Sundarbans Mangrove Systems: A Geo-Informatics Approach

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
Editors
Contributors
Introduction
SECTION 1 Remote Sensing of Mangroves
Chapter 1 Remote Sensing of Mangroves
1.1 Application of Remote Sensing on Mangroves
1.1.1 Remote Sensing Application on Forest Mapping
1.1.1.1 Feature Delineation
1.1.1.2 Vegetation Indices
1.1.1.3 Change Detection
1.1.2 Remote Sensing Application on Mangrove Mapping
1.2 Biomass Estimation of Mangrove Forest
1.2.1 Forest Biomass Estimation
1.2.1.1 Forest Biomass Estimation Using Lidar Technique
1.2.1.2 Forest Biomass Estimation Using SAR Technique
1.2.2 Mangrove Biomass Estimation
1.2.2.1 Mapping Mangrove Canopy Structure
1.2.2.2 Forest Stand Height
1.3 Forest Health and Stress Mapping Using Geoinformatics
1.3.1 Forest Health and Stress Indicators
1.3.2 Forest Health and Stress Monitoring Using Close-Range RS Approach
1.3.3 Forest Health and Stress Monitoring Using Far-Range RS Approach
1.3.3.1 LiDAR
1.3.3.2 Synthetic Aperture RADAR
1.3.3.3 Optical Sensor
1.3.3.4 Multi-Sensor Approach
1.3.4 Modeling Approach
1.3.4.1 Empirical Models
1.3.4.2 Physical Models
1.3.4.3 Hybrid Models
References
Chapter 2 Does Mid-Resolution Landsat Data Provide Sufficient Accuracy for Image Classification and Mapping at Species Level? A Case of the Bangladesh Sundarbans, Bay of Bengal
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Method
2.2.1 Study Area
2.2.2 Image Used
2.2.3 Image Pre-Processing
2.2.4 Image Analysis
2.2.5 Class Accuracy
2.3 Results
2.4 Discussion and Conclusion
References
Chapter 3 Effect of Statistical Relative Radiometric Normalization on Spectral Response of Mangrove Vegetation of Indian Sundarbans – A Comparative Performance Evaluation on Sentinel 2A Multi-Spectral Data
3.1 Introduction
3.1.1 Study Area
3.2.1 Database and Methodology
3.2.1.1 Database and Software Used
3.2.1.2 Methods
3.2 Results and Discussion
3.2.1 Comparative Results of Different SRRN Techniques
3.2.2 Effect of SRRN on the Spectral Response of the Mangrove Vegetation
3.3 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 4 Remote Sensing as a Tool for Mangrove Ecosystem Mapping and Monitoring: On Sundarbans’ Perspective
4.1 Introduction
4.1.1 Background
4.1.2 Aim
4.1.3 Attributes of Mangrove and Mangrove Ecosystems
4.1.4 Role and Utilization Potential of Mangrove
4.2 Study Site
4.3 Mangrove Characteristics through Remotely Sensed Data
4.3.1 Characteristics of Mangroves through Optical Remote Sensing Data
4.3.2 Mangrove Moisture Content Properties
4.3.3 Characteristics of Mangroves through Radar Remote Sensing Data
4.4 Methods and Studies on Mangrove Discrimination and Monitoring
4.4.1 Mangrove Identification Studies Based on Multispectral Remote Sensing Data
4.4.2 Mangrove Identification Using Hyperspectral Remote Sensing Data
4.4.3 Target-Specific Classification Indices and Other Vegetation Indices
4.4.4 Mangrove Identification Using SAR Data
4.5 Case Study: Indian Sundarbans
4.5.1 Station and Ground Information
4.5.2 Geospatial Analysis
4.5.3 Results and Discussion
4.6 Conclusion
References
SECTION 2 ecology of Sundarbans a Geo-informatics Approach
Chapter 5 Plant Diversity Assessment in Indian Sundarban Mangroves: A Geoinformatics Approach
5.1 Mangrove Ecosystems
5.2 Mangroves of the World
5.3 Mangrove Biodiversity in India
5.4 Mangrove Biodiversity in Sundarbans
5.5 Role of RS in Plant Diversity Assessment of World’s Mangroves
5.6 RS-Based Plant Diversity Assessment of Sundarban Mangroves
5.7 Conclusions
References
Chapter 6 Spatio-Temporal Distribution of Microforams in the Sundarbans Mangrove Forest, Bangladesh: Response to Ecological Imbalance
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Methodology
6.3 Results and Discussions
6.4 Conclusions
Appendix: SEM Micrographs of Recorded Forams
References
Chapter 7 Change Analysis of Biophysical Parameters of Mangrove Forests over Indian Sundarbans using Geospatial Techniques: A Special Emphasis on Leaf Area Index and Percentage Canopy Cover
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Data Used and Methodology
7.3 Results and Discussion
7.3.1 Leaf Area Index
7.3.2 Percent Canopy Cover
7.3.3 Areal extent
7.4 Conclusion
References
SECTION 3 Ecosystem Services Analysis using GIS
Chapter 8 Economic Valuation of Ecosystem Services of Sundarbans Natural Reserve Region, India
8.1 Introduction
8.1.1 Valuation and Quantification of Natural Capital and Ecosystem Services
8.1.2 Social Cost of Carbon and Carbon Taxation
8.1.3 Application of Remote Sensing and Machine Learning Approaches in Ecosystem Service Valuation
8.2 Materials and Methods
8.2.1 LULC Classification
8.2.2 Estimation of Ecosystem Service Values
8.3 Results and Discussion
8.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 9 An Appraisal of Tourism Industry as Alternative Livelihood in Indian Sundarbans
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Data and Methods
9.3 Livelihood Issues in the Islands of Indian Sundarbans Delta
9.4 Tourism Profile of Indian Sundarbans
9.4.1 Nature and Wildlife Attractions
9.4.2 Religious Attractions
9.5 Pilgrimage Tourism: An Alternative Livelihood
9.6 Discussion
9.7 Strategy for Tourism Industry as GSTC
References
Chapter 10 An Analysis of Small-Scale Fisheries Management Status by Focusing on Degrading Fisheries Resources in the Sundarbans
10.1 Introduction: Background and Motivation
10.2 Present Status of Fisheries Resources of the Sundarbans
10.2.1 Available Fish Species
10.2.2 Sectoral Contribution to Revenue
10.2.3 Fish Exploitation Trends
10.2.3.1 Vegetation and Waterbody Changes Trend in the Sundarbans
10.2.4 Impacts on Biodiversity
10.2.5 Land-Use Conflicts
10.2.6 Disaster Impacts on Sundarbans and Mangrove Fisheries
10.3 Why Fisheries Management is Vital to Curb the Resource Depletion
10.3.1 Sustainable Fisheries Management: A Two- Folded Management Practice
10.3.1.1 Fishing Area Ban
10.3.1.2 Fishing Ban during Breeding Season
10.3.1.3 Ban of Fishing Gear and Mesh Size Control
10.3.1.4 Boat License Certificate Limit
10.3.2 Major Resources Management Plans to Protect Fisheries Resources of the SMF
10.3.2.1 Current Co-Management Practices
10.3.2.2 Role of Forest Department
10.3.2.3 Regulations Related to the Sundarbans Fisheries
10.3.2.4 Gradual Changes in the Principles of Fisheries Management
10.3.3 Stakeholders Analysis
10.3.3.1 Conflicts over Resource Exploitation due to Poor Management
10.4 Analysis and Discussion
10.5 Conclusion
References
SECTION 4 Vulnerability of Sundarbans through Geospatial Analysis
Chapter 11 Biophysical Vulnerability Assessment of Indian Sundarbans Mangrove
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Vulnerability and Its Components
11.3 Vulnerability Assessment Methodology
11.3.1 Study Area
11.3.2 Climate Change and Health of Indian Sundarbans Mangroves
11.3.3 Selection of Indicators for Vulnerability Assessment
11.3.4 Design of Vulnerability Index
11.3.5 Normalization of Components
11.3.6 Evaluation of Criteria
11.4 Results and Discussion
11.4.1 Influence of Sea Level Rise, Tidal Action and Coastal Erosion on Mangroves
11.4.2 Influence of Rainfall and Temperature on Mangroves
11.4.3 Salinity Regimes
11.4.4 Dominance of Saline Blanks
11.4.5 Land Covers Changes
11.4.6 Cyclones and Tidal Bore
11.4.7 Mangrove Health
11.4.8 Adaptive Capacity of Mangroves
11.4.9 Vulnerability Assessment
11.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 12 Monitoring the Effects of the Tropical Cyclone ‘Amphan’
on the Indian Sundarbans Using Microwave Remote Sensing
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Aim and Objectives
12.3 Study Area
12.4 Methodology
12.5 Results
12.6 Discussion
12.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 13 Satellite Remote Sensing to Evaluate the Social Consequences of Bio-Physical Damage: A Case Study of Cyclone Amphan in Sundarbans Adjoining Areas in Bangladesh
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Sundarbans Mangrove Forest: Bangladesh Part
13.3 Man–Nature Interface in Sundarbans: Opportunities and Challenges Towards Social Well-Being
13.4 Satellite Remote Sensing in Resource Assessment in Sundarbans
13.5 Social Consequences of Forest Biophysical Damage of Cyclone Amphan
13.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 14 Vulnerability to Saltwater Intrusion Along Coastal Bangladesh Using GIS and Hydrogeological Data
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Study Area
14.3 Saltwater Intrusion
14.4 Model for Vulnerability Mapping of Saltwater Intrusion
14.5 Data Preparation for GALDIT
14.5.1 Groundwater Occurrence (Aquifer Type)
14.5.2 Hydraulic Conductivity
14.5.3 Depth to Groundwater
14.5.4 Distance from the Shore
14.5.5 Impact of Existing Status of Saltwater Intrusion
14.5.6 Thickness of the Aquifer Being Mapped
14.6 GALDIT Calculations
14.7 Model Outcome
14.8 Conclusion
References
Chapter 15 Salinity Dynamics in the Hooghly-Matla Estuarine System and Its Impact on the Mangrove Plants of Indian Sundarbans
15.1 Introduction
15.2 The Hooghly-Matla Estuarine Complex
15.3 Mangroves of Indian Sundarbans
15.4 Methodology
15.4.1 Demarcation of Zones within the Area of Interest
15.4.2 Data Mining and Synthesis of Temporal Trends
15.5 Temporal Change in Salinity
15.5.1 Salinity Dynamics in H0 Zone
15.5.2 Salinity Dynamics in H1 Zone
15.5.3 Salinity Dynamics in H2 Zone
15.5.4 Salinity Dynamics in SWS Zone
15.5.5 Salinity Dynamics in NES Zone
15.5.6 Salinity Dynamics in NWS and SES
15.6 Effect of Salt Stress on the Mangroves Plants of Sundarbans
15.7 Future of the Mangrove Plants: An Expected Shift in Species Composition
15.8 Summary and Conclusion
Conflict of Interest
Acknowledgments
References
Index