Energy storage is key to integrating renewable power. Superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) systems store power in the magnetic field in a superconducting coil. Once the coil is charged, the current will not stop and the energy can in theory be stored indefinitely. This technology avoids the need for lithium for batteries. The round-trip efficiency can be greater than 95%, but energy is needed for the cooling of the superconducting coil, and the material is expensive. So far, SMES systems are primarily used for improving power quality through short time storage, but further applications are being researched.
This concise treatise for researchers, including PhD students, involved with energy storage research at universities and in industry, experts at utilities and grid operators, as well as advanced students provides a hands-on overview of SMES technology. Chapters cover principles, control, power quality and transient stability enhancement, load frequency control, dynamic performance, use of AI with SMES, and cybersecurity case studies underpin the coverage.
Author(s): Mohd. Hasan Ali
Series: IET Energy Engineering Series, 210
Publisher: The Institution of Engineering and Technology
Year: 2023
Language: English
Pages: 289
City: London
Contents
About the Editor
1 Introduction
1.1 Need to defossilize or decarbonize
1.2 Need for storage system to integrate renewables
1.2.1 Superconducting magnetic energy storage
1.2.2 Battery energy storage
1.2.3 Ultra/supercapacitor energy storage
1.2.4 Flywheel energy storage
1.2.5 Pumped hydro energy storage
1.2.6 Thermal energy storage
1.2.7 Hybrid energy storage devices
1.3 Shortcomings of other storage technologies
1.4 Overview of the contents
References
2 Overview of SMES technology
2.1 Introduction
2.2 What is SMES?
2.2.1 SMES concept
2.2.2 The operating principle
2.2.3 Structure of SMES
2.2.4 Stress in superconducting coils
2.2.5 Advantages of SMES systems
2.3 Types of SMES
2.3.1 Solenoid configuration
2.3.2 Toroid configuration
2.3.3 Case study: Computing the magnetic energy storage and the Lorentz force in a solenoid and a toroid
2.3.4. Comparison between solenoidal and toroidal geometries
References
2.4 Dynamics models of SMES
2.5 Materials, challenges, and cooling system of SMES
2.5.1 Basics of superconductivity
2.5.2 Superconductor used in electrical engineering applications (SMES systems)
2.6 SMES applications to power and energy systems
2.7 Practical aspects
2.8 SMES cost analysis
2.8.1 Cost of the superconductors
2.8.2 Cost of the stored energy
2.9 Chapter summary
3 Superconducting magnetic energy storage control methods
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Various control techniques of SMES
3.2.1 VSC-based SMES
3.2.2 CSC-based control
3.3 Conclusion
References
4 Transient stability enhancement of power grids by superconducting magnetic energy storage
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Transient stability issues in power grids
4.3 Transient stability improvement in conventional source-based power grids
4.3.1 Elementary SMES modelling and control
4.4 Transient stability improvement in renewable energy source-based power grids
4.4.1 SMES control algorithms for transient stability enhancement
4.5 Case studies
4.5.1 Case A
4.5.2 Case B
4.5.3 Case C
4.5.4 Case D
4.5.5 Case E
4.6 Summary
4.7 Appendix
References
5 Enhancement of load frequency control in interconnected microgrids by SMES
5.1 Introduction
5.2 LFC issues in interconnected MG
5.2.1 Modeling of MG system
5.2.2 Formulation of frequency deviation
5.2.3 Modeling of the SMES system
5.2.4 Stochastic property of RESs and sudden load changes
5.2.5 Impact of system inertia reduction
5.3 Minimization of frequency and tie-line power oscillations in conventional source-based interconnected MG
5.3.1 Using conventional generation systems
5.3.2 Using high-voltage direct current (HVDC) systems
5.3.3 Using flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS) devices
5.4 Minimization of frequency and tie-line power oscillations in RES-based interconnected MG
5.4.1 Using photovoltaic (PV) farms
5.4.2 Using wind plants
5.4.3 Using electric vehicles
5.4.4 Using energy storage devices
5.5 Control methods of SMES for LFC
5.5.1 Integer-order controllers
5.5.2 FO controllers
5.5.3 Fuzzy logic controllers
5.5.4 Data-driven LFC methods
5.5.5 Model predictive controllers
5.6 Case study
5.6.1 Scenario 1
5.6.2 Scenario 2
5.6.3 Scenario 3
5.6.4 Scenario 4
5.7 Conclusion
References
6 Dynamic performance enhancement of power grids by coordinated operation of SMES and other control systems
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Hybrid energy storage systems (HESS)
6.3 Dynamic performance enhancement of power grids by combination of SMES and battery energy storage
6.4 Dynamic performance enhancement of power grids by combination of SMES and fuel cell system
6.5 Dynamic performance enhancement of power grids by combination of SMES and SVC
6.6 Dynamic performance enhancement of power grids by combination of SMES and STATCOM
6.7 Dynamic performance enhancement of power grids by combination of SMES and fault current limiters
6.8 Case study
6.9 Cost effectiveness analysis
6.10 Conclusion
References
7 Artificial intelligent controllers for SMES for transient stability enhancement
7.1 Introduction
7.2 AI methods
7.3 Fuzzy logic-based control of SMES for power grids
7.4 Neural network-based control of SMES for power grids
7.5 Adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system (ANFIS)-based control of SMES for power grids
7.6. Case study
7.7 Conclusion
References
8 Cybersecurity issues in intelligent control-based SMES systems
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Cybersecurity issues in power grid
8.3 How cyberattacks happen in SMES systems?
8.4 Impact of cyberattacks on SMES systems
8.5 Detection of cyberattacks in SMES system
8.5.1 Model-based cyberattack detection methods
8.5.2 Data-driven cyberattack detection methods
8.5.3 Network- and firmware-based cyberattack detection methods
8.6 Mitigation of adverse effects of cyberattacks on SMES
8.7 Case study
8.8 Challenges and future directions of cyber secure SI-enabled energy storage devices
8.8.1 Challenges
8.8.2 Future directions
8.9 Conclusion
References
9 Outlook
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Summary of findings
9.3 Open challenges and unsolved problems
9.4 Conclusion
Index
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