Biofuel Production
4.13 Market Research on Biofuels
4.13.1 Technology Commercialisation of Innovation in Biofuel
4.13.2 Start-up Innovation In Biofuel Technology
4.14 Future Trends
4.15 Summary
References
Chapter 5 Chemically produced biofuels
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Triglycerides – Best Participant as Fuels
5.2.1 Base-catalysed Transesterification Process
5.2.2 Acid-catalysed Transesterification Process
5.2.3 Enzyme-catalysed Transesterification Process
5.3 Biogas Using Anaerobic Digestion
5.4 Catalytic Biofuel Production
5.4.1 Biomass Gasification
5.4.2 Production of Hydrogen
5.4.3 Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis
5.4.4 Isosynthesis
5.4.5 Methanol To Gasoline (MTG Process)
5.4.6 Biofuels Production
5.5 Nanoparticles Potential in Biofuel Production
5.5.1 Magnetic Nanoparticle
5.5.2 Carbon Nanotubes
5.5.3 Solid Acid Nanocatalyst
5.5.4 Base Nanocatalysts
5.5.5 Bi-functional Nanocatalysts
5.6 Production Cost Analysis
5.7 Environmental Footprints of Chemical Processes
5.7.1 Water Pollution
5.7.2 Air Pollution
5.8 Future Demand and Scope
5.9 Conclusion
References
Chapter 6 Microalgae – biofuel production trends
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Technology for Microalgae Cultivation
6.2.1 Autotropic/phototropic Cultivation
6.2.2 Heterotropic Cultivation
6.2.3 Mixotropic Cultivation
6.2.4 Photoheterotropic Cultivation
6.2.5 Large-scale and Lab-scale Microalgal Cultivation for Biomass Production
6.3 Biofuels from Microalgae
6.3.1 Pyrolysis of Microalgae to Biochar/bio-oil
6.3.2 Biodiesel from Microalgae
6.3.3 Bioethanol Production from Microalgae
6.3.4 Biohydrogen and Bio-Syngas Production from Microalgae
6.4 Role of Nanoadditives in Algae-based Biofuel Production
6.5 Cost Analysis of Microalgae-based Biofuel Production
6.6 Challenges and Opportunities in Microalgae-based Biofuel Production
6.7 Summary
References
Chapter 7 Agro-Waste-Produced biofuels
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Agricultural Waste and Residues as Valuable Materials
7.3 Pre-treatment of Agro-waste
7.3.1 Physical Pre-treatment
7.3.2 Chemical Pre-treatment
7.3.3 Physiochemical Treatment
7.3.4 Biological Pre-treatment
7.4 Process Technology – Agro-waste to Bioenergy
7.4.1 Hydrolysis
7.4.2 Anaerobic Digestion
7.4.3 Dark Fermentation
7.4.4 Transesterification
7.5 Creating Wealth from The Agricultural Waste
7.6 Economic Valuation of Agro-waste
7.7 Impact of Agricultural Waste
7.8 Current Challenges and Future Trends
7.9 Summary
References
Chapter 8 Biofuels for Aviation
8.1 Introduction
8.1.1 Types of Aviation Fuel
8.1.2 Comparison of Jet and AVGAS
8.2 Chemistry of Fuel Molecules
8.2.1 Iso-alkane
8.2.2 Cycloalkane
8.2.3 Pathways for Producing Sustainable Aviation Fuel
8.3 Alcohol to Jet (ATJ)
8.3.1 Feedstock Used
8.3.2 Process Analysis
8.3.3 Economic and Life-cycle Analysis
8.4 Oil to Jet (OTJ)
8.4.1 Feedstock Used
8.4.2 Process Analysis
8.4.3 Economic and Life-cycle Analysis
8.5 Gas to Jet (GTJ)
8.5.1 Feedstock Used
8.5.2 Process Analysis
8.5.3 Economic and Life-cycle Analysis
8.6 Sugar-to-Jet (STJ) Fuel
8.6.1 Feedstock Used
8.6.2 Process Analysis
8.6.3 Economic and Life-cycle Analysis
8.7 Overview of Blending Sustainable Aviation Fuel
8.8 Summary
References
Chapter 9 State of the Art Design and Fabrication of a Reactor in Biofuel Production
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Limitation of Conventional Production Technology
9.3 Ideal Reactors
9.4 Reaction Designing from an Engineering Aspect
9.5 Process Parameters in Reactor Designing
9.5.1 Kinetics and Reaction Equilibrium
9.5.2 Collection of Required Data
9.5.3 Reaction Condition
9.6 Safety Consideration of Reaction Design
9.7 Reactors for Biodiesel Production
9.8 Ultrasonic Biodiesel Reactors
9.9 Supercritical Reactors
9.10 Static Mixers as Biodiesel Reactors
9.11 Reactive Distillation
9.12 Capital Cost and Performance Analysis of Reactors
9.13 Summary
References
Chapter 10 Modelling and Simulation to Predict the Performance of the Diesel Blends
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Cause and Effect Relationships
10.3 Approach to Formulate
10.4 Concept of Man–Machine System
10.5 Formulation of the Mathematical Model
10.5.1 Identify the Causes and Effects
10.5.2 Perform Test Planning
10.5.3 Physical Design of an Experimental Set-up
10.5.4 Checking and Rejection of Test Data
10.5.5 Formulation of the Model
10.6 Limitations of Adopting the Experimental Database Model
10.7 Identification of Causes and Effects of an Activity
10.8 Dimensional Analysis
10.8.1 Dimensional Equation
10.8.2 Rayleigh’s Method
10.9 Case Study on the Engine Performance by Using Alternative Fuels
10.10 Establishment of Dimensionless Group of Terms
10.10.1 Creation of Field-data-based Model
10.10.2 Model Formulation by Identifying the Curve-fitting Constant and Various Indices of Terms
10.10.3 Basis for Arriving at the Number of Observations
10.10.4 Model Formulation
10.10.5 Artificial Neural Network Simulation
10.10.6 Sensitivity Analysis
10.10.7 Optimisation of Models
10.10.8 Reliability of the Models
10.11 Summary
References
Chapter 11 Challenges to Biofuel Development
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Key Issues and Challenges in Biofuel Production Pathways
11.2.1 Production from Biomass
11.2.2 Transportation of Goods
11.2.3 Economic Effects
11.2.4 Switching to Biofuels
11.2.5 Environmental Effects
11.3
11.4 Biofuel Blends and Future Trends
11.5 Environmental Effects of Biofuels
11.5.1 Biofuel Impact on Food Security
11.5.2 Bioenergy Effect on Water (Quantity and Quality)
11.5.3 Emissions of Greenhouse Gases
11.5.4 Effect of Biofuel on Biodiversity
11.6 Economic Impact of Biofuels
11.6.1 Jobs in the Field of Biofuel
11.6.2 Bioethanol
11.6.3 Biodiesel
11.6.4 Biohydrogen
11.6.5 Biogas
11.7 Biorefineries
11.8 Summary
References
Chapter 12 Greener Catalytic Processes in Biofuel Production
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Sustainable Catalysts
12.2.1 Chemical Catalyst
12.2.2 Industrial Wastes
12.2.3 Biological Catalysts
12.3 Summary
References
Chapter 13 Life Cycle Assessment
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Life Cycle Assessment of Biomass
13.3 Feedstock Used
13.4 Purpose of Life Cycle Impact Assessment
13.5 Life Cycle for Fossil Fuels
13.6 Ethanol Life Cycle
13.7 Life Cycle Analysis
13.8 ISO Life Cycle Assessment Standards
13.8.1 ISO 14040
13.8.2 ISO 14067
13.8.3 ISO 13065
13.9 Life Cycle Assessment Benefits
13.10 Role of LCA in Public Policies/Regulations
13.11 Conclusion
References
Chapter 14 Socioeconomic Impact of Biofuel
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Employment Opportunities in Biofuel Production Industries
14.3 Socioeconomic and Environmental Impact
14.4 Biodiesel Industries
14.5 Export and Import of Biodiesel
14.6 Production of Biodiesel
14.7 Economic Impact of Biofuels
14.8 The Development of Renewable Energy Based on Income
14.9 The Development of Renewable Energy Based on Carbon Emission
14.10 Biofuel Impact on the Society
14.11 Barriers in the Production of Biofuels
14.12 Biofuel Desire to Improve the Balance of Trade
14.13 Conclusion
References
Index
EULA