Summa Theologica

Cover......Page 1
About this book......Page 2
Table of Contents......Page 3
Title Page......Page 153
Article. 1 - Whether, besides philosophy, any further doctrine is required?......Page 154
Article. 2 - Whether sacred doctrine is a science?......Page 155
Article. 4 - Whether sacred doctrine is a practical science?......Page 156
Article. 5 - Whether sacred doctrine is nobler than other sciences?......Page 157
Article. 6 - Whether this doctrine is the same as wisdom?......Page 158
Article. 7 - Whether God is the object of this science?......Page 159
Article. 8 - Whether sacred doctrine is a matter of argument?......Page 160
Article. 9 - Whether Holy Scripture should use metaphors?......Page 161
Article. 10 - Whether in Holy Scripture a word may have several senses?......Page 162
Article. 1 - Whether the existence of God is self-evident?......Page 164
Article. 2 - Whether it can be demonstrated that God exists?......Page 165
Article. 3 - Whether God exists?......Page 166
Question. 3 - OF THE SIMPLICITY OF GOD (EIGHT ARTICLES)......Page 168
Article. 1 - Whether God is a body?......Page 169
Article. 2 - Whether God is composed of matter and form?......Page 170
Article. 3 - Whether God is the same as His essence or nature?......Page 171
Article. 4 - Whether essence and existence are the same in God?......Page 172
Article. 5 - Whether God is contained in a genus?......Page 173
Article. 6 - Whether in God there are any accidents?......Page 174
Article. 7 - Whether God is altogether simple?......Page 175
Article. 8 - Whether God enters into the composition of other things?......Page 176
Article. 1 - Whether God is perfect?......Page 177
Article. 2 - Whether the perfections of all things are in God?......Page 178
Article. 3 - Whether any creature can be like God?......Page 179
Article. 1 - Whether goodness differs really from being?......Page 181
Article. 2 - Whether goodness is prior in idea to being?......Page 182
Article. 3 - Whether every being is good?......Page 183
Article. 4 - Whether goodness has the aspect of a final cause?......Page 184
Article. 5 - Whether the essence of goodness consists in mode, species and order?......Page 185
Article. 6 - Whether goodness is rightly divided into the virtuous*, the useful and the pleasant? [*“Bonum honestum” is the virtuous good considered as fitting. (cf. SS, Q[141], A[3]; SS, Q[145])]......Page 186
Question. 6 - THE GOODNESS OF GOD (FOUR ARTICLES)......Page 187
Article. 2 - Whether God is the supreme good?......Page 188
Article. 3 - Whether to be essentially good belongs to God alone?......Page 189
Article. 4 - Whether all things are good by the divine goodness?......Page 190
Article. 1 - Whether God is infinite?......Page 191
Article. 2 - Whether anything but God can be essentially infinite?......Page 192
Article. 3 - Whether an actually infinite magnitude can exist?......Page 193
Article. 4 - Whether an infinite multitude can exist?......Page 195
Article. 1 - Whether God is in all things?......Page 196
Article. 2 - Whether God is everywhere?......Page 197
Article. 3 - Whether God is everywhere by essence, presence and power?......Page 198
Article. 4 - Whether to be everywhere belongs to God alone?......Page 200
Article. 1 - Whether God is altogether immutable?......Page 201
Article. 2 - Whether to be immutable belongs to God alone?......Page 202
Article. 1 - Whether this is a good definition of eternity, “The simultaneously-whole and perfect possession of interminable life”?......Page 204
Article. 2 - Whether God is eternal?......Page 205
Article. 3 - Whether to be eternal belongs to God alone?......Page 206
Article. 4 - Whether eternity differs from time?......Page 207
Article. 5 - The difference of aeviternity and time......Page 209
Article. 6 - Whether there is only one aeviternity?......Page 210
Article. 1 - Whether “one” adds anything to “being”?......Page 212
Article. 2 - Whether “one” and “many” are opposed to each other?......Page 213
Article. 3 - Whether God is one?......Page 214
Article. 4 - Whether God is supremely one?......Page 215
Question. 12 - HOW GOD IS KNOWN BY US (THIRTEEN ARTICLES)......Page 216
Article. 1 - Whether any created intellect can see the essence of God?......Page 217
Article. 2 - Whether the essence of God is seen by the created intellect through an image?......Page 218
Article. 3 - Whether the essence of God can be seen with the bodily eye?......Page 219
Article. 4 - Whether any created intellect by its natural powers can see the Divine essence?......Page 220
Article. 5 - Whether the created intellect needs any created light in order to see the essence of God?......Page 221
Article. 6 - Whether of those who see the essence of God, one sees more perfectly than another?......Page 222
Article. 7 - Whether those who see the essence of God comprehend Him?......Page 224
Article. 8 - Whether those who see the essence of God see all in God?......Page 225
Article. 9 - Whether what is seen in God by those who see the Divine essence, is seen through any similitude?......Page 226
Article. 10 - Whether those who see the essence of God see all they see in it at the same time?......Page 227
Article. 11 - Whether anyone in this life can see the essence of God?......Page 228
Article. 12 - Whether God can be known in this life by natural reason?......Page 229
Article. 13 - Whether by grace a higher knowledge of God can be obtained than by natural reason?......Page 230
Question. 13 - THE NAMES OF GOD (TWELVE ARTICLES)......Page 231
Article. 1 - Whether a name can be given to God?......Page 232
Article. 2 - Whether any name can be applied to God substantially?......Page 233
Article. 4 - Whether names applied to God are synonymous?......Page 235
Article. 5 - Whether what is said of God and of creatures is univocally predicated of them?......Page 237
Article. 6 - Whether names predicated of God are predicated primarily of creatures?......Page 238
Article. 7 - Whether names which imply relation to creatures are predicated of God temporally?......Page 240
Article. 8 - Whether this name “God” is a name of the nature?......Page 242
Article. 9 - Whether this name “God” is communicable?......Page 243
Article. 10 - Whether this name “God” is applied to God univocally by nature, by participation, and according to opinion?......Page 244
Article. 11 - Whether this name, HE WHO IS, is the most proper name of God?......Page 246
Article. 12 - Whether affirmative propositions can be formed about God?......Page 247
Question. 14 - OF GOD’S KNOWLEDGE (SIXTEEN ARTICLES)......Page 248
Article. 1 - Whether there is knowledge [*Scientia]?......Page 249
Article. 2 - Whether God understands Himself?......Page 250
Article. 3 - Whether God comprehends Himself?......Page 251
Article. 4 - Whether the act of God’s intellect is His substance?......Page 252
Article. 5 - Whether God knows things other than Himself?......Page 253
Article. 6 - Whether God knows things other than Himself by proper knowledge?......Page 254
Article. 7 - Whether the knowledge of God is discursive?......Page 256
Article. 8 - Whether the knowledge of God is the cause of things?......Page 257
Article. 9 - Whether God has knowledge of things that are not?......Page 258
Article. 10 - Whether God knows evil things?......Page 259
Article. 11 - Whether God knows singular things?......Page 260
Article. 12 - Whether God can know infinite things?......Page 262
Article. 13 - Whether the knowledge of God is of future contingent things?......Page 263
Article. 14 - Whether God knows enunciable things?......Page 265
Article. 15 - Whether the knowledge of God is variable?......Page 266
Article. 16 - Whether God has a speculative knowledge of things?......Page 267
Question. 15 - OF IDEAS (THREE ARTICLES)......Page 268
Article. 1 - Whether there are ideas?......Page 269
Article. 2 - Whether ideas are many?......Page 270
Article. 3 - Whether there are ideas of all things that God knows?......Page 271
Question. 16 - OF TRUTH (EIGHT ARTICLES)......Page 272
Article. 1 - Whether truth resides only in the intellect?......Page 273
Article. 2 - Whether truth resides only in the intellect composing and dividing?......Page 274
Article. 3 - Whether the true and being are convertible terms?......Page 275
Article. 4 - Whether good is logically prior to the true?......Page 276
Article. 6 - Whether there is only one truth, according to which all things are true?......Page 277
Article. 7 - Whether created truth is eternal?......Page 278
Article. 8 - Whether truth is immutable?......Page 279
Article. 1 - Whether falsity exists in things?......Page 281
Article. 2 - Whether there is falsity in the senses?......Page 282
Article. 3 - Whether falsity is in the intellect?......Page 283
Article. 4 - Whether true and false are contraries?......Page 285
Article. 1 - Whether to live belongs to all natural things?......Page 286
Article. 2 - Whether life is an operation?......Page 287
Article. 3 - Whether life is properly attributed to God?......Page 288
Article. 4 - Whether all things are life in God?......Page 290
Article. 1 - Whether there is will in God?......Page 291
Article. 2 - Whether God wills things apart from Himself?......Page 292
Article. 3 - Whether whatever God wills He wills necessarily?......Page 293
Article. 4 - Whether the will of God is the cause of things?......Page 295
Article. 5 - Whether any cause can be assigned to the divine will?......Page 297
Article. 6 - Whether the will of God is always fulfilled?......Page 298
Article. 7 - Whether the will of God is changeable?......Page 299
Article. 8 - Whether the will of God imposes necessity on the things willed?......Page 301
Article. 9 - Whether God wills evils?......Page 302
Article. 10 - Whether God has free-will?......Page 303
Article. 12 - Whether five expressions of will are rightly assigned to the divine will?......Page 304
Article. 1 - Whether love exists in God?......Page 306
Article. 2 - Whether God loves all things?......Page 308
Article. 4 - Whether God always loves more the better things?......Page 309
Question. 21 - THE JUSTICE AND MERCY OF GOD (FOUR ARTICLES)......Page 311
Article. 1 - Whether there is justice in God?......Page 312
Article. 2 - Whether the justice of God is truth?......Page 313
Article. 3 - Whether mercy can be attributed to God?......Page 314
Article. 4 - Whether in every work of God there are mercy and justice?......Page 315
Article. 1 - Whether providence can suitably be attributed to God?......Page 316
Article. 2 - Whether everything is subject to the providence of God?......Page 317
Article. 3 - Whether God has immediate providence over everything?......Page 320
Article. 4 - Whether providence imposes any necessity on things foreseen?......Page 321
Article. 1 - Whether men are predestined by God?......Page 322
Article. 2 - Whether predestination places anything in the predestined?......Page 323
Article. 3 - Whether God reprobates any man?......Page 324
Article. 4 - Whether the predestined are chosen by God? [*“Eligantur.”]......Page 325
Article. 5 - Whether the foreknowledge of merits is the cause of predestination?......Page 326
Article. 6 - Whether predestination is certain?......Page 329
Article. 7 - Whether the number of the predestined is certain?......Page 330
Article. 8 - Whether predestination can be furthered by the prayers of the saints?......Page 332
Article. 1 - Whether the book of life is the same as predestination?......Page 333
Article. 2 - Whether the book of life regards only the life of glory of the predestined?......Page 334
Article. 3 - Whether anyone may be blotted out of the book of life?......Page 335
Article. 1 - Whether there is power in God?......Page 336
Article. 2 - Whether the power of God is infinite?......Page 337
Article. 3 - Whether God is omnipotent?......Page 339
Article. 4 - Whether God can make the past not to have been?......Page 341
Article. 5 - Whether God can do what He does not?......Page 342
Article. 6 - Whether God can do better than what He does?......Page 343
Article. 2 - Whether God is called blessed in respect of His intellect?......Page 345
Article. 3 - Whether God is the beatitude of each of the blessed?......Page 346
Question. 27 - The Procession of the Divine Persons (Five Articles)......Page 347
Article. 1 - Whether there is procession in God?......Page 348
Article. 2 - Whether any procession in God can be called generation?......Page 349
Article. 3 - Whether any other procession exists in God besides that of the Word?......Page 350
Article. 4 - Whether the procession of love in God is generation?......Page 351
Article. 5 - Whether there are more than two processions in God?......Page 352
Article. 1 - Whether there are real relations in God?......Page 353
Article. 2 - Whether relation in God is the same as His essence?......Page 355
Article. 3 - Whether the relations in God are really distinguished from each other?......Page 356
Article. 4 - Whether in God there are only four real relations---paternity, filiation, spiration, and procession?......Page 357
Article. 1 - The definition of “person”......Page 359
Article. 2 - Whether “person” is the same as hypostasis, subsistence, and essence?......Page 360
Article. 3 - Whether the word “person” should be said of God?......Page 362
Article. 4 - Whether this word “person” signifies relation?......Page 363
Article. 1 - Whether there are several persons in God?......Page 365
Article. 2 - Whether there are more than three persons in God?......Page 367
Article. 3 - Whether the numeral terms denote anything real in God?......Page 368
Article. 4 - Whether this term “person” can be common to the three persons?......Page 370
Article. 1 - Whether there is trinity in God?......Page 371
Article. 2 - Whether the Son is other than the Father?......Page 372
Article. 3 - Whether the exclusive word “alone” should be added to the essential term in God?......Page 374
Article. 4 - Whether an exclusive diction can be joined to the personal term?......Page 375
Question. 32 - THE KNOWLEDGE OF THE DIVINE PERSONS (FOUR ARTICLES)......Page 376
Article. 1 - Whether the trinity of the divine persons can be known by natural reason?......Page 377
Article. 2 - Whether there are notions in God?......Page 379
Article. 3 - Whether there are five notions?......Page 381
Article. 4 - Whether it is lawful to have various contrary opinions of notions?......Page 382
Article. 1 - Whether it belongs to the Father to be the principle?......Page 383
Article. 2 - Whether this name “Father” is properly the name of a divine person?......Page 384
Article. 3 - Whether this name “Father” is applied to God, firstly as a personal name?......Page 385
Article. 4 - Whether it is proper to the Father to be unbegotten?......Page 386
Article. 1 - Whether Word in God is a personal name?......Page 389
Article. 2 - Whether “Word” is the Son's proper name?......Page 391
Article. 3 - Whether the name “Word” imports relation to creatures?......Page 392
Article. 1 - Whether image in God is said personally?......Page 394
Article. 2 - Whether the name of Image is proper to the Son?......Page 395
Article. 1 - Whether this name “Holy Ghost” is the proper name of one divine person?......Page 396
Article. 2 - Whether the Holy Ghost proceeds from the Son?......Page 398
Article. 3 - Whether the Holy Ghost proceeds from the Father through the Son?......Page 401
Article. 4 - Whether the Father and the Son are one principle of the Holy Ghost?......Page 402
Article. 1 - Whether “Love” is the proper name of the Holy Ghost?......Page 404
Article. 2 - Whether the Father and the Son love each other by the Holy Ghost?......Page 406
Article. 1 - Whether 'Gift' is a personal name?......Page 408
Article. 2 - Whether 'Gift' is the proper name of the Holy Ghost?......Page 410
Article. 1 - Whether in God the essence is the same as the person?......Page 411
Article. 2 - Whether it must be said that the three persons are of one essence?......Page 412
Article. 3 - Whether essential names should be predicated in the singular of the three persons?......Page 414
Article. 4 - Whether the concrete essential names can stand for the person?......Page 415
Article. 5 - Whether abstract essential names can stand for the person?......Page 417
Article. 6 - Whether the persons can be predicated of the essential terms?......Page 419
Article. 7 - Whether the essential names should be appropriated to the persons?......Page 420
Article. 8 - Whether the essential attributes are appropriated to the persons in a fitting manner by the holy doctors?......Page 421
Question. 40 - OF THE PERSONS AS COMPARED TO THE RELATIONS OR PROPERTIES (FOUR ARTICLES)......Page 424
Article. 1 - Whether relation is the same as person?......Page 425
Article. 2 - Whether the persons are distinguished by the relations?......Page 426
Article. 3 - Whether the hypostases remain if the relations are mentally abstracted from the persons?......Page 427
Article. 4 - Whether the properties presuppose the notional acts?......Page 429
Article. 1 - Whether the notional acts are to be attributed to the persons?......Page 430
Article. 2 - Whether the notional acts are voluntary?......Page 431
Article. 3 - Whether the notional acts proceed from something?......Page 433
Article. 4 - Whether in God there is a power in respect of the notional acts?......Page 435
Article. 5 - Whether the power of begetting signifies a relation, and not the essence?......Page 436
Article. 6 - Whether several persons can be the term of one notional act?......Page 438
Article. 1 - Whether there is equality in God?......Page 439
Article. 2 - Whether the person proceeding is co-eternal with His principle, as the Son with the Father?......Page 441
Article. 3 - Whether in the divine persons there exists an order of nature?......Page 442
Article. 4 - Whether the Son is equal to the Father in greatness?......Page 443
Article. 6 - Whether the Son is equal to the Father in power?......Page 445
Question. 43 - THE MISSION OF THE DIVINE PERSONS (EIGHT ARTICLES)......Page 446
Article. 2 - Whether mission is eternal, or only temporal?......Page 447
Article. 3 - Whether the invisible mission of the divine person is only according to the gift of sanctifying grace?......Page 448
Article. 5 - Whether it is fitting for the Son to be sent invisibly?......Page 450
Article. 6 - Whether the invisible mission is to all who participate grace?......Page 452
Article. 7 - Whether it is fitting for the Holy Ghost to be sent visibly?......Page 453
Article. 8 - Whether a divine person is sent only by the person whence He proceeds eternally?......Page 455
Article. 1 - Whether it is necessary that every being be created by God?......Page 456
Article. 2 - Whether primary matter is created by God?......Page 457
Article. 3 - Whether the exemplar cause is anything besides God?......Page 458
Article. 4 - Whether God is the final cause of all things?......Page 459
Question. 45 - THE MODE OF EMANATION OF THINGS FROM THE FIRST PRINCIPLE (EIGHT ARTICLES)......Page 460
Article. 1 - Whether to create is to make something from nothing?......Page 461
Article. 2 - Whether God can create anything?......Page 462
Article. 3 - Whether creation is anything in the creature?......Page 463
Article. 4 - Whether to be created belongs to composite and subsisting things?......Page 464
Article. 5 - Whether it belongs to God alone to create?......Page 465
Article. 6 - Whether to create is proper to any person?......Page 467
Article. 7 - Whether in creatures is necessarily found a trace of the Trinity?......Page 469
Article. 8 - Whether creation is mingled with works of nature and art?......Page 470
Article. 1 - Whether the universe of creatures always existed?......Page 471
Article. 2 - Whether it is an article of faith that the world began?......Page 474
Article. 3 - Whether the creation of things was in the beginning of time?......Page 477
Article. 1 - Whether the multitude and distinction of things come from God?......Page 478
Article. 2 - Whether the inequality of things is from God?......Page 480
Article. 3 - Whether there is only one world?......Page 481
Article. 1 - Whether evil is a nature?......Page 482
Article. 2 - Whether evil is found in things?......Page 484
Article. 3 - Whether evil is in good as in its subject?......Page 485
Article. 4 - Whether evil corrupts the whole good?......Page 486
Article. 5 - Whether evil is adequately divided into pain* and fault?......Page 487
Article. 6 - Whether pain has the nature of evil more than fault has?......Page 488
Article. 1 - Whether good can be the cause of evil?......Page 490
Article. 2 - Whether the supreme good, God, is the cause of evil?......Page 491
Article. 3 - Whether there be one supreme evil which is the cause of every evil?......Page 492
Article. 1 - Whether an angel is altogether incorporeal?......Page 494
Article. 2 - Whether an angel is composed of matter and form?......Page 495
Article. 3 - Whether the angels exist in any great number?......Page 498
Article. 4 - Whether the angels differ in species?......Page 499
Article. 5 - Whether the angels are incorruptible?......Page 500
Question. 51 - OF THE ANGELS IN COMPARISON WITH BODIES (THREE ARTICLES)......Page 501
Article. 1 - Whether the angels have bodies naturally united to them?......Page 502
Article. 2 - Whether angels assume bodies?......Page 503
Article. 3 - Whether the angels exercise functions of life in the bodies assumed?......Page 504
Article. 1 - Whether an angel is in a place?......Page 506
Article. 2 - Whether an angel can be in several places at once?......Page 507
Article. 3 - Whether several angels can be at the same time in the same place?......Page 508
Article. 1 - Whether an angel can be moved locally?......Page 509
Article. 2 - Whether an angel passes through intermediate space?......Page 510
Article. 3 - Whether the movement of an angel is instantaneous?......Page 512
Article. 1 - Whether an angel's act of understanding is his substance?......Page 514
Article. 2 - Whether in the angel to understand is to exist?......Page 515
Article. 3 - Whether an angel's power of intelligence is his essence?......Page 516
Article. 4 - Whether there is an active and a passive intellect in an angel?......Page 517
Article. 5 - Whether there is only intellectual knowledge in the angels?......Page 518
Article. 1 - Whether the angels know all things by their substance?......Page 519
Article. 2 - Whether the angels understand by species drawn from things?......Page 520
Article. 3 - Whether the higher angels understand by more universal species than the lower angels?......Page 522
Article. 1 - Whether an angel knows himself?......Page 523
Article. 2 - Whether one angel knows another?......Page 524
Article. 3 - Whether an angle knows God by his own natural principles?......Page 526
Article. 1 - Whether the angels know material things?......Page 527
Article. 2 - Whether an angel knows singulars?......Page 528
Article. 3 - Whether angels know the future?......Page 530
Article. 4 - Whether angels know secret thoughts?......Page 531
Article. 5 - Whether the angels know the mysteries of grace?......Page 533
Article. 1 - Whether the angel's intellect is sometimes in potentiality, sometimes in act?......Page 534
Article. 2 - Whether an angel can understand many things at the same time?......Page 535
Article. 3 - Whether an angel's knowledge is discursive?......Page 536
Article. 4 - Whether the angels understand by composing and dividing?......Page 537
Article. 5 - Whether there can be falsehood in the intellect of an angel?......Page 538
Article. 6 - Whether there is a 'morning' and an 'evening' knowledge in the angels?......Page 539
Article. 7 - Whether the morning and evening knowledge are one?......Page 541
Article. 1 - Whether there is will in the angels?......Page 542
Article. 2 - Whether in the angels the will differs from the intellect?......Page 543
Article. 3 - Whether there is free-will in the angels?......Page 545
Article. 4 - Whether there is an irascible and a concupiscible appetite in the angels?......Page 546
Article. 1 - Whether there is natural love or dilection in an angel?......Page 547
Article. 2 - Whether there is love of choice in the angels?......Page 548
Article. 3 - Whether the angel loves himself with both natural love, and love of choice?......Page 549
Article. 4 - Whether an angel loves another with natural love as he loves himself?......Page 550
Article. 5 - Whether an angel by natural love loves God more than he loves himself?......Page 551
Article. 1 - Whether the angels have a cause of their existence?......Page 553
Article. 2 - Whether the angel was produced by God from eternity?......Page 554
Article. 3 - Whether the angels were created before the corporeal world?......Page 555
Article. 4 - Whether the angels were created in the empyrean heaven?......Page 556
Article. 1 - Whether the angels were created in beatitude?......Page 557
Article. 2 - Whether an angel needs grace in order to turn to God?......Page 558
Article. 4 - Whether an angel merits his beatitude?......Page 560
Article. 5 - Whether the angel obtained beatitude immediately after one act of merit?......Page 562
Article. 6 - Whether the angels receive grace and glory according to the degree of their natural gifts?......Page 563
Article. 7 - Whether natural knowledge and love remain in the beatified angels?......Page 564
Article. 9 - Whether the beatified angels advance in beatitude?......Page 565
Article. 1 - Whether the evil of fault can be in the angels?......Page 567
Article. 2 - Whether only the sin of pride and envy can exist in an angel?......Page 569
Article. 3 - Whether the devil desired to be as God?......Page 570
Article. 4 - Whether any demons are naturally wicked?......Page 571
Article. 5 - Whether the devil was wicked by the fault of his own will in the first instant of his creation?......Page 572
Article. 6 - Whether there was any interval between the creation and the fall of the angel?......Page 574
Article. 7 - Whether the highest angel among those who sinned was the highest of all?......Page 575
Article. 8 - Whether the sin of the highest angel was the cause of the others sinning?......Page 576
Article. 9 - Whether those who sinned were as many as those who remained firm?......Page 577
Article. 1 - Whether the demons' intellect is darkened by privation of the knowledge of all truth?......Page 578
Article. 2 - Whether the will of the demons is obstinate in evil?......Page 580
Article. 3 - Whether there is sorrow in the demons?......Page 582
Article. 4 - Whether our atmosphere is the demons' place of punishment?......Page 583
Question. 65 - The Work of Creation of Corporeal Creatures (Four Articles)......Page 584
Article. 1 - Whether corporeal creatures are from God?......Page 585
Article. 2 - Whether corporeal things were made on account of God's goodness?......Page 586
Article. 3 - Whether corporeal creatures were produced by God through the medium of the angels?......Page 587
Article. 4 - Whether the forms of bodies are from the angels?......Page 588
Article. 1 - Whether formlessness of created matter preceded in time its formation?......Page 590
Article. 2 - Whether the formless matter of all corporeal things is the same?......Page 592
Article. 3 - Whether the empyrean heaven was created at the same time as formless matter?......Page 594
Article. 4 - Whether time was created simultaneously with formless matter?......Page 596
Question. 67 - ON THE WORK OF DISTINCTION IN ITSELF (FOUR ARTICLES)......Page 597
Article. 2 - Whether light is a body?......Page 598
Article. 3 - Whether light is a quality?......Page 599
Article. 4 - Whether the production of light is fittingly assigned to the first day?......Page 601
Article. 1 - Whether the firmament was made on the second day?......Page 603
Article. 2 - Whether there are waters above the firmament?......Page 605
Article. 3 - Whether the firmament divides waters from waters?......Page 607
Article. 4 - Whether there is only one heaven?......Page 608
Article. 1 - Whether it was fitting that the gathering together of the waters should take place, as recorded, on the third day?......Page 609
Article. 2 - Whether it was fitting that the production of plants should take place on the third day?......Page 612
Article. 1 - Whether the lights ought to have been produced on the fourth day?......Page 613
Article. 2 - Whether the cause assigned for the production of the lights is reasonable?......Page 616
Article. 3 - Whether the lights of heaven are living beings?......Page 617
Question. 71 - ON THE WORK OF THE FIFTH DAY (ONE ARTICLE)......Page 619
Question. 72 - ON THE WORK OF THE SIXTH DAY (ONE ARTICLE)......Page 621
Article. 1 - Whether the completion of the Divine works ought to be ascribed to the seventh day?......Page 623
Article. 2 - Whether God rested on the seventh day from all His work?......Page 624
Article. 3 - Whether blessing and sanctifying are due to the seventh day?......Page 625
Article. 1 - Whether these days are sufficiently enumerated?......Page 626
Article. 2 - Whether all these days are one day?......Page 628
Article. 3 - Whether Scripture uses suitable words to express the work of the six days?......Page 629
Article. 1 - Whether the soul is a body?......Page 632
Article. 2 - Whether the human soul is something subsistent?......Page 634
Article. 3 - Whether the souls of brute animals are subsistent?......Page 635
Article. 4 - Whether the soul is man?......Page 636
Article. 5 - Whether the soul is composed of matter and form?......Page 637
Article. 6 - Whether the human soul is incorruptible?......Page 639
Article. 7 - Whether the soul is of the same species as an angel?......Page 640
Article. 1 - Whether the intellectual principle is united to the body as its form?......Page 642
Article. 2 - Whether the intellectual principle is multiplied according to the number of bodies?......Page 645
Article. 3 - Whether besides the intellectual soul there are in man other souls essentially different from one another?......Page 648
Article. 4 - Whether in man there is another form besides the intellectual soul?......Page 651
Article. 5 - Whether the intellectual soul is properly united to such a body?......Page 653
Article. 6 - Whether the intellectual soul is united to the body through the medium of accidental dispositions?......Page 654
Article. 7 - Whether the soul is united to the animal body by means of a body?......Page 655
Article. 8 - Whether the soul is in each part of the body?......Page 657
Article. 1 - Whether the essence of the soul is its power?......Page 659
Article. 2 - Whether there are several powers of the soul?......Page 661
Article. 3 - Whether the powers are distinguished by their acts and objects?......Page 662
Article. 4 - Whether among the powers of the soul there is order?......Page 664
Article. 5 - Whether all the powers of the soul are in the soul as their subject?......Page 665
Article. 6 - Whether the powers of the soul flow from its essence?......Page 666
Article. 7 - Whether one power of the soul arises from another?......Page 667
Article. 8 - Whether all the powers remain in the soul when separated from the body?......Page 668
Article. 1 - Whether there are to be distinguished five genera of powers in the soul?......Page 669
Article. 2 - Whether the parts of the vegetative soul are fittingly described as the nutritive, augmentative, and generative?......Page 671
Article. 3 - Whether the five exterior senses are properly distinguished?......Page 673
Article. 4 - Whether the interior senses are suitably distinguished?......Page 675
Question. 79 - OF THE INTELLECTUAL POWERS (THIRTEEN ARTICLES)......Page 677
Article. 1 - Whether the intellect is a power of the soul?......Page 678
Article. 2 - Whether the intellect is a passive power?......Page 679
Article. 3 - Whether there is an active intellect?......Page 680
Article. 4 - Whether the active intellect is something in the soul?......Page 681
Article. 5 - Whether the active intellect is one in all?......Page 683
Article. 6 - Whether memory is in the intellectual part of the soul?......Page 684
Article. 7 - Whether the intellectual memory is a power distinct from the intellect?......Page 686
Article. 8 - Whether the reason is distinct from the intellect?......Page 687
Article. 9 - Whether the higher and lower reason are distinct powers?......Page 688
Article. 10 - Whether intelligence is a power distinct from intellect?......Page 690
Article. 11 - Whether the speculative and practical intellects are distinct powers?......Page 691
Article. 12 - Whether synderesis is a special power of the soul distinct from the others?......Page 692
Article. 13 - Whether conscience be a power?......Page 693
Question. 80 - OF THE APPETITIVE POWERS IN GENERAL (TWO ARTICLES)......Page 694
Article. 1 - Whether the appetite is a special power of the soul?......Page 695
Article. 2 - Whether the sensitive and intellectual appetites are distinct powers?......Page 696
Article. 2 - Whether the sensitive appetite is divided into the irascible and concupiscible as distinct powers?......Page 697
Article. 3 - Whether the irascible and concupiscible appetites obey reason?......Page 699
Article. 1 - Whether the will desires something of necessity?......Page 700
Article. 2 - Whether the will desires of necessity, whatever it desires?......Page 702
Article. 3 - Whether the will is a higher power than the intellect?......Page 703
Article. 4 - Whether the will moves the intellect?......Page 704
Article. 5 - Whether we should distinguish irascible and concupiscible parts in the superior appetite?......Page 705
Article. 1 - Whether man has free-will?......Page 707
Article. 2 - Whether free-will is a power?......Page 708
Article. 4 - Whether free-will is a power distinct from the will?......Page 710
Question. 84 - HOW THE SOUL WHILE UNITED TO THE BODY UNDERSTANDS CORPOREAL THINGS BENEATH IT (EIGHT ARTICLES)......Page 711
Article. 1 - Whether the soul knows bodies through the intellect?......Page 712
Article. 2 - Whether the soul understands corporeal things through its essence?......Page 714
Article. 3 - Whether the soul understands all things through innate species?......Page 716
Article. 4 - Whether the intelligible species are derived by the soul from certain separate forms?......Page 717
Article. 5 - Whether the intellectual soul knows material things in the eternal types?......Page 719
Article. 6 - Whether intellectual knowledge is derived from sensible things?......Page 720
Article. 7 - Whether the intellect can actually understand through the intelligible species of which it is possessed, without turning to the phantasms?......Page 722
Article. 8 - Whether the judgment of the intellect is hindered through suspension of the sensitive powers?......Page 724
Article. 1 - Whether our intellect understands corporeal and material things by abstraction from phantasms?......Page 725
Article. 2 - Whether the intelligible species abstracted from the phantasm is related to our intellect as that which is understood?......Page 728
Article. 3 - Whether the more universal is first in our intellectual cognition?......Page 730
Article. 4 - Whether we can understand many things at the same time?......Page 732
Article. 5 - Whether our intellect understands by composition and division?......Page 733
Article. 6 - Whether the intellect can be false?......Page 735
Article. 7 - Whether one person can understand one and the same thing better than another can?......Page 736
Article. 8 - Whether the intellect understands the indivisible before the divisible?......Page 737
Article. 1 - Whether our intellect knows singulars?......Page 738
Article. 2 - Whether our intellect can know the infinite?......Page 739
Article. 3 - Whether our intellect can know contingent things?......Page 740
Article. 4 - Whether our intellect can know the future?......Page 741
Article. 1 - Whether the intellectual soul knows itself by its essence?......Page 743
Article. 2 - Whether our intellect knows the habits of the soul by their essence?......Page 745
Article. 3 - Whether our intellect knows its own act?......Page 746
Article. 4 - Whether the intellect understands the act of the will?......Page 747
Article. 1 - Whether the human soul in the present state of life can understand immaterial substances in themselves?......Page 748
Article. 2 - Whether our intellect can understand immaterial substances through its knowledge of material things?......Page 751
Article. 3 - Whether God is the first object known by the human mind?......Page 752
Article. 1 - Whether the separated soul can understand anything?......Page 753
Article. 2 - Whether the separated soul understands separate substances?......Page 755
Article. 3 - Whether the separated soul knows all natural things?......Page 756
Article. 4 - Whether the separated soul knows singulars?......Page 757
Article. 5 - Whether the habit of knowledge here acquired remains in the separated soul?......Page 758
Article. 6 - Whether the act of knowledge acquired here remains in the separated soul?......Page 759
Article. 7 - Whether local distance impedes the knowledge in the separated soul?......Page 760
Article. 8 - Whether separated souls know that takes place on earth?......Page 761
Article. 1 - Whether the soul was made or was of God's substance?......Page 763
Article. 2 - Whether the soul was produced by creation?......Page 764
Article. 3 - Whether the rational soul is produced by God immediately?......Page 765
Article. 4 - Whether the human soul was produced before the body?......Page 766
Article. 1 - Whether the body of the first man was made of the slime of the earth?......Page 767
Article. 2 - Whether the human body was immediately produced by God?......Page 768
Article. 3 - Whether the body of man was given an apt disposition?......Page 770
Article. 4 - Whether the production of the human body is fittingly described in Scripture?......Page 771
Article. 1 - Whether the woman should have been made in the first production of things?......Page 773
Article. 2 - Whether woman should have been made from man?......Page 774
Article. 3 - Whether the woman was fittingly made from the rib of man?......Page 775
Article. 4 - Whether the woman was formed immediately by God?......Page 776
Article. 1 - Whether the image of God is in man?......Page 777
Article. 2 - Whether the image of God is to be found in irrational creatures?......Page 778
Article. 3 - Whether the angels are more to the image of God than man is?......Page 779
Article. 4 - Whether the image of God is found in every man?......Page 780
Article. 5 - Whether the image of God is in man according to the Trinity of Persons?......Page 781
Article. 6 - Whether the image of God is in man as regards the mind only?......Page 783
Article. 7 - Whether the image of God is to be found in the acts of the soul?......Page 785
Article. 8 - Whether the image of the Divine Trinity is in the soul only by comparison with God as its object?......Page 786
Article. 9 - Whether 'likeness' is properly distinguished from 'image'?......Page 788
Article. 1 - Whether the first man saw God through His Essence?......Page 789
Article. 2 - Whether Adam in the state of innocence saw the angels through their essence?......Page 791
Article. 3 - Whether the first man knew all things?......Page 792
Article. 4 - Whether man in his first state could be deceived?......Page 794
Article. 1 - Whether the first man was created in grace?......Page 795
Article. 2 - Whether passions existed in the soul of the first man?......Page 797
Article. 3 - Whether Adam had all the virtues?......Page 798
Article. 4 - Whether the actions of the first man were less meritorious than ours are?......Page 799
Question. 96 - OF THE MASTERSHIP BELONGING TO MAN IN THE STATE OF INNOCENCE (FOUR ARTICLES)......Page 800
Article. 1 - Whether Adam in the state of innocence had mastership over the animals?......Page 801
Article. 2 - Whether man had mastership over all other creatures?......Page 802
Article. 3 - Whether men were equal in the state of innocence?......Page 803
Article. 4 - Whether in the state of innocence man would have been master over man?......Page 804
Article. 1 - Whether in the state of innocence man would have been immortal?......Page 805
Article. 2 - Whether in the state of innocence man would have been passible?......Page 806
Article. 3 - Whether in the state of innocence man had need of food?......Page 807
Article. 4 - Whether in the state of innocence man would have acquired immortality by the tree of life?......Page 808
Article. 1 - Whether in the state of innocence generation existed?......Page 809
Article. 2 - Whether in the state of innocence there would have been generation by coition?......Page 810
Article. 1 - Whether in the state of innocence children would have had perfect strength of body as to the use of its members immediately after birth?......Page 812
Question. 100 - OF THE CONDITION OF THE OFFSPRING AS REGARDS RIGHTEOUSNESS (TWO ARTICLES)......Page 814
Article. 2 - Whether in the state of innocence children would have been born confirmed in righteousness?......Page 815
Article. 1 - Whether in the state of innocence children would have been born with perfect knowledge?......Page 817
Question. 102 - OF MAN'S ABODE, WHICH IS PARADISE (FOUR ARTICLES)......Page 818
Article. 1 - Whether paradise is a corporeal place?......Page 819
Article. 2 - Whether paradise was a place adapted to be the abode of man?......Page 820
Article. 4 - Whether man was created in paradise?......Page 822
Article. 1 - Whether the world is governed by anyone?......Page 823
Article. 2 - Whether the end of the government of the world is something outside the world?......Page 824
Article. 3 - Whether the world is governed by one?......Page 825
Article. 4 - Whether the effect of government is one or many?......Page 826
Article. 5 - Whether all things are subject to the Divine government?......Page 827
Article. 6 - Whether all things are immediately governed by God?......Page 828
Article. 7 - Whether anything can happen outside the order of the Divine government?......Page 829
Article. 8 - Whether anything can resist the order of the Divine government?......Page 830
Article. 1 - Whether creatures need to be kept in being by God?......Page 831
Article. 2 - Whether God preserves every creature immediately?......Page 834
Article. 3 - Whether God can annihilate anything?......Page 835
Article. 4 - Whether anything is annihilated?......Page 836
Article. 1 - Whether God can move the matter immediately to the form?......Page 837
Article. 2 - Whether God can move a body immediately?......Page 838
Article. 3 - Whether God moves the created intellect immediately?......Page 839
Article. 4 - Whether God can move the created will?......Page 840
Article. 5 - Whether God works in every agent?......Page 841
Article. 6 - Whether God can do anything outside the established order of nature?......Page 843
Article. 7 - Whether whatever God does outside the natural order is miraculous?......Page 844
Question. 106 - HOW ONE CREATURE MOVES ANOTHER (FOUR ARTICLES)......Page 845
Article. 1 - Whether one angel enlightens another?......Page 846
Article. 2 - Whether one angel moves another angel's will?......Page 847
Article. 3 - Whether an inferior angel can enlighten a superior angel?......Page 848
Article. 4 - Whether the superior angel enlightens the inferior as regards all he himself knows?......Page 849
Article. 1 - Whether one angel speaks to another?......Page 850
Article. 2 - Whether the inferior angel speaks to the superior?......Page 852
Article. 4 - Whether local distance influences the angelic speech?......Page 853
Article. 5 - Whether all the angels know what one speaks to another?......Page 854
Article. 1 - Whether all the angels are of one hierarchy?......Page 855
Article. 2 - Whether there are several orders in one hierarchy?......Page 856
Article. 3 - Whether there are many angels in one order?......Page 857
Article. 4 - Whether the distinction of hierarchies and orders comes from the angelic nature?......Page 858
Article. 5 - Whether the orders of the angels are properly named?......Page 859
Article. 6 - Whether the grades of the orders are properly assigned?......Page 862
Article. 7 - Whether the orders will outlast the Day of Judgment?......Page 865
Article. 8 - Whether men are taken up into the angelic orders?......Page 866
Article. 1 - Whether there are orders among the demons?......Page 867
Article. 2 - Whether among the demons there is precedence?......Page 868
Article. 4 - Whether the good angels have precedence over the bad angels?......Page 869
Article. 1 - Whether the corporeal creature is governed by the angels?......Page 870
Article. 2 - Whether corporeal matter obeys the mere will of an angel?......Page 872
Article. 3 - Whether bodies obey the angels as regards local motion?......Page 873
Article. 4 - Whether angels can work miracles?......Page 874
Article. 1 - Whether an angel can enlighten man?......Page 875
Article. 2 - Whether the angels can change the will of man?......Page 877
Article. 3 - Whether an angel can change man's imagination?......Page 878
Article. 4 - Whether an angel can change the human senses?......Page 879
Article. 1 - Whether the angels are sent on works of ministry?......Page 880
Article. 2 - Whether all the angels are sent in ministry?......Page 881
Article. 3 - Whether all the angels who are sent, assist?......Page 882
Article. 4 - Whether all the angels of the second hierarchy are sent?......Page 883
Article. 1 - Whether men are guarded by the angels?......Page 885
Article. 2 - Whether each man is guarded by an angel?......Page 886
Article. 3 - Whether to guard men belongs only to the lowest order of angels?......Page 887
Article. 4 - Whether angels are appointed to the guardianship of all men?......Page 888
Article. 5 - Whether an angel is appointed to guard a man from his birth?......Page 889
Article. 6 - Whether the angel guardian ever forsakes a man?......Page 890
Article. 7 - Whether angels grieve for the ills of those whom they guard?......Page 891
Question. 114 - OF THE ASSAULTS OF THE DEMONS (FIVE ARTICLES)......Page 892
Article. 2 - Whether to tempt is proper to the devil?......Page 893
Article. 3 - Whether all sins are due to the temptation of the devil?......Page 894
Article. 4 - Whether demons can lead men astray by means of real miracles?......Page 895
Question. 115 - OF THE ACTION OF THE CORPOREAL CREATURE (SIX ARTICLES)......Page 897
Article. 1 - Whether a body can be active?......Page 898
Article. 2 - Whether there are any seminal virtues in corporeal matter?......Page 900
Article. 3 - Whether the heavenly bodies are the cause of what is produced in bodies here below?......Page 901
Article. 4 - Whether the heavenly bodies are the cause of human actions?......Page 903
Article. 5 - Whether heavenly bodies can act on the demons?......Page 904
Article. 6 - Whether heavenly bodies impose necessity on things subject to their action?......Page 905
Article. 1 - Whether there be such a thing as fate?......Page 907
Article. 2 - Whether fate is in created things?......Page 908
Article. 3 - Whether fate is unchangeable?......Page 909
Question. 117 - OF THINGS PERTAINING TO THE ACTION OF MAN (FOUR ARTICLES)......Page 910
Article. 1 - Whether one man can teach another?......Page 911
Article. 2 - Whether man can teach the angels?......Page 913
Article. 3 - Whether man by the power of his soul can change corporeal matter?......Page 914
Article. 4 - Whether the separate human soul can move bodies at least locally?......Page 915
Article. 1 - Whether the sensitive soul is transmitted with the semen?......Page 916
Article. 2 - Whether the intellectual soul is produced from the semen?......Page 918
Article. 3 - Whether human souls were created together at the beginning of the world?......Page 920
Question. 119 - OF THE PROPAGATION OF MAN AS TO THE BODY (TWO ARTICLES)......Page 921
Article. 1 - Whether some part of the food is changed into true human nature?......Page 922
Article. 2 - Whether the semen is produced from surplus food?......Page 925
Article. 1 - Whether it belongs to man to act for an end?......Page 928
Article. 2 - Whether it is proper to the rational nature to act for an end?......Page 929
Article. 3 - Whether human acts are specified by their end?......Page 930
Article. 4 - Whether there is one last end of human life?......Page 932
Article. 5 - Whether one man can have several last ends?......Page 933
Article. 6 - Whether man will all, whatsoever he wills, for the last end?......Page 934
Article. 7 - Whether all men have the same last end?......Page 935
Article. 1 - Whether man's happiness consists in wealth?......Page 936
Article. 3 - Whether man's happiness consists in fame or glory?......Page 938
Article. 4 - Whether man's happiness consists in power?......Page 939
Article. 5 - Whether man's happiness consists in any bodily good?......Page 940
Article. 6 - Whether man's happiness consists in pleasure?......Page 942
Article. 7 - Whether some good of the soul constitutes man's happiness?......Page 943
Article. 8 - Whether any created good constitutes man's happiness?......Page 944
Question. 3 - WHAT IS HAPPINESS (EIGHT ARTICLES)......Page 945
Article. 2 - Whether happiness is an operation?......Page 946
Article. 3 - Whether happiness is an operation of the sensitive part, or of the intellective part only?......Page 948
Article. 4 - Whether, if happiness is in the intellective part, it is an operation of the intellect or of the will?......Page 949
Article. 5 - Whether happiness is an operation of the speculative, or of the practical intellect?......Page 950
Article. 6 - Whether happiness consists in the consideration of speculative sciences?......Page 952
Article. 7 - Whether happiness consists in the knowledge of separate substances, namely, angels?......Page 953
Article. 8 - Whether man's happiness consists in the vision of the divine essence?......Page 954
Article. 1 - Whether delight is required for happiness?......Page 955
Article. 2 - Whether in happiness vision ranks before delight?......Page 956
Article. 3 - Whether comprehension is necessary for happiness?......Page 957
Article. 4 - Whether rectitude of the will is necessary for happiness?......Page 958
Article. 5 - Whether the body is necessary for man's happiness?......Page 959
Article. 6 - Whether perfection of the body is necessary for happiness?......Page 961
Article. 7 - Whether any external goods are necessary for happiness?......Page 962
Article. 8 - Whether the fellowship of friend is necessary for happiness?......Page 963
Article. 1 - Whether man can attain happiness?......Page 964
Article. 2 - Whether one man can be happier than another?......Page 965
Article. 3 - Whether one can be happy in this life?......Page 966
Article. 4 - Whether happiness once had can be lost?......Page 967
Article. 5 - Whether man can attain happiness by his natural powers?......Page 969
Article. 6 - Whether man attains happiness through the action of some higher creature?......Page 970
Article. 7 - Whether any good works are necessary that man may receive happiness from God?......Page 971
Article. 8 - Whether every man desires happiness?......Page 972
TREATISE ON HUMAN ACTS: ACTS PECULIAR TO MAN (QQ[6]-21)......Page 973
Article. 1 - Whether there is anything voluntary in human acts?......Page 974
Article. 2 - Whether there is anything voluntary in irrational animals?......Page 976
Article. 3 - Whether there can be voluntariness without any act?......Page 977
Article. 4 - Whether violence can be done to the will?......Page 978
Article. 5 - Whether violence causes involuntariness?......Page 979
Article. 6 - Whether fear causes involuntariness simply?......Page 980
Article. 7 - Whether concupiscence causes involuntariness?......Page 981
Article. 8 - Whether ignorance causes involuntariness?......Page 982
Question. 7 - OF THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF HUMAN ACTS (FOUR ARTICLES)......Page 983
Article. 1 - Whether a circumstance is an accident of a human act?......Page 984
Article. 2 - Whether theologians should take note of the circumstances of human acts?......Page 985
Article. 3 - Whether the circumstances are properly set forth in the third book of Ethics?......Page 986
Article. 4 - Whether the most important circumstances are 'why' and 'in what the act consists'?......Page 987
Article. 1 - Whether the will is of good only?......Page 988
Article. 2 - Whether volition is of the end only, or also of the means?......Page 989
Article. 3 - Whether the will is moved by the same act to the end and to the means?......Page 991
Article. 1 - Whether the will is moved by the intellect?......Page 992
Article. 2 - Whether the will is moved by the sensitive appetite?......Page 993
Article. 3 - Whether the will moves itself?......Page 994
Article. 4 - Whether the will is moved by an exterior principle?......Page 995
Article. 5 - Whether the will is moved by a heavenly body?......Page 996
Article. 6 - Whether the will is moved by God alone, as exterior principle?......Page 997
Article. 1 - Whether the will is moved to anything naturally?......Page 998
Article. 2 - Whether the will is moved, of necessity, by its object?......Page 1000
Article. 3 - Whether the will is moved, of necessity, by the lower appetite?......Page 1001
Article. 4 - Whether the will is moved of necessity by the exterior mover which is God?......Page 1002
Article. 1 - Whether to enjoy is an act of the appetitive power?......Page 1003
Article. 2 - Whether to enjoy belongs to the rational creature alone, or also to irrational animals?......Page 1004
Article. 3 - Whether enjoyment is only of the last end?......Page 1005
Article. 4 - Whether enjoyment is only of the end possessed?......Page 1006
Article. 1 - Whether intention is an act of the intellect or of the will?......Page 1007
Article. 2 - Whether intention is only of the last end?......Page 1008
Article. 3 - Whether one can intend two things at the same time?......Page 1009
Article. 4 - Whether intention of the end is the same act as the volition of the means?......Page 1010
Question. 13 - OF CHOICE, WHICH IS AN ACT OF THE WILL WITH REGARD TO THE MEANS (SIX ARTICLES)......Page 1011
Article. 2 - Whether choice is to be found in irrational animals?......Page 1012
Article. 4 - Whether choice is of those things only that are done by us?......Page 1014
Article. 5 - Whether choice is only of possible things?......Page 1015
Article. 6 - Whether man chooses of necessity or freely?......Page 1016
Question. 14 - OF COUNSEL, WHICH PRECEDES CHOICE (SIX ARTICLES)......Page 1017
Article. 1 - Whether counsel is an inquiry?......Page 1018
Article. 3 - Whether counsel is only of things that we do?......Page 1019
Article. 4 - Whether counsel is about all things that we do?......Page 1020
Article. 5 - Whether the process of counsel is one of analysis?......Page 1021
Article. 6 - Whether the process of counsel is indefinite?......Page 1022
Article. 1 - Whether consent is an act of the appetitive or of the apprehensive power?......Page 1023
Article. 2 - Whether consent is to be found in irrational animals?......Page 1024
Article. 3 - Whether consent is directed to the end or to the means?......Page 1025
Article. 4 - Whether consent to the act belongs only to the higher part of the soul?......Page 1026
Article. 1 - Whether use is an act of the will?......Page 1027
Article. 3 - Whether use regards also the last end?......Page 1028
Article. 4 - Whether use precedes choice?......Page 1029
Article. 1 - Whether command is an act of the reason or of the will?......Page 1030
Article. 2 - Whether command belongs to irrational animals?......Page 1031
Article. 3 - Whether use precedes command?......Page 1032
Article. 4 - Whether command and the commanded act are one act, or distinct?......Page 1033
Article. 5 - Whether the act of the will is commanded?......Page 1034
Article. 6 - Whether the act of the reason is commanded?......Page 1035
Article. 7 - Whether the act of the sensitive appetite is commanded?......Page 1036
Article. 8 - Whether the act of the vegetal soul is commanded?......Page 1037
Article. 9 - Whether the acts of the external members are commanded?......Page 1038
Question. 18 - OF THE GOOD AND EVIL OF HUMAN ACTS, IN GENERAL (ELEVEN ARTICLES)......Page 1039
Article. 1 - Whether every human action is good, or are there evil actions?......Page 1040
Article. 2 - Whether the good or evil of a man's action is derived from its object?......Page 1041
Article. 3 - Whether man's action is good or evil from a circumstance?......Page 1042
Article. 4 - Whether a human action is good or evil from its end?......Page 1043
Article. 5 - Whether a human action is good or evil in its species?......Page 1044
Article. 6 - Whether an action has the species of good or evil from its end?......Page 1045
Article. 7 - Whether the species derived from the end is contained under the species derived from the object, as under its genus, or conversely?......Page 1046
Article. 8 - Whether any action is indifferent in its species?......Page 1047
Article. 9 - Whether an individual action can be indifferent?......Page 1048
Article. 10 - Whether a circumstance places a moral action in the species of good or evil?......Page 1050
Article. 11 - Whether every circumstance that makes an action better or worse, places a moral action in a species of good or evil?......Page 1051
Article. 1 - Whether the goodness of the will depends on the object?......Page 1052
Article. 2 - Whether the goodness of the will depends on the object alone?......Page 1053
Article. 3 - Whether the goodness of the will depends on reason?......Page 1054
Article. 4 - Whether the goodness of the will depends on the eternal law?......Page 1055
Article. 5 - Whether the will is evil when it is at variance with erring reason?......Page 1056
Article. 6 - Whether the will is good when it abides by erring reason?......Page 1057
Article. 7 - Whether the goodness of the will, as regards the means, depends on the intention of the end?......Page 1059
Article. 8 - Whether the degree of goodness or malice in the will depends on the degree of good or evil in the intention?......Page 1060
Article. 9 - Whether the goodness of the will depends on its conformity to the Divine will?......Page 1061
Article. 10 - Whether it is necessary for the human will, in order to be good, to be conformed to the Divine will, as regards the thing willed?......Page 1062
Article. 1 - Whether goodness or malice is first in the action of the will, or in the external action?......Page 1064
Article. 2 - Whether the whole goodness and malice of the external action depends on the goodness of the will?......Page 1065
Article. 3 - Whether the goodness and malice of the external action are the same as those of the interior act?......Page 1066
Article. 4 - Whether the external action adds any goodness or malice to that of the interior act?......Page 1067
Article. 5 - Whether the consequences of the external action increase its goodness or malice?......Page 1068
Question. 21 - OF THE CONSEQUENCES OF HUMAN ACTIONS BY REASON OF THEIR GOODNESS AND MALICE (FOUR ARTICLES)......Page 1070
Article. 1 - Whether a human action is right or sinful, in so far as it is good or evil?......Page 1071
Article. 2 - Whether a human action deserves praise or blame, by reason of its being good or evil?......Page 1072
Article. 3 - Whether a human action is meritorious or demeritorious in so far as it is good or evil?......Page 1073
Article. 4 - Whether a human action is meritorious or demeritorious before God, according as it is good or evil?......Page 1074
Article. 1 - Whether any passion is in the soul?......Page 1075
Article. 2 - Whether passion is in the appetitive rather than in the apprehensive part?......Page 1076
Article. 3 - Whether passion is in the sensitive appetite rather than in the intellectual appetite, which is called the will?......Page 1078
Article. 1 - Whether the passions of the concupiscible part are different from those of the irascible part?......Page 1079
Article. 2 - Whether the contrariety of the irascible passions is based on the contrariety of good and evil?......Page 1080
Article. 3 - Whether any passion of the soul has no contrariety?......Page 1081
Article. 4 - Whether in the same power, there are any passions, specifically different, but not contrary to one another?......Page 1082
Question. 24 - OF GOOD AND EVIL IN THE PASSIONS OF THE SOUL (FOUR ARTICLES)......Page 1083
Article. 2 - Whether every passion of the soul is evil morally?......Page 1084
Article. 3 - Whether passion increases or decreases the goodness or malice of an act?......Page 1085
Article. 4 - Whether any passion is good or evil in its species?......Page 1087
Article. 1 - Whether the irascible passions precede the concupiscible passions, or vice versa?......Page 1088
Article. 2 - Whether love is the first of the concupiscible passions?......Page 1089
Article. 3 - Whether hope is the first of the irascible passions?......Page 1090
Article. 4 - Whether these are the four principal passions: joy, sadness, hope and fear?......Page 1092
Article. 1 - Whether love is in the concupiscible power?......Page 1093
Article. 2 - Whether love is a passion?......Page 1094
Article. 3 - Whether love is the same as dilection?......Page 1095
Article. 4 - Whether love is properly divided into love of friendship and love of concupiscence?......Page 1096
Article. 1 - Whether good is the only cause of love?......Page 1097
Article. 3 - Whether likeness is a cause of love?......Page 1098
Article. 4 - Whether any other passion of the soul is a cause of love?......Page 1100
Article. 1 - Whether union is an effect of love?......Page 1101
Article. 2 - Whether mutual indwelling is an effect of love?......Page 1102
Article. 3 - Whether ecstasy is an effect of love?......Page 1103
Article. 4 - Whether zeal is an effect of love?......Page 1104
Article. 5 - Whether love is a passion that wounds the lover?......Page 1105
Article. 6 - Whether love is cause of all that the lover does?......Page 1106
Article. 1 - Whether evil is the cause and object of hatred?......Page 1107
Article. 2 - Whether love is a cause of hatred?......Page 1108
Article. 3 - Whether hatred is stronger than love?......Page 1109
Article. 4 - Whether a man can hate himself?......Page 1110
Article. 5 - Whether a man can hate the truth?......Page 1111
Article. 6 - Whether anything can be an object of universal hatred?......Page 1112
Article. 1 - Whether concupiscence is in the sensitive appetite only?......Page 1113
Article. 2 - Whether concupiscence is a specific passion?......Page 1114
Article. 3 - Whether some concupiscences are natural, and some not natural?......Page 1115
Article. 4 - Whether concupiscence is infinite?......Page 1116
Article. 1 - Whether delight is a passion?......Page 1117
Article. 3 - Whether delight differs from joy?......Page 1119
Article. 4 - Whether delight is in the intellectual appetite?......Page 1120
Article. 5 - Whether bodily and sensible pleasures are greater than spiritual and intellectual pleasures?......Page 1121
Article. 6 - Whether the pleasures of touch are greater than the pleasures afforded by the other senses?......Page 1123
Article. 7 - Whether any pleasure is not natural?......Page 1124
Article. 8 - Whether one pleasure can be contrary to another?......Page 1125
Article. 1 - Whether operation is the proper cause of pleasure?......Page 1126
Article. 2 - Whether movement is a cause of pleasure?......Page 1127
Article. 3 - Whether hope and memory causes pleasure?......Page 1128
Article. 4 - Whether sadness causes pleasure?......Page 1129
Article. 5 - Whether the actions of others are a cause of pleasure to us?......Page 1130
Article. 6 - Whether doing good to another is a cause of pleasure?......Page 1131
Article. 7 - Whether likeness is a cause of pleasure?......Page 1132
Article. 8 - Whether wonder is a cause of pleasure?......Page 1133
Article. 1 - Whether expansion is an effect of pleasure?......Page 1134
Article. 2 - Whether pleasure causes thirst or desire for itself?......Page 1135
Article. 3 - Whether pleasure hinders the use of reason?......Page 1136
Article. 4 - Whether pleasure perfects operation?......Page 1137
Article. 1 - Whether every pleasure is evil?......Page 1138
Article. 2 - Whether every pleasure is good?......Page 1140
Article. 3 - Whether any pleasure is the greatest good?......Page 1141
Article. 4 - Whether pleasure is the measure or rule by which to judge of moral good or evil?......Page 1142
Article. 1 - Whether pain is a passion of the soul?......Page 1143
Article. 2 - Whether sorrow is the same as pain?......Page 1144
Article. 3 - Whether sorrow or pain is contrary to pleasure?......Page 1145
Article. 4 - Whether all sorrow is contrary to all pleasure?......Page 1146
Article. 5 - Whether there is any sorrow contrary to the pleasure of contemplation?......Page 1148
Article. 6 - Whether sorrow is to be shunned more than pleasure is to be sought?......Page 1150
Article. 7 - Whether outward pain is greater than interior sorrow?......Page 1151
Article. 8 - Whether there are only four species of sorrow?......Page 1152
Article. 1 - Whether sorrow is caused by the loss of good or by the presence of evil?......Page 1154
Article. 2 - Whether desire is a cause of sorrow?......Page 1155
Article. 3 - Whether the craving for unity is a cause of sorrow?......Page 1156
Article. 4 - Whether an irresistible power is a cause of sorrow?......Page 1157
Article. 1 - Whether pain deprives one of the power to learn?......Page 1158
Article. 2 - Whether the effect of sorrow or pain is to burden the soul?......Page 1159
Article. 3 - Whether sorrow or pain weakens all activity?......Page 1160
Article. 4 - Whether sorrow is more harmful to the body than the other passions of the soul?......Page 1161
Article. 1 - Whether pain or sorrow is assuaged by every pleasure?......Page 1162
Article. 2 - Whether pain or sorrow is assuaged by tears?......Page 1163
Article. 3 - Whether pain or sorrow are assuaged by the sympathy of friends?......Page 1164
Article. 4 - Whether pain and sorrow are assuaged by the contemplation of truth?......Page 1165
Question. 39 - OF THE GOODNESS AND MALICE OF SORROW OR PAIN (FOUR ARTICLES)......Page 1166
Article. 1 - Whether all sorrow is evil?......Page 1167
Article. 3 - Whether sorrow can be a useful good?......Page 1168
Article. 4 - Whether bodily pain is the greatest evil?......Page 1169
Question. 40 - OF THE IRASCIBLE PASSIONS, AND FIRST, OF HOPE AND DESPAIR (EIGHT ARTICLES)......Page 1170
Article. 1 - Whether hope is the same as desire of cupidity?......Page 1171
Article. 2 - Whether hope is in the apprehensive or in the appetitive power?......Page 1172
Article. 3 - Whether hope is in dumb animals?......Page 1173
Article. 4 - Whether despair is contrary to hope?......Page 1174
Article. 5 - Whether experience is a cause of hope?......Page 1175
Article. 7 - Whether hope is a cause of love?......Page 1176
Article. 8 - Whether hope is a help or a hindrance to action?......Page 1177
Article. 1 - Whether fear is a passion of the soul?......Page 1178
Article. 2 - Whether fear is a special passion?......Page 1179
Article. 3 - Whether there is a natural fear?......Page 1180
Article. 4 - Whether the species of fear is suitably assigned?......Page 1181
Article. 1 - Whether the object of fear is good or evil?......Page 1182
Article. 2 - Whether evil of nature is an object of fear?......Page 1183
Article. 3 - Whether the evil of sin is an object of fear?......Page 1184
Article. 4 - Whether fear itself can be feared?......Page 1185
Article. 5 - Whether sudden things are especially feared?......Page 1186
Article. 6 - Whether those things are more feared, for which there is no remedy?......Page 1187
Article. 1 - Whether love is the cause of fear?......Page 1188
Article. 2 - Whether defect is the cause of fear?......Page 1189
Article. 1 - Whether fear causes contraction?......Page 1190
Article. 2 - Whether fear makes one suitable for counsel?......Page 1191
Article. 3 - Whether fear makes one tremble?......Page 1192
Article. 4 - Whether fear hinders action?......Page 1193
Article. 2 - Whether daring ensues from hope?......Page 1194
Article. 3 - Whether some defect is a cause of daring?......Page 1195
Article. 4 - Whether the brave are more eager at first than in the midst of danger?......Page 1197
Article. 1 - Whether anger is a special passion?......Page 1198
Article. 2 - Whether the object of anger is good or evil?......Page 1199
Article. 3 - Whether anger is in the concupiscible faculty?......Page 1200
Article. 4 - Whether anger requires an act of reason?......Page 1201
Article. 5 - Whether anger is more natural than desire?......Page 1202
Article. 6 - Whether anger is more grievous than hatred?......Page 1203
Article. 7 - Whether anger is only towards those to whom one has an obligation of justice?......Page 1204
Article. 8 - Whether the species of anger are suitably assigned?......Page 1205
Article. 1 - Whether the motive of anger is always something done against the one who is angry?......Page 1206
Article. 2 - Whether the sole motive of anger is slight or contempt?......Page 1207
Article. 4 - Whether a person's defect is a reason for being more easily angry with him?......Page 1209
Article. 1 - Whether anger causes pleasure?......Page 1210
Article. 2 - Whether anger above all causes fervor in the heart?......Page 1211
Article. 3 - Whether anger above all hinders the use of reason?......Page 1213
Article. 4 - Whether anger above all causes taciturnity?......Page 1214
Article. 1 - Whether habit is a quality?......Page 1215
Article. 2 - Whether habit is a distinct species of quality?......Page 1216
Article. 3 - Whether habit implies order to an act?......Page 1219
Article. 4 - Whether habits are necessary?......Page 1220
Article. 1 - Whether there is a habit in the body?......Page 1221
Article. 2 - Whether the soul is the subject of habit in respect of its essence or in respect of its power?......Page 1223
Article. 3 - Whether there can be any habits in the powers of the sensitive parts?......Page 1224
Article. 4 - Whether there is any habit in the intellect?......Page 1225
Article. 6 - Whether there are habits in the angels?......Page 1227
Article. 1 - Whether any habit is from nature?......Page 1229
Article. 2 - Whether any habit is caused by acts?......Page 1231
Article. 3 - Whether a habit can be caused by one act?......Page 1232
Article. 4 - Whether any habits are infused in man by God?......Page 1233
Article. 1 - Whether habits increase?......Page 1234
Article. 2 - Whether habits increases by addition?......Page 1237
Article. 3 - Whether every act increases its habit?......Page 1238
Article. 1 - Whether a habit can be corrupted?......Page 1239
Article. 2 - Whether a habit can diminish?......Page 1240
Article. 3 - Whether a habit is corrupted or diminished through mere cessation from act?......Page 1242
Article. 1 - Whether many habits can be in one power?......Page 1243
Article. 2 - Whether habits are distinguished by their objects?......Page 1244
Article. 3 - Whether habits are divided into good and bad?......Page 1245
Article. 4 - Whether one habit is made up of many habits?......Page 1246
Question. 55 - OF THE VIRTUES, AS TO THEIR ESSENCE (FOUR ARTICLES)......Page 1247
Article. 1 - Whether human virtue is a habit?......Page 1248
Article. 2 - Whether human virtue is an operative habit?......Page 1249
Article. 3 - Whether human virtue is a good habit?......Page 1250
Article. 4 - Whether virtue is suitably defined?......Page 1251
Question. 56 - OF THE SUBJECT OF VIRTUE (SIX ARTICLES)......Page 1252
Article. 2 - Whether one virtue can be in several powers?......Page 1253
Article. 3 - Whether the intellect can be the subject of virtue?......Page 1254
Article. 4 - Whether the irascible and concupiscible powers are the subject of virtue?......Page 1256
Article. 5 - Whether the sensitive powers of apprehension are the subject of virtue?......Page 1257
Article. 6 - Whether the will can be the subject of virtue?......Page 1258
Article. 1 - Whether the habits of the speculative intellect are virtues?......Page 1259
Article. 2 - Whether there are only three habits of the speculative intellect, viz. wisdom, science and understanding?......Page 1261
Article. 3 - Whether the intellectual habit, art, is a virtue?......Page 1262
Article. 4 - Whether prudence is a distinct virtue from art?......Page 1263
Article. 5 - Whether prudence is a virtue necessary to man?......Page 1264
Article. 6 - Whether 'eubulia, synesis, and gnome' are virtues annexed to prudence? [*{euboulia, synesis, gnome}]......Page 1266
Article. 1 - Whether every virtue is a moral virtue?......Page 1267
Article. 2 - Whether moral virtue differs from intellectual virtue?......Page 1268
Article. 3 - Whether virtue is adequately divided into moral and intellectual?......Page 1269
Article. 4 - Whether there can be moral without intellectual virtue?......Page 1271
Article. 5 - Whether there can be intellectual without moral virtue?......Page 1272
Article. 1 - Whether moral virtue is a passion?......Page 1273
Article. 2 - Whether there can be moral virtue with passion?......Page 1274
Article. 3 - Whether sorrow is compatible with moral virtue?......Page 1275
Article. 4 - Whether all the moral virtues are about the passions?......Page 1276
Article. 5 - Whether there can be moral virtue without passion?......Page 1277
Article. 1 - Whether there is only one moral virtue?......Page 1278
Article. 2 - Whether moral virtues about operations are different from those that are about passions?......Page 1279
Article. 3 - Whether there is only one moral virtue about operations?......Page 1280
Article. 4 - Whether there are different moral virtues about different passions?......Page 1282
Article. 5 - Whether the moral virtues differ in point of the various objects of the passions?......Page 1283
Article. 1 - Whether the moral virtues should be called cardinal or principal virtues?......Page 1285
Article. 2 - Whether there are four cardinal virtues?......Page 1286
Article. 3 - Whether any other virtues should be called principal rather than these?......Page 1287
Article. 4 - Whether the four cardinal virtues differ from one another?......Page 1288
Article. 5 - Whether the cardinal virtues are fittingly divided into social virtues, perfecting, perfect, and exemplar virtues?......Page 1289
Question. 62 - OF THE THEOLOGICAL VIRTUES (FOUR ARTICLES)......Page 1291
Article. 1 - Whether there are any theological virtues?......Page 1292
Article. 3 - Whether faith, hope, and charity are fittingly reckoned as theological virtues?......Page 1293
Article. 4 - Whether faith precedes hope, and hope charity?......Page 1295
Article. 1 - Whether virtue is in us by nature?......Page 1296
Article. 2 - Whether any virtue is caused in us by habituation?......Page 1297
Article. 3 - Whether any moral virtues are in us by infusion?......Page 1298
Article. 4 - Whether virtue by habituation belongs to the same species as infused virtue?......Page 1299
Article. 1 - Whether moral virtues observe the mean?......Page 1300
Article. 2 - Whether the mean of moral virtue is the real mean, or the rational mean?......Page 1302
Article. 3 - Whether the intellectual virtues observe the mean?......Page 1303
Article. 4 - Whether the theological virtues observe the mean?......Page 1304
Article. 1 - Whether the moral virtues are connected with one another?......Page 1305
Article. 2 - Whether moral virtues can be without charity?......Page 1307
Article. 3 - Whether charity can be without moral virtue?......Page 1309
Article. 4 - Whether faith and hope can be without charity?......Page 1310
Article. 5 - Whether charity can be without faith and hope?......Page 1311
Article. 1 - Whether one virtue can be greater or less than another?......Page 1312
Article. 2 - Whether all the virtues that are together in one man, are equal?......Page 1313
Article. 3 - Whether the moral virtues are better than the intellectual virtues?......Page 1314
Article. 4 - Whether justice is the chief of the moral virtues?......Page 1316
Article. 5 - Whether wisdom is the greatest of the intellectual virtues?......Page 1317
Article. 6 - Whether charity is the greatest of the theological virtues?......Page 1318
Question. 67 - OF THE DURATION OF VIRTUES AFTER THIS LIFE (SIX ARTICLES)......Page 1319
Article. 1 - Whether the moral virtues remain after this life?......Page 1320
Article. 2 - Whether the intellectual virtues remain after this life?......Page 1321
Article. 3 - Whether faith remains after this life?......Page 1322
Article. 4 - Whether hope remains after death, in the state of glory?......Page 1324
Article. 5 - Whether anything of faith or hope remains in glory?......Page 1325
Article. 6 - Whether charity remains after this life, in glory?......Page 1326
Article. 1 - Whether the Gifts differ from the virtues?......Page 1327
Article. 2 - Whether the gifts are necessary to man for salvation?......Page 1330
Article. 3 - Whether the gifts of the Holy Ghost are habits?......Page 1331
Article. 4 - Whether the seven gifts of the Holy Ghost are suitably enumerated?......Page 1332
Article. 5 - Whether the gifts of the Holy Ghost are connected?......Page 1334
Article. 6 - Whether the gifts of the Holy Ghost remain in heaven?......Page 1335
Article. 7 - Whether the gifts are set down by Isaias in their order of dignity?......Page 1336
Article. 8 - Whether the virtues are more excellent than the gifts?......Page 1338
Article. 1 - Whether the beatitudes differ from the virtues and gifts?......Page 1339
Article. 2 - Whether the rewards assigned to the beatitudes refer to this life?......Page 1340
Article. 3 - Whether the beatitudes are suitably enumerated?......Page 1342
Article. 4 - Whether the rewards of the beatitudes are suitably enumerated?......Page 1344
Article. 1 - Whether the fruits of the Holy Ghost which the Apostle enumerates (Gal. 5) are acts?......Page 1346
Article. 2 - Whether the fruits differ from the beatitudes?......Page 1347
Article. 3 - Whether the fruits are suitably enumerated by the Apostle?......Page 1348
Article. 4 - Whether the fruits of the Holy Ghost are contrary to the works of the flesh?......Page 1350
Article. 1 - Whether vice is contrary to virtue?......Page 1351
Article. 2 - Whether vice is contrary to nature?......Page 1352
Article. 3 - Whether vice is worse than a vicious act?......Page 1353
Article. 4 - Whether sin is compatible with virtue?......Page 1354
Article. 5 - Whether every sin includes an action?......Page 1355
Article. 6 - Whether sin is fittingly defined as a word, deed, or desire contrary to the eternal law?......Page 1357
Article. 1 - Whether sins differ in species according to their objects?......Page 1358
Article. 2 - Whether spiritual sins are fittingly distinguished from carnal sins?......Page 1359
Article. 3 - Whether sins differ specifically in reference to their causes?......Page 1361
Article. 4 - Whether sin is fittingly divided into sin against God, against oneself, and against one's neighbor?......Page 1362
Article. 5 - Whether the division of sins according to their debt of punishment diversifies their species?......Page 1363
Article. 6 - Whether sins of commission and omission differ specifically?......Page 1365
Article. 7 - Whether sins are fittingly divided into sins of thought, word, and deed?......Page 1366
Article. 8 - Whether excess and deficiency diversify the species of sins?......Page 1367
Article. 9 - Whether sins differ specifically in respect of different circumstances?......Page 1368
Article. 1 - Whether all sins are connected with one another?......Page 1369
Article. 2 - Whether all sins are equal?......Page 1370
Article. 3 - Whether the gravity of sins varies according to their objects?......Page 1371
Article. 5 - Whether carnal sins are of less guilt than spiritual sins?......Page 1373
Article. 6 - Whether the gravity of a sin depends on its cause?......Page 1375
Article. 7 - Whether a circumstance aggravates a sin?......Page 1376
Article. 8 - Whether sin is aggravated by reason of its causing more harm?......Page 1377
Article. 9 - Whether a sin is aggravated by reason of the condition of the person against whom it is committed?......Page 1378
Article. 10 - Whether the excellence of the person sinning aggravates the sin?......Page 1380
Article. 1 - Whether the will is a subject of sin?......Page 1381
Article. 2 - Whether the will alone is the subject of sin?......Page 1382
Article. 3 - Whether there can be sin in the sensuality?......Page 1383
Article. 4 - Whether mortal sin can be in the sensuality?......Page 1384
Article. 5 - Whether sin can be in the reason?......Page 1385
Article. 6 - Whether the sin of morose delectation is in the reason?......Page 1386
Article. 7 - Whether the sin of consent to the act is in the higher reason?......Page 1387
Article. 8 - Whether consent to delectation is a mortal sin?......Page 1388
Article. 9 - Whether there can be venial sin in the higher reason as directing the lower powers?......Page 1390
Article. 10 - Whether venial sin can be in the higher reason as such?......Page 1391
Question. 75 - OF THE CAUSES OF SIN, IN GENERAL (FOUR ARTICLES)......Page 1392
Article. 1 - Whether sin has a cause?......Page 1393
Article. 2 - Whether sin has an internal cause?......Page 1394
Article. 3 - Whether sin has an external cause?......Page 1395
Article. 4 - Whether one sin is a cause of another?......Page 1396
Article. 1 - Whether ignorance can be a cause of sin?......Page 1397
Article. 2 - Whether ignorance is a sin?......Page 1398
Article. 3 - Whether ignorance excuses from sin altogether?......Page 1399
Article. 4 - Whether ignorance diminishes a sin?......Page 1400
Article. 1 - Whether the will is moved by a passion of the senstive appetite?......Page 1402
Article. 2 - Whether the reason can be overcome by a passion, against its knowledge?......Page 1403
Article. 3 - Whether a sin committed through passion, should be called a sin of weakness?......Page 1405
Article. 4 - Whether self-love is the source of every sin?......Page 1406
Article. 5 - Whether concupiscence of the flesh, concupiscence of the eyes, and pride of life are fittingly described as causes of sin?......Page 1407
Article. 6 - Whether sin is alleviated on account of a passion?......Page 1409
Article. 7 - Whether passion excuses from sin altogether?......Page 1410
Article. 8 - Whether a sin committed through passion can be mortal?......Page 1411
Article. 1 - Whether anyone sins through certain malice?......Page 1412
Article. 2 - Whether everyone that sins through habit, sins through certain malice?......Page 1413
Article. 3 - Whether one who sins through certain malice, sins through habit?......Page 1414
Article. 4 - Whether it is more grievous to sin through certain malice than through passion?......Page 1415
Article. 1 - Whether God is a cause of sin?......Page 1417
Article. 2 - Whether the act of sin is from God?......Page 1418
Article. 3 - Whether God is the cause of spiritual blindness and hardness of heart?......Page 1419
Article. 4 - Whether blindness and hardness of heart are directed to the salvation of those who are blinded and hardened?......Page 1420
Question. 80 - OF THE CAUSE OF SIN, AS REGARDS THE DEVIL (FOUR ARTICLES)......Page 1421
Article. 1 - Whether the devil is directly the cause of man's sinning?......Page 1422
Article. 2 - Whether the devil can induce man to sin, by internal instigations?......Page 1423
Article. 3 - Whether the devil can induce man to sin of necessity?......Page 1424
Article. 4 - Whether all the sins of men are due to the devil's suggestion?......Page 1425
Article. 1 - Whether the first sin of our first parent is contracted by his descendants, by way of origin?......Page 1426
Article. 2 - Whether also other sins of the first parent or of nearer ancestors are transmitted to their descendants?......Page 1428
Article. 3 - Whether the sin of the first parent is transmitted, by the way of origin, to all men?......Page 1429
Article. 4 - Whether original sin would be contracted by a person formed miraculously from human flesh?......Page 1430
Article. 5 - Whether if Eve, and not Adam, had sinned, their children would have contracted original sin?......Page 1431
Question. 82 - OF ORIGINAL SIN, AS TO ITS ESSENCE (FOUR ARTICLES)......Page 1432
Article. 1 - Whether original sin is a habit?......Page 1433
Article. 2 - Whether there are several original sins in one man?......Page 1434
Article. 4 - Whether original sin is equally in all?......Page 1435
Question. 83 - OF THE SUBJECT OF ORIGINAL SIN (FOUR ARTICLES)......Page 1436
Article. 1 - Whether original sin is more in the flesh than in the soul?......Page 1437
Article. 2 - Whether original sin is in the essence of the soul rather than in the powers?......Page 1438
Article. 3 - Whether original sin infects the will before the other powers?......Page 1439
Article. 4 - Whether the aforesaid powers are more infected than the others?......Page 1440
Article. 1 - Whether covetousness is the root of all sins?......Page 1441
Article. 2 - Whether pride is the beginning of every sin?......Page 1442
Article. 3 - Whether any other special sins, besides pride and avarice, should be called capital?......Page 1443
Article. 4 - Whether the seven capital vices are suitably reckoned?......Page 1444
Article. 1 - Whether sin diminishes the good of nature?......Page 1446
Article. 2 - Whether the entire good of human nature can be destroyed by sin?......Page 1448
Article. 3 - Whether weakness, ignorance, malice and concupiscence are suitably reckoned as the wounds of nature consequent upon sin?......Page 1449
Article. 4 - Whether privation of mode, species and order is the effect of sin?......Page 1450
Article. 5 - Whether death and other bodily defects are the result of sin?......Page 1451
Article. 6 - Whether death and other defects are natural to man?......Page 1452
Article. 1 - Whether sin causes a stain on the soul?......Page 1454
Article. 2 - Whether the stain remains in the soul after the act of sin?......Page 1455
Article. 1 - Whether the debt of punishment is an effect of sin?......Page 1456
Article. 2 - Whether sin can be the punishment of sin?......Page 1457
Article. 3 - Whether any sin incurs a debt of eternal punishment?......Page 1458
Article. 4 - Whether sin incurs a debt of punishment infinite in quantity?......Page 1459
Article. 5 - Whether every sin incurs a debt of eternal punishment?......Page 1460
Article. 6 - Whether the debt of punishment remains after sin?......Page 1461
Article. 7 - Whether every punishment is inflicted for a sin?......Page 1462
Article. 8 - Whether anyone is punished for another's sin?......Page 1464
Question. 88 - OF VENIAL AND MORTAL SIN (SIX ARTICLES)......Page 1465
Article. 1 - Whether venial sin is fittingly condivided with mortal sin?......Page 1466
Article. 2 - Whether mortal and venial sin differ generically?......Page 1467
Article. 3 - Whether venial sin is a disposition to mortal sin?......Page 1468
Article. 4 - Whether a venial sin can become mortal?......Page 1469
Article. 5 - Whether a circumstance can make a venial sin to be mortal?......Page 1471
Article. 6 - Whether a mortal sin can become venial?......Page 1472
Article. 1 - Whether venial sin causes a stain on the soul?......Page 1473
Article. 2 - Whether venial sins are suitably designated as 'wood, hay, and stubble'?......Page 1474
Article. 3 - Whether man could commit a venial sin in the state of innocence?......Page 1476
Article. 4 - Whether a good or a wicked angel can sin venially?......Page 1477
Article. 5 - Whether the first movements of the sensuality in unbelievers are mortal sin?......Page 1478
Article. 6 - Whether venial sin can be in anyone with original sin alone?......Page 1479
Article. 1 - Whether law is something pertaining to reason?......Page 1480
Article. 2 - Whether the law is always something directed to the common good?......Page 1481
Article. 3 - Whether the reason of any man is competent to make laws?......Page 1482
Article. 4 - Whether promulgation is essential to a law?......Page 1483
Article. 1 - Whether there is an eternal law?......Page 1484
Article. 2 - Whether there is in us a natural law?......Page 1485
Article. 3 - Whether there is a human law?......Page 1486
Article. 4 - Whether there was any need for a Divine law?......Page 1487
Article. 5 - Whether there is but one Divine law?......Page 1489
Article. 6 - Whether there is a law in the fomes of sin?......Page 1490
Article. 1 - Whether an effect of law is to make men good?......Page 1491
Article. 2 - Whether the acts of law are suitably assigned?......Page 1493
Article. 1 - Whether the eternal law is a sovereign type [*Ratio] existing in God?......Page 1494
Article. 2 - Whether the eternal law is known to all?......Page 1495
Article. 3 - Whether every law is derived from the eternal law?......Page 1496
Article. 4 - Whether necessary and eternal things are subject to the eternal law?......Page 1497
Article. 5 - Whether natural contingents are subject to the eternal law?......Page 1498
Article. 6 - Whether all human affairs are subject to the eternal law?......Page 1499
Article. 1 - Whether the natural law is a habit?......Page 1501
Article. 2 - Whether the natural law contains several precepts, or only one?......Page 1502
Article. 4 - Whether the natural law is the same in all men?......Page 1504
Article. 5 - Whether the natural law can be changed?......Page 1506
Article. 6 - Whether the law of nature can be abolished from the heart of man?......Page 1507
Article. 1 - Whether it was useful for laws to be framed by men?......Page 1508
Article. 2 - Whether every human law is derived from the natural law?......Page 1509
Article. 3 - Whether Isidore's description of the quality of positive law is appropriate?......Page 1511
Article. 4 - Whether Isidore's division of human laws is appropriate?......Page 1512
Question. 96 - OF THE POWER OF HUMAN LAW (SIX ARTICLES)......Page 1513
Article. 1 - Whether human law should be framed for the community rather than for the individual?......Page 1514
Article. 2 - Whether it belongs to the human law to repress all vices?......Page 1515
Article. 3 - Whether human law prescribes acts of all the virtues?......Page 1516
Article. 4 - Whether human law binds a man in conscience?......Page 1517
Article. 5 - Whether all are subject to the law?......Page 1518
Article. 6 - Whether he who is under a law may act beside the letter of the law?......Page 1519
Question. 97 - OF CHANGE IN LAWS (FOUR ARTICLES)......Page 1520
Article. 1 - Whether human law should be changed in any way?......Page 1521
Article. 2 - Whether human law should always be changed, whenever something better occurs?......Page 1522
Article. 3 - Whether custom can obtain force of law?......Page 1523
Article. 4 - Whether the rulers of the people can dispense from human laws?......Page 1524
Article. 1 - Whether the Old Law was good?......Page 1525
Article. 2 - Whether the Old Law was from God?......Page 1527
Article. 3 - Whether the Old Law was given through the angels?......Page 1528
Article. 4 - Whether the Old Law should have been given to the Jews alone?......Page 1529
Article. 5 - Whether all men were bound to observe the Old Law?......Page 1531
Article. 6 - Whether the Old Law was suitably given at the time of Moses?......Page 1532
Article. 1 - Whether the Old Law contains only one precept?......Page 1533
Article. 2 - Whether the Old Law contains moral precepts?......Page 1534
Article. 3 - Whether the Old Law comprises ceremonial, besides moral, precepts?......Page 1535
Article. 4 - Whether, besides the moral and ceremonial precepts, there are also judicial precepts?......Page 1537
Article. 5 - Whether the Old Law contains any others besides the moral, judicial, and ceremonial precepts?......Page 1538
Article. 6 - Whether the Old Law should have induced men to the observance of its precepts, by means of temporal promises and threats?......Page 1539
Article. 1 - Whether all the moral precepts of the Old Law belong to the law of nature?......Page 1541
Article. 2 - Whether the moral precepts of the Law are about all the acts of virtue?......Page 1542
Article. 3 - Whether all the moral precepts of the Old Law are reducible to the ten precepts of the decalogue?......Page 1543
Article. 4 - Whether the precepts of the decalogue are suitably distinguished from one another?......Page 1544
Article. 5 - Whether the precepts of the decalogue are suitably set forth?......Page 1546
Article. 6 - Whether the ten precepts of the decalogue are set in proper order?......Page 1549
Article. 7 - Whether the precepts of the decalogue are suitably formulated?......Page 1550
Article. 8 - Whether the precepts of the decalogue are dispensable?......Page 1552
Article. 9 - Whether the mode of virtue falls under the precept of the law?......Page 1553
Article. 10 - Whether the mode of charity falls under the precept of the Divine law?......Page 1555
Article. 11 - Whether it is right to distinguish other moral precepts of the law besides the decalogue?......Page 1556
Article. 12 - Whether the moral precepts of the Old Law justified man?......Page 1558
Question. 101 - OF THE CEREMONIAL PRECEPTS IN THEMSELVES (FOUR ARTICLES)......Page 1559
Article. 1 - Whether the nature of the ceremonial precepts consists in their pertaining to the worship of God?......Page 1560
Article. 2 - Whether the ceremonial precepts are figurative?......Page 1561
Article. 3 - Whether there should have been man ceremonial precepts?......Page 1562
Article. 4 - Whether the ceremonies of the Old Law are suitably divided into sacrifices, sacred things, sacraments, and observances?......Page 1564
Article. 1 - Whether there was any cause for the ceremonial precepts?......Page 1565
Article. 2 - Whether the ceremonial precepts have a literal cause or merely a figurative cause?......Page 1567
Article. 3 - Whether a suitable cause can be assigned for the ceremonies which pertained to sacrifices?......Page 1568
Article. 4 - Whether sufficient reason can be assigned for the ceremonies pertaining to holy things?......Page 1573
Article. 5 - Whether there can be any suitable cause for the sacraments of the Old Law?......Page 1582
Article. 6 - Whether there was any reasonable cause for the ceremonial observances?......Page 1593
Article. 1 - Whether the ceremonies of the Law were in existence before the Law?......Page 1600
Article. 2 - Whether, at the time of the Law, the ceremonies of the Old Law had any power of justification?......Page 1602
Article. 3 - Whether the ceremonies of the Old Law ceased at the coming of Christ?......Page 1604
Article. 4 - Whether since Christ's Passion the legal ceremonies can be observed without committing mortal sin?......Page 1605
Article. 1 - Whether the judicial precepts were those which directed man in relation to his neighbor?......Page 1608
Article. 2 - Whether the judicial precepts were figurative?......Page 1609
Article. 3 - Whether the judicial precepts of the Old Law bind for ever?......Page 1610
Article. 4 - Whether it is possible to assign a distinct division of the judicial precepts?......Page 1612
Article. 1 - Whether the Old Law enjoined fitting precepts concerning rulers?......Page 1613
Article. 2 - Whether the judicial precepts were suitably framed as to the relations of one man with another?......Page 1615
Article. 3 - Whether the judicial precepts regarding foreigners were framed in a suitable manner?......Page 1623
Article. 4 - Whether the Old Law set forth suitable precepts about the members of the household?......Page 1626
Article. 1 - Whether the New Law is a written law?......Page 1629
Article. 2 - Whether the New Law justifies?......Page 1631
Article. 3 - Whether the New Law should have been given from the beginning of the world?......Page 1632
Article. 4 - Whether the New Law will last till the end of the world?......Page 1633
Article. 1 - Whether the New Law is distinct from the Old Law?......Page 1635
Article. 2 - Whether the New Law fulfils the Old?......Page 1637
Article. 3 - Whether the New Law is contained in the Old?......Page 1639
Article. 4 - Whether the New Law is more burdensome than the Old?......Page 1640
Article. 1 - Whether the New Law ought to prescribe or prohibit any external acts?......Page 1642
Article. 2 - Whether the New Law made sufficient ordinations about external acts?......Page 1644
Article. 3 - Whether the New Law directed man sufficiently as regards interior actions?......Page 1646
Article. 4 - Whether certain definite counsels are fittingly proposed in the New Law?......Page 1649
Question. 109 - OF THE NECESSITY OF GRACE (TEN ARTICLES)......Page 1650
Article. 1 - Whether without grace man can know any truth?......Page 1651
Article. 2 - Whether man can wish or do any good without grace?......Page 1652
Article. 3 - Whether by his own natural powers and without grace man can love God above all things?......Page 1654
Article. 4 - Whether man without grace and by his own natural powers can fulfil the commandments of the Law?......Page 1655
Article. 5 - Whether man can merit everlasting life without grace?......Page 1656
Article. 6 - Whether a man, by himself and without the external aid of grace, can prepare himself for grace?......Page 1657
Article. 7 - Whether man can rise from sin without the help of grace?......Page 1658
Article. 8 - Whether man without grace can avoid sin?......Page 1659
Article. 9 - Whether one who has already obtained grace, can, of himself and without further help of grace, do good and avoid sin?......Page 1661
Article. 10 - Whether man possessed of grace needs the help of grace in order to persevere?......Page 1662
Article. 1 - Whether grace implies anything in the soul?......Page 1663
Article. 2 - Whether grace is a quality of the soul?......Page 1664
Article. 3 - Whether grace is the same as virtue?......Page 1665
Article. 4 - Whether grace is in the essence of the soul as in a subject, or in one of the powers?......Page 1667
Article. 1 - Whether grace is fittingly divided into sanctifying grace and gratuitous grace?......Page 1668
Article. 2 - Whether grace is fittingly divided into operating and cooperating grace?......Page 1669
Article. 3 - Whether grace is fittingly divided into prevenient and subsequent grace?......Page 1670
Article. 4 - Whether gratuitous grace is rightly divided by the Apostle?......Page 1671
Article. 5 - Whether gratuitous grace is nobler than sanctifying grace?......Page 1673
Article. 1 - Whether God alone is the cause of grace?......Page 1674
Article. 2 - Whether any preparation and disposition for grace is required on man's part?......Page 1675
Article. 3 - Whether grace is necessarily given to whoever prepares himself for it, or to whoever does what he can?......Page 1676
Article. 4 - Whether grace is greater in one than in another?......Page 1677
Article. 5 - Whether man can know that he has grace?......Page 1678
Article. 1 - Whether the justification of the ungodly is the remission of sins?......Page 1680
Article. 2 - Whether the infusion of grace is required for the remission of guilt, i.e. for the justification of the ungodly?......Page 1681
Article. 3 - Whether for the justification of the ungodly is required a movement of the free-will?......Page 1682
Article. 4 - Whether a movement of faith is required for the justification of the ungodly?......Page 1684
Article. 5 - Whether for the justification of the ungodly there is required a movement of the free-will towards sin?......Page 1685
Article. 6 - Whether the remission of sins ought to be reckoned amongst the things required for justification?......Page 1686
Article. 7 - Whether the justification of the ungodly takes place in an instant or successively?......Page 1687
Article. 8 - Whether the infusion of grace is naturally the first of the things required for the justification of the ungodly?......Page 1689
Article. 9 - Whether the justification of the ungodly is God's greatest work?......Page 1690
Article. 10 - Whether the justification of the ungodly is a miraculous work?......Page 1691
Article. 1 - Whether a man may merit anything from God?......Page 1693
Article. 2 - Whether anyone without grace can merit eternal life?......Page 1694
Article. 3 - Whether a man in grace can merit eternal life condignly?......Page 1695
Article. 4 - Whether grace is the principle of merit through charity rather than the other virtues?......Page 1696
Article. 5 - Whether a man may merit for himself the first grace?......Page 1697
Article. 6 - Whether a man can merit the first grace for another?......Page 1698
Article. 7 - Whether a man may merit restoration after a fall?......Page 1699
Article. 8 - Whether a man may merit the increase of grace or charity?......Page 1700
Article. 9 - Whether a man may merit perseverance?......Page 1701
Article. 10 - Whether temporal goods fall under merit?......Page 1702
Article. 1 - Whether the object of faith is the First Truth?......Page 1704
Article. 2 - Whether the object of faith is something complex, by way of a proposition?......Page 1705
Article. 3 - Whether anything false can come under faith?......Page 1706
Article. 4 - Whether the object of faith can be something seen?......Page 1707
Article. 5 - Whether those things that are of faith can be an object of science [*Science is certain knowledge of a demonstrated conclusion through its demonstration]?......Page 1708
Article. 6 - Whether those things that are of faith should be divided into certain articles?......Page 1710
Article. 7 - Whether the articles of faith have increased in course of time?......Page 1711
Article. 8 - Whether the articles of faith are suitably formulated?......Page 1713
Article. 9 - Whether it is suitable for the articles of faith to be embodied in a symbol?......Page 1715
Article. 10 - Whether it belongs to the Sovereign Pontiff to draw up a symbol of faith?......Page 1716
Article. 1 - Whether to believe is to think with assent?......Page 1718
Article. 2 - Whether the act of faith is suitably distinguished as believing God, believing in a God and believing in God?......Page 1719
Article. 3 - Whether it is necessary for salvation to believe anything above the natural reason?......Page 1720
Article. 4 - Whether it is necessary to believe those things which can be proved by natural reason?......Page 1721
Article. 5 - Whether man is bound to believe anything explicitly?......Page 1722
Article. 6 - Whether all are equally bound to have explicit faith?......Page 1724
Article. 7 - Whether it is necessary for the salvation of all, that they should believe explicitly in the mystery of Christ?......Page 1725
Article. 8 - Whether it is necessary for salvation to believe explicitly in the Trinity?......Page 1727
Article. 9 - Whether to believe is meritorious?......Page 1728
Article. 10 - Whether reasons in support of what we believe lessen the merit of faith?......Page 1729
Article. 1 - Whether confession is an act of faith?......Page 1730
Article. 2 - Whether confession of faith is necessary for salvation?......Page 1731
Article. 1 - Whether this is a fitting definition of faith: 'Faith is the substance of things to be hoped for, the evidence of things that appear not?'......Page 1732
Article. 2 - Whether faith resides in the intellect?......Page 1734
Article. 3 - Whether charity is the form of faith?......Page 1735
Article. 4 - Whether lifeless faith can become living, or living faith, lifeless?......Page 1736
Article. 5 - Whether faith is a virtue?......Page 1738
Article. 6 - Whether faith is one virtue?......Page 1739
Article. 7 - Whether faith is the first of the virtues?......Page 1740
Article. 8 - Whether faith is more certain than science and the other intellectual virtues?......Page 1741
Question. 5 - OF THOSE WHO HAVE FAITH (FOUR ARTICLES)......Page 1742
Article. 1 - Whether there was faith in the angels, or in man, in their original state?......Page 1743
Article. 2 - Whether in the demons there is faith?......Page 1744
Article. 3 - Whether a man who disbelieves one article of faith, can have lifeless faith in the other articles?......Page 1745
Article. 4 - Whether faith can be greater in one man than in another?......Page 1746
Article. 1 - Whether faith is infused into man by God?......Page 1747
Article. 2 - Whether lifeless faith is a gift of God?......Page 1748
Article. 1 - Whether fear is an effect of faith?......Page 1750
Question. 8 - OF THE GIFT OF UNDERSTANDING (EIGHT ARTICLES)......Page 1751
Article. 1 - Whether understanding is a gift of the Holy Ghost?......Page 1752
Article. 2 - Whether the gift of understanding is compatible with faith?......Page 1753
Article. 3 - Whether the gift of understanding is merely speculative or also practical?......Page 1754
Article. 4 - Whether the gift of understanding is in all who are in a state of grace?......Page 1755
Article. 5 - Whether the gift of understanding is found also in those who have not sanctifying grace?......Page 1756
Article. 6 - Whether the gift of understanding is distinct from the other gifts?......Page 1757
Article. 7 - Whether the sixth beatitude, 'Blessed are the clean of heart,' etc., responds to the gift of understanding?......Page 1758
Article. 8 - Whether faith, among the fruits, responds to the gift of understanding?......Page 1759
Article. 1 - Whether knowledge is a gift?......Page 1760
Article. 2 - Whether the gift of knowledge is about Divine things?......Page 1761
Article. 3 - Whether the gift of knowledge is practical knowledge?......Page 1763
Article. 4 - Whether the third beatitude, 'Blessed are they that mourn,' etc. corresponds to the gift of knowledge?......Page 1764
Article. 1 - Whether unbelief is a sin?......Page 1765
Article. 2 - Whether unbelief is in the intellect as its subject?......Page 1766
Article. 3 - Whether unbelief is the greatest of sin?......Page 1767
Article. 4 - Whether every act of an unbeliever is a sin?......Page 1768
Article. 5 - Whether there are several species of unbelief?......Page 1769
Article. 6 - Whether the unbelief of pagans or heathens is graver than other kinds?......Page 1770
Article. 7 - Whether one ought to dispute with unbelievers in public?......Page 1771
Article. 8 - Whether unbelievers ought to be compelled to the faith?......Page 1772
Article. 9 - Whether it is lawful to communicate with unbelievers?......Page 1773
Article. 10 - Whether unbelievers may have authority or dominion over the faithful?......Page 1775
Article. 12 - Whether the children of Jews and other unbelievers ought to be baptized against their parents' will?......Page 1777
Question. 11 - OF HERESY (FOUR ARTICLES)......Page 1779
Article. 1 - Whether heresy is a species of unbelief?......Page 1780
Article. 2 - Whether heresy is properly about matters of faith?......Page 1781
Article. 3 - Whether heretics ought to be tolerated?......Page 1782
Article. 4 - Whether the Church should receive those who return from heresy?......Page 1784
Article. 1 - Whether apostasy pertains to unbelief?......Page 1785
Article. 2 - Whether a prince forfeits his dominion over his subjects, on account of apostasy from the faith, so that they no longer owe him allegiance?......Page 1786
Article. 1 - Whether blasphemy is opposed to the confession of faith?......Page 1788
Article. 2 - Whether blasphemy is always a mortal sin?......Page 1789
Article. 3 - Whether the sin of blasphemy is the greatest sin?......Page 1790
Article. 4 - Whether the damned blaspheme?......Page 1791
Article. 1 - Whether the sin against the Holy Ghost is the same as the sin committed through certain malice?......Page 1792
Article. 2 - Whether it is fitting to distinguish six kinds of sin against the Holy Ghost?......Page 1793
Article. 3 - Whether the sin against the Holy Ghost can be forgiven?......Page 1795
Article. 4 - Whether a man can sin first of all against the Holy Ghost?......Page 1796
Article. 1 - Whether blindness of mind is a sin?......Page 1798
Article. 2 - Whether dulness of sense is a sin distinct from blindness of mind?......Page 1799
Article. 3 - Whether blindness of mind and dulness of sense arise from sins of the flesh?......Page 1800
Article. 1 - Whether in the Old Law there should have been given precepts of faith?......Page 1801
Article. 2 - Whether the precepts referring to knowledge and understanding were fittingly set down in the Old Law?......Page 1802
Article. 1 - Whether hope is a virtue?......Page 1804
Article. 2 - Whether eternal happiness is the proper object of hope?......Page 1805
Article. 3 - Whether one man may hope for another's eternal happiness?......Page 1806
Article. 4 - Whether a man can lawfully hope in man?......Page 1807
Article. 5 - Whether hope is a theological virtue?......Page 1808
Article. 6 - Whether hope is distinct from the other theological virtues?......Page 1809
Article. 7 - Whether hope precedes faith?......Page 1810
Question. 18 - OF THE SUBJECT OF HOPE (FOUR ARTICLES)......Page 1811
Article. 2 - Whether in the blessed there is hope?......Page 1812
Article. 3 - Whether hope is in the damned?......Page 1814
Question. 19 - OF THE GIFT OF FEAR (TWELVE ARTICLES)......Page 1815
Article. 1 - Whether God can be feared?......Page 1816
Article. 2 - Whether fear is fittingly divided into filial, initial, servile and worldly fear?......Page 1817
Article. 3 - Whether worldly fear is always evil?......Page 1818
Article. 4 - Whether servile fear is good?......Page 1819
Article. 5 - Whether servile fear is substantially the same as filial fear?......Page 1820
Article. 6 - Whether servile fear remains with charity?......Page 1821
Article. 7 - Whether fear is the beginning of wisdom?......Page 1822
Article. 8 - Whether initial fear differs substantially from filial fear?......Page 1823
Article. 9 - Whether fear is a gift of the Holy Ghost?......Page 1824
Article. 10 - Whether fear decreases when charity increases?......Page 1825
Article. 11 - Whether fear remains in heaven?......Page 1826
Article. 12 - Whether poverty of spirit is the beatitude corresponding to the gift of fear?......Page 1827
Question. 20 - OF DESPAIR (FOUR ARTICLES)......Page 1828
Article. 1 - Whether despair is a sin?......Page 1829
Article. 2 - Whether there can be despair without unbelief?......Page 1830
Article. 3 - Whether despair is the greatest of sins?......Page 1831
Article. 4 - Whether despair arises from sloth?......Page 1832
Article. 1 - Whether presumption trusts in God or in our own power?......Page 1833
Article. 2 - Whether presumption is a sin?......Page 1834
Article. 3 - Whether presumption is more opposed to fear than to hope?......Page 1835
Question. 22 - OF THE PRECEPTS RELATING TO HOPE AND FEAR (TWO ARTICLES)......Page 1836
Article. 1 - Whether there should be a precept of hope?......Page 1837
Article. 2 - Whether there should have been given a precept of fear?......Page 1838
Article. 1 - Whether charity is friendship?......Page 1839
Article. 2 - Whether charity is something created in the soul?......Page 1840
Article. 3 - Whether charity is a virtue?......Page 1842
Article. 4 - Whether charity is a special virtue?......Page 1843
Article. 5 - Whether charity is one virtue?......Page 1844
Article. 6 - Whether charity is the most excellent of the virtues?......Page 1845
Article. 7 - Whether any true virtue is possible without charity?......Page 1846
Article. 8 - Whether charity is the form of the virtues?......Page 1847
Article. 1 - Whether the will is the subject of charity?......Page 1848
Article. 2 - Whether charity is caused in us by infusion?......Page 1849
Article. 3 - Whether charity is infused according to the capacity of our natural gifts?......Page 1850
Article. 4 - Whether charity can increase?......Page 1851
Article. 5 - Whether charity increases by addition?......Page 1852
Article. 6 - Whether charity increases through every act of charity?......Page 1854
Article. 7 - Whether charity increases indefinitely?......Page 1855
Article. 8 - Whether charity can be perfect in this life?......Page 1856
Article. 9 - Whether charity is rightly distinguished into three degrees, beginning, progress, and perfection?......Page 1857
Article. 10 - Whether charity can decrease?......Page 1858
Article. 11 - Whether we can lose charity when once we have it?......Page 1859
Article. 12 - Whether charity is lost through one mortal sin?......Page 1861
Article. 1 - Whether the love of charity stops at God, or extends to our neighbor?......Page 1863
Article. 2 - Whether we should love charity out of charity?......Page 1864
Article. 3 - Whether irrational creatures also ought to be loved out of charity?......Page 1865
Article. 4 - Whether a man ought to love himself out of charity?......Page 1866
Article. 5 - Whether a man ought to love his body out of charity?......Page 1867
Article. 6 - Whether we ought to love sinners out of charity?......Page 1868
Article. 7 - Whether sinners love themselves?......Page 1870
Article. 8 - Whether charity requires that we should love our enemies?......Page 1871
Article. 9 - Whether it is necessary for salvation that we should show our enemies the signs and effects of love?......Page 1872
Article. 11 - Whether we are bound to love the demons out of charity?......Page 1873
Article. 12 - Whether four things are rightly reckoned as to be loved out of charity, viz. God, our neighbor, our body and ourselves?......Page 1874
Question. 26 - OF THE ORDER OF CHARITY (THIRTEEN ARTICLES)......Page 1875
Article. 2 - Whether God ought to be loved more than our neighbor?......Page 1876
Article. 3 - Whether out of charity, man is bound to love God more than himself?......Page 1878
Article. 4 - Whether our of charity, man ought to love himself more than his neighbor?......Page 1879
Article. 6 - Whether we ought to love one neighbor more than another?......Page 1880
Article. 7 - Whether we ought to love those who are better more those who are more closely united us?......Page 1882
Article. 8 - Whether we ought to love more those who are connected with us by ties of blood?......Page 1883
Article. 9 - Whether a man ought, out of charity, to love his children more than his father?......Page 1884
Article. 10 - Whether a man ought to love his mother more than his father?......Page 1885
Article. 11 - Whether a man ought to love his wife more than his father and mother?......Page 1886
Article. 12 - Whether a man ought to love more his benefactor than one he has benefited?......Page 1887
Article. 13 - Whether the order of charity endures in heaven?......Page 1888
Article. 1 - Whether to be loved is more proper to charity than to love?......Page 1890
Article. 2 - Whether to love considered as an act of charity is the same as goodwill?......Page 1891
Article. 3 - Whether out of charity God ought to be loved for Himself?......Page 1892
Article. 4 - Whether God can be loved immediately in this life?......Page 1893
Article. 5 - Whether God can be loved wholly? [*Cf. Q[184], A[2]]......Page 1894
Article. 6 - Whether in loving God we ought to observe any mode?......Page 1895
Article. 7 - Whether it is more meritorious to love an enemy than to love a friend?......Page 1896
Article. 8 - Whether it is more meritorious to love one's neighbor than to love God?......Page 1897
Article. 1 - Whether joy is effected in us by charity?......Page 1898
Article. 2 - Whether the spiritual joy, which results from charity, is compatible with an admixture of sorrow?......Page 1899
Article. 3 - Whether the spiritual joy which proceeds from charity, can be filled?......Page 1900
Article. 4 - Whether joy is a virtue?......Page 1901
Article. 1 - Whether peace is the same as concord?......Page 1902
Article. 2 - Whether all things desire peace?......Page 1903
Article. 3 - Whether peace is the proper effect of charity?......Page 1905
Article. 1 - Whether evil is properly the motive of mercy?......Page 1906
Article. 2 - Whether the reason for taking pity is a defect in the person who pities?......Page 1908
Article. 3 - Whether mercy is a virtue?......Page 1909
Article. 4 - Whether mercy is the greatest of the virtues?......Page 1910
Article. 1 - Whether beneficence is an act of charity?......Page 1911
Article. 2 - Whether we ought to do good to all?......Page 1912
Article. 3 - Whether we ought to do good to those rather who are more closely united to us?......Page 1913
Article. 4 - Whether beneficence is a special virtue?......Page 1915
Article. 1 - Whether almsgiving is an act of charity?......Page 1916
Article. 2 - Whether the different kinds of almsdeeds are suitably enumerated?......Page 1917
Article. 3 - Whether corporal alms are of more account than spiritual alms?......Page 1919
Article. 4 - Whether corporal almsdeeds have a spiritual effect?......Page 1920
Article. 5 - Whether almsgiving is a matter of precept?......Page 1921
Article. 6 - Whether one ought to give alms out of what one needs?......Page 1923
Article. 7 - Whether one may give alms out of ill-gotten goods?......Page 1924
Article. 8 - Whether one who is under another's power can give alms?......Page 1925
Article. 9 - Whether one ought to give alms to those rather who are more closely united to us?......Page 1927
Article. 10 - Whether alms should be given in abundance?......Page 1928
Article. 1 - Whether fraternal correction is an act of charity?......Page 1929
Article. 2 - Whether fraternal correction is a matter of precept?......Page 1930
Article. 3 - Whether fraternal correction belongs only to prelates?......Page 1932
Article. 4 - Whether a mann is bound to correct his prelate?......Page 1933
Article. 5 - Whether a sinner ought to reprove a wrongdoer?......Page 1934
Article. 6 - Whether one ought to forbear from correcting someone, through fear lest he become worse?......Page 1935
Article. 7 - Whether the precept of fraternal correction demands that a private admonition should precede denunciation?......Page 1936
Article. 8 - Whether before the public denunciation witnesses ought to be brought forward?......Page 1938
Question. 34 - OF HATRED (SIX ARTICLES)......Page 1939
Article. 2 - Whether hatred of God is the greatest of sins?......Page 1940
Article. 4 - Whether hatred of our neighbor is the most grievous sin against our neighbor?......Page 1942
Article. 5 - Whether hatred is a capital sin?......Page 1943
Article. 6 - Whether hatred arises from envy?......Page 1944
Article. 1 - Whether sloth is a sin?......Page 1945
Article. 3 - Whether sloth is a mortal sin?......Page 1947
Article. 4 - Whether sloth should be accounted a capital vice?......Page 1948
Article. 1 - Whether envy is a kind of sorrow?......Page 1950
Article. 2 - Whether envy is a sin?......Page 1952
Article. 3 - Whether envy is a mortal sin?......Page 1953
Article. 4 - Whether envy is a capital vice?......Page 1954
Article. 1 - Whether discord is a sin?......Page 1955
Question. 38 - OF CONTENTION (TWO ARTICLES)......Page 1957
Article. 1 - Whether contention is a mortal sin?......Page 1958
Article. 2 - Whether contention is a daughter of vainglory?......Page 1959
Article. 1 - Whether schism is a special sin?......Page 1960
Article. 2 - Whether schism is a graver sin than unbelief?......Page 1961
Article. 3 - Whether schismatics have any power?......Page 1963
Article. 4 - Whether it is right that schismatics should be punished with excommunication?......Page 1964
Article. 1 - Whether it is always sinful to wage war?......Page 1965
Article. 2 - Whether it is lawful for clerics and bishops to fight?......Page 1967
Article. 3 - Whether it is lawful to lay ambushes in war?......Page 1968
Article. 4 - Whether it is lawful to fight on holy days?......Page 1969
Article. 1 - Whether strife is always a sin?......Page 1970
Article. 2 - Whether strife is a daughter of anger?......Page 1971
Article. 1 - Whether sedition is a special sin distinct from other sins?......Page 1972
Article. 2 - Whether sedition is always a mortal sin?......Page 1973
Question. 43 - OF SCANDAL (EIGHT ARTICLES)......Page 1974
Article. 1 - Whether scandal is fittingly defined as being something less rightly said or done that occasions spiritual downfall?......Page 1975
Article. 2 - Whether scandal is a sin?......Page 1976
Article. 3 - Whether scandal is a special sin?......Page 1977
Article. 4 - Whether scandal is a mortal sin?......Page 1978
Article. 5 - Whether passive scandal may happen even to the perfect?......Page 1979
Article. 6 - Whether active scandal can be found in the perfect?......Page 1980
Article. 7 - Whether spiritual goods should be foregone on account of scandal?......Page 1981
Article. 8 - Whether temporal goods should be foregone on account of scandal?......Page 1983
Question. 44 - OF THE PRECEPTS OF CHARITY (EIGHT ARTICLES)......Page 1984
Article. 1 - Whether any precept should be given about charity?......Page 1985
Article. 2 - Whether there should have been given two precepts of charity?......Page 1986
Article. 3 - Whether two precepts of charity suffice?......Page 1987
Article. 4 - Whether it is fittingly commanded that man should love God with his whole heart?......Page 1988
Article. 5 - Whether to the words, 'Thou shalt love the Lord thy God with thy whole heart,' it was fitting to add 'and with thy whole soul, and with thy whole strength'?......Page 1989
Article. 6 - Whether it is possible in this life to fulfil this precept of the love of God?......Page 1990
Article. 7 - Whether the precept of love of our neighbor is fittingly expressed?......Page 1991
Question. 45 - OF THE GIFT OF WISDOM (SIX ARTICLES)......Page 1992
Article. 1 - Whether wisdom should be reckoned among the gifts of the Holy Ghost?......Page 1993
Article. 2 - Whether wisdom is in the intellect as its subject?......Page 1994
Article. 3 - Whether wisdom is merely speculative, or practical also?......Page 1995
Article. 5 - Whether wisdom is in all who have grace?......Page 1996
Article. 6 - Whether the seventh beatitude corresponds to the gift of wisdom?......Page 1998
Article. 1 - Whether folly is contrary to wisdom?......Page 1999
Article. 2 - Whether folly is a sin?......Page 2000
Article. 3 - Whether folly is a daughter of lust?......Page 2001
Article. 1 - Whether prudence is in the cognitive or in the appetitive faculty?......Page 2002
Article. 2 - Whether prudence belongs to the practical reason alone or also to the speculative reason?......Page 2003
Article. 3 - Whether prudence takes cognizance of singulars?......Page 2004
Article. 4 - Whether prudence is a virtue?......Page 2005
Article. 5 - Whether prudence is a special virtue?......Page 2006
Article. 6 - Whether prudence appoints the end to moral virtues?......Page 2007
Article. 7 - Whether it belongs to prudence to find the mean in moral virtues?......Page 2008
Article. 8 - Whether command is the chief act of prudence?......Page 2009
Article. 10 - Whether solicitude belongs to prudence?......Page 2010
Article. 11 - Whether prudence about one's own good is specifically the same as that which extends to the common good?......Page 2011
Article. 12 - Whether prudence is in subjects, or only in their rulers?......Page 2012
Article. 13 - Whether prudence can be in sinners?......Page 2013
Article. 14 - Whether prudence is in all who have grace?......Page 2014
Article. 15 - Whether prudence is in us by nature?......Page 2015
Article. 16 - Whether prudence can be lost through forgetfulness?......Page 2016
Article. 1 - Whether three parts of prudence are fittingly assigned?......Page 2017
Article. 1 - Whether memory is a part of prudence?......Page 2019
Article. 2 - Whether understanding* is a part of prudence? [*Otherwise intuition; Aristotle's word is {nous}]......Page 2021
Article. 4 - Whether shrewdness is part of prudence?......Page 2022
Article. 5 - Whether reason should be reckoned a part of prudence?......Page 2023
Article. 6 - Whether foresight* should be accounted a part of prudence? [*'Providentia,' which may be translated either 'providence' or 'foresight.']......Page 2024
Article. 7 - Whether circumspection can be a part of prudence?......Page 2025
Article. 8 - Whether caution should be reckoned a part of prudence?......Page 2026
Article. 1 - Whether a species of prudence is regnative?......Page 2027
Article. 2 - Whether political prudence is fittingly accounted a part of prudence?......Page 2028
Article. 3 - Whether a part of prudence should be reckoned to be domestic?......Page 2029
Question. 51 - OF THE VIRTUES WHICH ARE CONNECTED WITH PRUDENCE (FOUR ARTICLES)......Page 2030
Article. 1 - Whether {euboulia} (deliberating well) is a virtue?......Page 2031
Article. 2 - Whether {euboulia} (deliberating well) is a special virtue, distinct from prudence?......Page 2032
Article. 3 - Whether {synesis} (judging well according to common law) is a virtue?......Page 2033
Article. 4 - Whether {gnome} (judging well according to general law) is a special virtue?......Page 2034
Article. 1 - Whether counsel should be reckoned among the gifts of the Holy Ghost?......Page 2035
Article. 2 - Whether the gift of counsel corresponds to the virtue of prudence?......Page 2036
Article. 3 - Whether the gift of counsel remains in heaven?......Page 2037
Article. 4 - Whether the fifth beatitude, which is that of mercy, corresponds to the gift of counsel?......Page 2038
Question. 53 - OF IMPRUDENCE (SIX ARTICLES)......Page 2039
Article. 1 - Whether imprudence is a sin?......Page 2040
Article. 2 - Whether imprudence is a special sin?......Page 2041
Article. 3 - Whether precipitation is a sin included in imprudence?......Page 2042
Article. 4 - Whether thoughtlessness is a special sin included in prudence?......Page 2043
Article. 5 - Whether inconstancy is a vice contained under prudence?......Page 2044
Article. 1 - Whether negligence is a special sin?......Page 2045
Article. 2 - Whether negligence is opposed to prudence?......Page 2046
Article. 3 - Whether negligence can be a mortal sin?......Page 2047
Article. 1 - Whether prudence of the flesh is a sin?......Page 2048
Article. 2 - Whether prudence of the flesh is a mortal sin?......Page 2049
Article. 3 - Whether craftiness is a special sin?......Page 2050
Article. 4 - Whether guile is a sin pertaining to craftiness?......Page 2051
Article. 5 - Whether fraud pertains to craftiness?......Page 2052
Article. 6 - Whether it is lawful to be solicitous about temporal matters?......Page 2053
Article. 7 - Whether we should be solicitous about the future?......Page 2054
Article. 8 - Whether these vices arise from covetousness?......Page 2055
Article. 1 - Whether the precepts of the decalogue should have included a precept of prudence?......Page 2056
Article. 2 - Whether the prohibitive precepts relating to the vices opposed to prudence are fittingly propounded in the Old Law?......Page 2057
Article. 1 - Whether right is the object of justice?......Page 2058
Article. 2 - Whether right is fittingly divided into natural right and positive right?......Page 2059
Article. 3 - Whether the right of nations is the same as the natural right?......Page 2060
Article. 4 - Whether paternal right and right of dominion should be distinguished as special species?......Page 2061
Question. 58 - OF JUSTICE (TWELVE ARTICLES)......Page 2062
Article. 1 - Whether justice is fittingly defined as being the perpetual and constant will to render to each one his right?......Page 2063
Article. 2 - Whether justice is always towards one another?......Page 2064
Article. 3 - Whether justice is a virtue?......Page 2065
Article. 4 - Whether justice is in the will as its subject?......Page 2066
Article. 5 - Whether justice is a general virtue?......Page 2067
Article. 6 - Whether justice, as a general virtue, is essentially the same as all virtue?......Page 2068
Article. 7 - Whether there is a particular besides a general justice?......Page 2069
Article. 8 - Whether particular justice has a special matter?......Page 2070
Article. 9 - Whether justice is about the passions?......Page 2071
Article. 10 - Whether the mean of justice is the real mean?......Page 2072
Article. 11 - Whether the act of justice is to render to each one his own?......Page 2073
Article. 12 - Whether justice stands foremost among all moral virtues?......Page 2074
Article. 1 - Whether injustice is a special virtue?......Page 2075
Article. 2 - Whether a man is called unjust through doing an unjust thing?......Page 2076
Article. 3 - Whether we can suffer injustice willingly?......Page 2077
Article. 4 - Whether whoever does an injustice sins mortally?......Page 2078
Article. 1 - Whether judgment is an act of justice?......Page 2079
Article. 2 - Whether it is lawful to judge?......Page 2080
Article. 3 - Whether it is unlawful to form a judgment from suspicions?......Page 2081
Article. 4 - Whether doubts should be interpreted for the best?......Page 2082
Article. 5 - Whether we should always judge according to the written law?......Page 2083
Article. 6 - Whether judgment is rendered perverse by being usurped?......Page 2084
Article. 1 - Whether two species of justice are suitably assigned, viz. commutative and distributive?......Page 2086
Article. 2 - Whether the mean is to be observed in the same way in distributive as in commutative justice?......Page 2087
Article. 3 - Whether there is a different matter for both kinds of justice?......Page 2088
Article. 4 - Whether the just is absolutely the same as retaliation?......Page 2090
Question. 62 - OF RESTITUTION (EIGHT ARTICLES)......Page 2091
Article. 2 - Whether restitution of what has been taken away is necessary for salvation?......Page 2092
Article. 3 - Whether it suffices to restore the exact amount taken?......Page 2094
Article. 5 - Whether restitution must always be made to the person from whom a thing has been taken?......Page 2095
Article. 6 - Whether he that has taken a thing is always bound to restitution?......Page 2097
Article. 7 - Whether restitution is binding on those who have not taken?......Page 2098
Question. 63 - VICES OPPOSED TO DISTRIBUTIVE JUSTICE (Q[63])......Page 2100
Article. 1 - Whether respect of persons is a sin?......Page 2101
Article. 2 - Whether respect of persons takes place in the dispensation of spiritual goods?......Page 2102
Article. 3 - Whether respect of persons takes place in showing honor and respect?......Page 2103
Article. 4 - Whether the sin of respect of persons takes place in judicial sentences?......Page 2104
Question. 64 - Of Murder (Eight Articles)......Page 2105
Article. 1 - Whether it is unlawful to kill any living thing?......Page 2106
Article. 2 - Whether it is lawful to kill sinners?......Page 2107
Article. 3 - Whether it is lawful for a private individual to kill a man who has sinned?......Page 2108
Article. 4 - Whether it is lawful for clerics to kill evil-doers?......Page 2109
Article. 5 - Whether it is lawful to kill oneself?......Page 2110
Article. 6 - Whether it is lawful to kill the innocent?......Page 2111
Article. 7 - Whether it is lawful to kill a man in self-defense?......Page 2112
Article. 1 - Whether in some cases it may be lawful to maim anyone?......Page 2115
Article. 2 - Whether it is lawful for parents to strike their children, or masters their slaves?......Page 2116
Article. 3 - Whether it is lawful to imprison a man?......Page 2117
Article. 4 - Whether the sin is aggravated by the fact that the aforesaid injuries are perpetrated on those who are connected with others?......Page 2118
Article. 1 - Whether it is natural for man to possess external things?......Page 2119
Article. 2 - Whether it is lawful for a man to possess a thing as his own?......Page 2120
Article. 4 - Whether theft and robbery are sins of different species?......Page 2122
Article. 5 - Whether theft is always a sin?......Page 2123
Article. 7 - Whether it is lawful to steal through stress of need?......Page 2125
Article. 8 - Whether robbery may be committed without sin?......Page 2126
Article. 9 - Whether theft is a more grievous sin than robbery?......Page 2127
Article. 1 - Whether a man can justly judge one who is not subject to his jurisdiction?......Page 2128
Article. 2 - Whether it is lawful for a judge to pronounce judgment against the truth that he knows, on account of evidence to the contrary?......Page 2129
Article. 3 - Whether a judge may condemn a man who is not accused?......Page 2131
Article. 4 - Whether the judge can lawfully remit the punishment?......Page 2132
Article. 1 - Whether a man is bound to accuse?......Page 2133
Article. 2 - Whether it is necessary for the accusation to be made in writing?......Page 2134
Article. 3 - Whether an accusation is rendered unjust by calumny, collusion or evasion?......Page 2135
Article. 4 - Whether an accuser who fails to prove his indictment is bound to the punishment of retaliation?......Page 2136
Article. 1 - Whether one can, without a mortal sin, deny the truth which would lead to one's condemnation?......Page 2138
Article. 2 - Whether it is lawful for the accused to defend himself with calumnies?......Page 2139
Article. 3 - Whether it is lawful for the accused to escape judgment by appealing?......Page 2140
Article. 4 - Whether a man who is condemned to death may lawfully defend himself if he can?......Page 2141
Article. 1 - Whether a man is bound to give evidence?......Page 2142
Article. 2 - Whether the evidence of two or three persons suffices?......Page 2144
Article. 3 - Whether a man's evidence can be rejected without any fault of his?......Page 2145
Article. 4 - Whether it is always a mortal sin to give false evidence?......Page 2146
Article. 1 - Whether an advocate is bound to defend the suits of the poor?......Page 2147
Article. 2 - Whether it is fitting that the law should debar certain persons from the office of advocate?......Page 2149
Article. 3 - Whether an advocate sins by defending an unjust cause?......Page 2150
Article. 4 - Whether it is lawful for an advocate to take a fee for pleading?......Page 2151
Article. 1 - Whether reviling consists in words?......Page 2152
Article. 2 - Whether reviling or railing is a mortal sin?......Page 2153
Article. 3 - Whether one ought to suffer oneself to be reviled?......Page 2154
Article. 4 - Whether reviling arises from anger?......Page 2155
Article. 1 - Whether backbiting is suitably defined as the blackening of another's character by secret words?......Page 2156
Article. 2 - Whether backbiting is a mortal sin?......Page 2157
Article. 3 - Whether backbiting is the gravest of all sins committed against one's neighbor?......Page 2159
Article. 4 - Whether it is a grave sin for the listener to suffer the backbiter?......Page 2160
Question. 74 - OF TALE-BEARING [*'Susurratio,' i.e. whispering] (TWO ARTICLES)......Page 2161
Article. 2 - Whether backbiting is a graver sin than tale-bearing?......Page 2162
Question. 75 - OF DERISION [*Or mockery] (TWO ARTICLES)......Page 2163
Article. 1 - Whether derision is a special sin distinct from those already mentioned?......Page 2164
Article. 2 - Whether derision can be a mortal sin?......Page 2165
Article. 1 - Whether it is lawful to curse anyone?......Page 2166
Article. 2 - Whether it is lawful to curse an irrational creature?......Page 2167
Article. 3 - Whether cursing is a mortal sin?......Page 2168
Article. 4 - Whether cursing is a graver sin than backbiting?......Page 2169
Article. 1 - Whether it is lawful to sell a thing for more than its worth?......Page 2170
Article. 2 - Whether a sale is rendered unlawful through a fault in the thing sold?......Page 2172
Article. 3 - Whether the seller is bound to state the defects of the thing sold?......Page 2173
Article. 4 - Whether, in trading, it is lawful to sell a thing at a higher price than what was paid for it?......Page 2175
Article. 1 - Whether it is a sin to take usury for money lent?......Page 2176
Article. 2 - Whether it is lawful to ask for any other kind of consideration for money lent?......Page 2179
Article. 3 - Whether a man is bound to restore whatever profits he has made out of money gotten by usury?......Page 2181
Article. 4 - Whether it is lawful to borrow money under a condition of usury?......Page 2182
Article. 1 - Whether to decline from evil and to do good are parts of justice?......Page 2183
Article. 2 - Whether transgression is a special sin?......Page 2184
Article. 3 - Whether omission is a special sin?......Page 2185
Article. 4 - Whether a sin of omission is more grievous than a sin of transgression?......Page 2187
Article. 1 - Whether the virtues annexed to justice are suitably enumerated?......Page 2188
Article. 1 - Whether religion directs man to God alone?......Page 2191
Article. 3 - Whether religion is one virtue?......Page 2193
Article. 4 - Whether religion is a special virtue, distinct from the others?......Page 2194
Article. 5 - Whether religion is a theological virtue?......Page 2195
Article. 6 - Whether religion should be preferred to the other moral virtues?......Page 2196
Article. 7 - Whether religion has an external act?......Page 2197
Article. 8 - Whether religion is the same as sanctity?......Page 2198
Article. 1 - Whether devotion is a special act?......Page 2199
Article. 2 - Whether devotion is an act of religion?......Page 2200
Article. 3 - Whether contemplation or meditation is the cause of devotion?......Page 2201
Article. 4 - Whether joy is an effect of devotion?......Page 2202
Question. 83 - OF PRAYER (SEVENTEEN ARTICLES)......Page 2203
Article. 1 - Whether prayer is an act of the appetitive power?......Page 2204
Article. 2 - Whether it is becoming to pray?......Page 2205
Article. 3 - Whether prayer is an act of religion?......Page 2206
Article. 4 - Whether we ought to pray to God alone?......Page 2207
Article. 5 - Whether we ought to ask for something definite when we pray?......Page 2208
Article. 6 - Whether man ought to ask God for temporal things when he prays?......Page 2209
Article. 7 - Whether we ought to pray for others?......Page 2210
Article. 8 - Whether we ought to pray for our enemies?......Page 2211
Article. 9 - Whether the seven petitions of the Lord's Prayer are fittingly assigned?......Page 2212
Article. 10 - Whether prayer is proper to the rational creature?......Page 2214
Article. 11 - Whether the saints in heaven pray for us?......Page 2215
Article. 12 - Whether prayer should be vocal?......Page 2216
Article. 13 - Whether attention is a necessary condition of prayer?......Page 2217
Article. 14 - Whether prayer should last a long time?......Page 2219
Article. 15 - Whether prayer is meritorious?......Page 2220
Article. 16 - Whether sinners impetrate anything from God by their prayers?......Page 2221
Article. 17 - Whether the parts of prayer are fittingly described as supplications, prayers, intercessions, and thanksgivings?......Page 2223
Article. 1 - Whether adoration is an act of latria or religion?......Page 2224
Article. 2 - Whether adoration denotes an action of the body?......Page 2225
Article. 3 - Whether adoration requires a definite place?......Page 2226
Article. 1 - Whether offering a sacrifice to God is of the law of nature?......Page 2227
Article. 2 - Whether sacrifice should be offered to God alone?......Page 2228
Article. 3 - Whether the offering of sacrifice is a special act of virtue?......Page 2229
Article. 4 - Whether all are bound to offer sacrifices?......Page 2230
Article. 1 - Whether men are under a necessity of precept to make oblations?......Page 2231
Article. 2 - Whether oblations are due to priests alone?......Page 2232
Article. 3 - Whether a man may make oblations of whatever he lawfully possesses?......Page 2233
Article. 4 - Whether men are bound to pay first-fruits?......Page 2235
Article. 1 - Whether men are bound to pay tithes under a necessity of precept?......Page 2236
Article. 2 - Whether men are bound to pay tithes of all things?......Page 2239
Article. 3 - Whether tithes should be paid to the clergy?......Page 2240
Article. 4 - Whether the clergy also are bound to pay tithes?......Page 2242
Article. 1 - Whether a vow consists in a mere purpose of the will?......Page 2243
Article. 2 - Whether a vow should always be about a better good?......Page 2244
Article. 3 - Whether all vows are binding?......Page 2246
Article. 4 - Whether it is expedient to take vows?......Page 2247
Article. 5 - Whether a vow is an act of latria or religion?......Page 2248
Article. 6 - Whether it is more praiseworthy and meritorious to do something in fulfilment of a vow, than without a vow?......Page 2249
Article. 7 - Whether a vow is solemnized by the reception of holy orders, and by the profession of a certain rule?......Page 2251
Article. 8 - Whether those who are subject to another's power are hindered from taking vows?......Page 2252
Article. 9 - Whether children can bind themselves by vow to enter religion?......Page 2253
Article. 10 - Whether vows admit of dispensation?......Page 2254
Article. 11 - Whether it is possible to be dispensed from a solemn vow of continency?......Page 2255
Article. 12 - Whether the authority of a prelate is required for commutation or the dispensation of a vow?......Page 2258
Question. 89 - OF OATHS (TEN ARTICLES)......Page 2259
Article. 1 - Whether to swear is to call God to witness?......Page 2260
Article. 2 - Whether it is lawful to swear?......Page 2261
Article. 3 - Whether three accompanying conditions of an oath are suitably assigned, namely, justice, judgment, and truth?......Page 2262
Article. 4 - Whether an oath is an act of religion or latria?......Page 2263
Article. 5 - Whether oaths are desirable and to be used frequently as something useful and good?......Page 2264
Article. 6 - Whether it is lawful to swear by creatures?......Page 2265
Article. 7 - Whether an oath has a binding force?......Page 2266
Article. 9 - Whether anyone can dispense from an oath?......Page 2268
Article. 10 - Whether an oath is voided by a condition of person or time?......Page 2270
Article. 1 - Whether it is lawful to adjure a man?......Page 2271
Article. 2 - Whether it is lawful to adjure the demons?......Page 2272
Article. 1 - Whether God should be praised with the lips?......Page 2274
Article. 2 - Whether God should be praised with song?......Page 2276
Article. 1 - Whether superstition is a vice contrary to religion?......Page 2277
Article. 2 - Whether there are various species of superstition?......Page 2279
Article. 1 - Whether there can be anything pernicious in the worship of the true God?......Page 2280
Article. 2 - Whether there can be any excess in the worship of God?......Page 2281
Article. 1 - Whether idolatry is rightly reckoned a species of superstition?......Page 2282
Article. 2 - Whether idolatry is a sin?......Page 2284
Article. 3 - Whether idolatry is the gravest of sins?......Page 2285
Article. 4 - Whether the cause of idolatry was on the part of man?......Page 2287
Article. 1 - Whether divination is a sin?......Page 2288
Article. 2 - Whether divination is a species of superstition?......Page 2290
Article. 3 - Whether we ought to distinguish several species of divination?......Page 2291
Article. 4 - Whether divination practiced by invoking the demons is unlawful?......Page 2292
Article. 5 - Whether divination by the stars is unlawful?......Page 2294
Article. 6 - Whether divination by dreams is unlawful?......Page 2295
Article. 7 - Whether divination by auguries, omens, and by like observations of external things is unlawful?......Page 2297
Article. 8 - Whether divination by drawing lots is unlawful?......Page 2298
Article. 1 - Whether it be unlawful to practice the observances of the magic art?......Page 2300
Article. 2 - Whether observances directed to the alteration of bodies, as for the purpose of acquiring health or the like, are unlawful?......Page 2302
Article. 3 - Whether observances directed to the purpose of fortune-telling are unlawful?......Page 2303
Article. 4 - Whether it is unlawful to wear divine words at the neck?......Page 2304
Article. 1 - Whether the temptation of God consists in certain deeds, wherein the expected result is ascribed to the power of God alone?......Page 2306
Article. 2 - Whether it is a sin to tempt God?......Page 2307
Article. 3 - Whether temptation of God is opposed to the virtue of religion?......Page 2309
Article. 4 - Whether the temptation of God is a graver sin than superstition?......Page 2310
Article. 1 - Whether it is necessary for perjury that the statement confirmed on oath be false?......Page 2311
Article. 2 - Whether all perjury is sinful?......Page 2312
Article. 3 - Whether all perjury is a mortal sin?......Page 2313
Article. 4 - Whether he sins who demands an oath of a perjurer?......Page 2314
Article. 1 - Whether sacrilege is the violation of a sacred thing?......Page 2316
Article. 2 - Whether sacrilege is a special sin?......Page 2317
Article. 3 - Whether the species of sacrilege are distinguished according to the sacred things?......Page 2318
Article. 4 - Whether the punishment of sacrilege should be pecuniary?......Page 2319
Article. 1 - Whether simony is an intentional will to buy or sell something spiritual or connected with a spiritual thing?......Page 2320
Article. 2 - Whether it is always unlawful to give money for the sacraments?......Page 2322
Article. 3 - Whether it is lawful to give and receive money for spiritual actions?......Page 2324
Article. 4 - Whether it is lawful to receive money for things annexed to spiritual things?......Page 2326
Article. 5 - Whether it is lawful to grant spiritual things in return for an equivalent of service, or for an oral remuneration?......Page 2328
Article. 6 - Whether those who are guilty of simony are fittingly punished by being deprived of what they have acquired by simony?......Page 2329
Article. 1 - Whether piety extends to particular human individuals?......Page 2332
Article. 2 - Whether piety provides support for our parents?......Page 2333
Article. 3 - Whether piety is a special virtue distinct from other virtues?......Page 2334
Article. 4 - Whether the duties of piety towards one's parents should be omitted for the sake of religion?......Page 2335
Question. 102 - OF OBSERVANCE, CONSIDERED IN ITSELF, AND OF ITS PARTS (THREE ARTICLES)......Page 2336
Article. 1 - Whether observance is a special virtue, distinct from other virtues?......Page 2337
Article. 2 - Whether it belongs to observance to pay worship and honor to those who are in positions of dignity?......Page 2338
Article. 3 - Whether observance is a greater virtue than piety?......Page 2339
Article. 1 - Whether honor denotes something corporal?......Page 2340
Article. 2 - Whether honor is properly due to those who are above us?......Page 2341
Whether dulia is a special virtue distinct from latria?......Page 2342
Article. 4 - Whether dulia has various species?......Page 2343
Article. 1 - Whether one man is bound to obey another?......Page 2344
Article. 2 - Whether obedience is a special virtue?......Page 2345
Article. 3 - Whether obedience is the greatest of the virtues?......Page 2347
Article. 4 - Whether God ought to be obeyed in all things?......Page 2349
Article. 5 - Whether subjects are bound to obey their superiors in all things?......Page 2350
Article. 6 - Whether Christians are bound to obey the secular powers?......Page 2351
Article. 1 - Whether disobedience is a mortal sin?......Page 2352
Article. 2 - Whether disobedience is the most grievous of sins?......Page 2353
Article. 1 - Whether thankfulness is a special virtue, distinct from other virtues?......Page 2355
Article. 2 - Whether the innocent is more bound to give thanks to God than the penitent?......Page 2356
Article. 3 - Whether a man is bound to give thanks to every benefactor?......Page 2357
Article. 5 - Whether in giving thanks we should look at the benefactor's disposition or at the deed?......Page 2359
Article. 6 - Whether the repayment of gratitude should surpass the favor received?......Page 2360
Article. 1 - Whether ingratitude is always a sin?......Page 2361
Article. 2 - Whether ingratitude is a special sin?......Page 2362
Article. 3 - Whether ingratitude is always a mortal sin?......Page 2363
Article. 4 - Whether favors should be withheld from the ungrateful?......Page 2364
Article. 1 - Whether vengeance is lawful?......Page 2365
Article. 2 - Whether vengeance is a special virtue?......Page 2367
Article. 3 - Whether vengeance should be wrought by means of punishments customary among men?......Page 2368
Article. 4 - Whether vengeance should be taken on those who have sinned involuntarily?......Page 2369
Article. 1 - Whether truth is a virtue?......Page 2371
Article. 2 - Whether truth is a special virtue?......Page 2373
Article. 3 - Whether truth is a part of justice?......Page 2374
Article. 4 - Whether the virtue of truth inclines rather to that which is less?......Page 2375
Article. 1 - Whether lying is always opposed to truth?......Page 2376
Article. 2 - Whether lies are sufficiently divided into officious, jocose, and mischievous lies?......Page 2377
Article. 3 - Whether every lie is a sin?......Page 2379
Article. 4 - Whether every lie is a mortal sin?......Page 2381
Article. 1 - Whether all dissimulation is a sin?......Page 2383
Article. 2 - Whether hypocrisy is the same as dissimulation?......Page 2385
Article. 3 - Whether hypocrisy is contrary to the virtue of truth?......Page 2386
Article. 4 - Whether hypocrisy is always a mortal sin?......Page 2387
Article. 1 - Whether boasting is opposed to the virtue of truth?......Page 2388
Article. 2 - Whether boasting is a mortal sin?......Page 2389
Article. 1 - Whether irony is a sin?......Page 2391
Article. 2 - Whether irony is a less grievous sin than boasting?......Page 2392
Article. 1 - Whether friendliness is a special virtue?......Page 2393
Article. 2 - Whether this kind of friendship is a part of justice?......Page 2394
Article. 1 - Whether flattery is a sin?......Page 2395
Article. 2 - Whether flattery is a mortal sin?......Page 2396
Question. 116 - OF QUARRELING (TWO ARTICLES)......Page 2397
Article. 2 - Whether quarreling is a more grievous sin than flattery?......Page 2398
Question. 117 - OF LIBERALITY (SIX ARTICLES)......Page 2399
Article. 1 - Whether liberality is a virtue?......Page 2400
Article. 2 - Whether liberality is about money?......Page 2401
Article. 3 - Whether using money is the act of liberality?......Page 2402
Article. 4 - Whether it belongs to a liberal man chiefly to give?......Page 2403
Article. 5 - Whether liberality is a part of justice?......Page 2404
Article. 6 - Whether liberality is the greatest of the virtues?......Page 2405
Article. 1 - Whether covetousness is a sin?......Page 2406
Article. 2 - Whether covetousness is a special sin?......Page 2407
Article. 3 - Whether covetousness is opposed to liberality?......Page 2408
Article. 4 - Whether covetousness is always a mortal sin?......Page 2409
Article. 5 - Whether covetousness is the greatest of sins?......Page 2410
Article. 6 - Whether covetousness is a spiritual sin?......Page 2412
Article. 7 - Whether covetousness is a capital vice?......Page 2413
Article. 8 - Whether treachery, fraud, falsehood, perjury, restlessness, violence, and insensibility to mercy are daughters of covetousness?......Page 2414
Article. 1 - Whether prodigality is opposite to covetousness?......Page 2415
Article. 2 - Whether prodigality is a sin?......Page 2416
Article. 3 - Whether prodigality is a more grievous sin than covetousness?......Page 2417
Article. 1 - Whether 'epikeia' [*{epieikeia}] is a virtue?......Page 2418
Article. 2 - Whether 'epikeia' is a part of justice?......Page 2419
Question. 121 - OF PIETY (TWO ARTICLES)......Page 2420
Article. 1 - Whether piety is a gift?......Page 2421
Article. 1 - Whether the precepts of the decalogue are precepts of justice?......Page 2422
Article. 2 - Whether the first precept of the decalogue is fittingly expressed?......Page 2424
Article. 3 - Whether the second precept of the decalogue is fittingly expressed?......Page 2425
Article. 4 - Whether the third precept of the decalogue, concerning the hallowing of the Sabbath, is fittingly expressed?......Page 2426
Article. 5 - Whether the fourth precept, about honoring one's parents, is fittingly expressed?......Page 2429
Article. 6 - Whether the other six precepts of the decalogue are fittingly expressed?......Page 2430
Article. 1 - Whether fortitude is a virtue?......Page 2432
Article. 2 - Whether fortitude is a special virtue?......Page 2433
Article. 3 - Whether fortitude is about fear and dying?......Page 2434
Article. 4 - Whether fortitude is only about dangers of death?......Page 2435
Article. 5 - Whether fortitude is properly about dangers of death in battle?......Page 2436
Article. 6 - Whether endurance is the chief act of fortitude?......Page 2437
Article. 7 - Whether the brave man acts for the sake of the good of his habit?......Page 2438
Article. 8 - Whether the brave man delights in his act?......Page 2439
Article. 9 - Whether fortitude deals chiefly with sudden occurrences?......Page 2440
Article. 10 - Whether the brave man makes use of anger in his action?......Page 2441
Article. 12 - Whether fortitude excels among all other virtues?......Page 2442
Article. 1 - Whether martyrdom is an act of virtue?......Page 2444
Article. 2 - Whether martyrdom is an act of fortitude?......Page 2445
Article. 3 - Whether martyrdom is an act of the greatest perfection?......Page 2446
Article. 4 - Whether death is essential to martyrdom?......Page 2447
Article. 5 - Whether faith alone is the cause of martyrdom?......Page 2448
Article. 1 - Whether fear is a sin?......Page 2450
Article. 2 - Whether the sin of fear is contrary to fortitude?......Page 2451
Article. 3 - Whether fear is a mortal sin?......Page 2452
Article. 4 - Whether fear excuses from sin?......Page 2453
Article. 1 - Whether fearlessness is a sin?......Page 2454
Article. 2 - Whether fearlessness is opposed to fortitude?......Page 2455
Article. 1 - Whether daring is a sin?......Page 2456
Article. 2 - Whether daring is opposed to fortitude?......Page 2457
Article. 1 - Whether the parts of fortitude are suitably assigned?......Page 2458
Question. 129 - OF MAGNANIMITY* (EIGHT ARTICLES) [*Not in the ordinary restricted sense but as explained by the author]......Page 2460
Article. 1 - Whether magnanimity is about honors?......Page 2461
Article. 2 - Whether magnanimity is essentially about great honors?......Page 2462
Article. 3 - Whether magnanimity is a virtue?......Page 2463
Article. 4 - Whether magnanimity is a special virtue?......Page 2465
Article. 5 - Whether magnanimity is a part of fortitude?......Page 2466
Article. 6 - Whether confidence belongs to magnanimity?......Page 2467
Article. 7 - Whether security belongs to magnanimity?......Page 2469
Question. 130 - OF PRESUMPTION (TWO ARTICLES)......Page 2470
Article. 1 - Whether presumption is a sin?......Page 2471
Article. 2 - Whether presumption is opposed to magnanimity by excess?......Page 2472
Article. 1 - Whether ambition is a sin?......Page 2473
Article. 2 - Whether ambition is opposed to magnanimity by excess?......Page 2474
Article. 1 - Whether the desire of glory is a sin?......Page 2475
Article. 2 - Whether vainglory is opposed to magnanimity?......Page 2477
Article. 3 - Whether vainglory is a mortal sin?......Page 2478
Article. 4 - Whether vainglory is a capital vice?......Page 2479
Article. 5 - Whether the daughters of vainglory are suitably reckoned to be disobedience, boastfulness, hypocrisy, contention, obstinacy, discord, and love of novelties?......Page 2480
Article. 1 - Whether pusillanimity is a sin?......Page 2481
Article. 2 - Whether pusillanimity is opposed to magnanimity?......Page 2482
Question. 134 - OF MAGNIFICENCE (FOUR ARTICLES)......Page 2483
Article. 1 - Whether magnificence is a virtue?......Page 2484
Article. 2 - Whether magnificence is a special virtue?......Page 2485
Article. 3 - Whether the matter of magnificence is great expenditure?......Page 2486
Article. 4 - Whether magnificence is a part of fortitude?......Page 2487
Article. 1 - Whether meanness is a vice?......Page 2488
Article. 2 - Whether there is a vice opposed to meanness?......Page 2489
Question. 136 - OF PATIENCE (FIVE ARTICLES)......Page 2490
Article. 1 - Whether patience is a virtue?......Page 2491
Article. 3 - Whether it is possible to have patience without grace?......Page 2492
Article. 4 - Whether patience is a part of fortitude?......Page 2493
Article. 5 - Whether patience is the same as longanimity? [*Longsuffering. It is necessary to preserve the Latin word, on account of the comparison with magnanimity.]......Page 2495
Article. 1 - Whether perseverance is a virtue?......Page 2496
Article. 3 - Whether constancy pertains to perseverance?......Page 2498
Article. 4 - Whether perseverance needs the help of grace? [*Cf. FS, Q[109], A[10]]......Page 2499
Article. 1 - Whether effeminacy* is opposed to perseverance? [*Mollities, literally 'softness']......Page 2500
Article. 2 - Whether pertinacity is opposed to perseverance?......Page 2501
Question. 139 - OF THE GIFT OF FORTITUDE (TWO ARTICLES)......Page 2502
Article. 2 - Whether the fourth beatitude: 'Blessed are they that hunger and thirst after justice,' corresponds to the gift of fortitude?......Page 2503
Article. 1 - Whether the precepts of fortitude are suitably given in the Divine Law?......Page 2504
Article. 2 - Whether the precepts of the parts of fortitude are suitably given in the Divine Law?......Page 2505
Question. 141 - OF TEMPERANCE (EIGHT ARTICLES)......Page 2506
Article. 1 - Whether temperance is a virtue?......Page 2507
Article. 2 - Whether temperance is a special virtue?......Page 2508
Article. 3 - Whether temperance is only about desires and pleasures?......Page 2509
Article. 4 - Whether temperance is only about desires and pleasures of touch?......Page 2510
Article. 6 - Whether the rule of temperance depends on the need of the present life?......Page 2512
Article. 7 - Whether temperance is a cardinal virtue?......Page 2514
Question. 142 - OF THE VICES OPPOSED TO TEMPERANCE (FOUR ARTICLES)......Page 2515
Article. 1 - Whether insensibility is a vice?......Page 2516
Article. 2 - Whether intemperance is a childish sin?......Page 2517
Article. 3 - Whether cowardice* is a greater vice than intemperance? [*Cf. Q[125]]......Page 2518
Article. 4 - Whether intemperance is the most disgraceful of sins?......Page 2520
Article. 1 - Whether the parts of temperance are rightly assigned?......Page 2521
Question. 144 - OF SHAMEFACEDNESS (FOUR ARTICLES)......Page 2522
Article. 1 - Whether shamefacedness is a virtue?......Page 2523
Article. 2 - Whether shamefacedness is about a disgraceful action?......Page 2524
Article. 3 - Whether man is more shamefaced of those who are more closely connected with him?......Page 2525
Article. 4 - Whether even virtuous men can be ashamed?......Page 2527
Article. 1 - Whether honesty is the same as virtue?......Page 2528
Article. 2 - Whether the honest is the same as the beautiful?......Page 2529
Article. 3 - Whether the honest differs from the useful and the pleasant?......Page 2530
Article. 4 - Whether honesty should be reckoned a part of temperance?......Page 2531
Article. 1 - Whether abstinence is a virtue?......Page 2532
Article. 2 - Whether abstinence is a special virtue?......Page 2533
Article. 1 - Whether fasting is an act of virtue?......Page 2534
Article. 2 - Whether fasting is an act of abstinence?......Page 2536
Article. 3 - Whether fasting is a matter of precept?......Page 2537
Article. 4 - Whether all are bound to keep the fasts of the Church?......Page 2538
Article. 5 - Whether the times for the Church fast are fittingly ascribed?......Page 2540
Article. 6 - Whether it is requisite for fasting that one eat but once?......Page 2541
Article. 7 - Whether the ninth hour is suitably fixed for the faster's meal?......Page 2542
Article. 8 - Whether it is fitting that those who fast should be bidden to abstain from flesh meat, eggs, and milk foods?......Page 2543
Question. 148 - OF GLUTTONY (SIX ARTICLES)......Page 2544
Article. 2 - Whether gluttony is a mortal sin?......Page 2545
Article. 3 - Whether gluttony is the greatest of sins?......Page 2546
Article. 4 - Whether the species of gluttony are fittingly distinguished?......Page 2547
Article. 5 - Whether gluttony is a capital vice?......Page 2548
Article. 6 - Whether six daughters are fittingly assigned to gluttony?......Page 2549
Question. 149 - OF SOBRIETY (FOUR ARTICLES)......Page 2550
Article. 1 - Whether drink is the matter of sobriety?......Page 2551
Article. 3 - Whether the use of wine is altogether unlawful?......Page 2552
Article. 4 - Whether sobriety is more requisite in persons of greater standing?......Page 2553
Article. 1 - Whether drunkenness is a sin?......Page 2554
Article. 2 - Whether drunkenness is a mortal sin?......Page 2555
Article. 3 - Whether drunkenness is the gravest of sins?......Page 2556
Article. 4 - Whether drunkenness excuses from sin?......Page 2557
Article. 1 - Whether chastity is a virtue?......Page 2558
Article. 2 - Whether chastity is a general virtue?......Page 2559
Article. 3 - Whether chastity is a distinct virtue from abstinence?......Page 2560
Article. 4 - Whether purity belongs especially to chastity?......Page 2561
Article. 1 - Whether virginity consists in integrity of the flesh?......Page 2562
Article. 2 - Whether virginity is unlawful?......Page 2564
Article. 3 - Whether virginity is a virtue?......Page 2565
Article. 4 - Whether virginity is more excellent than marriage?......Page 2567
Article. 5 - Whether virginity is the greatest of virtues?......Page 2568
Article. 1 - Whether the matter of lust is only venereal desires and pleasures?......Page 2569
Article. 2 - Whether no venereal act can be without sin?......Page 2570
Article. 3 - Whether the lust that is about venereal acts can be a sin?......Page 2571
Article. 4 - Whether lust is a capital vice?......Page 2572
Article. 5 - Whether the daughters of lust are fittingly described?......Page 2573
Article. 1 - Whether six species are fittingly assigned to lust?......Page 2575
Article. 2 - Whether simple fornication is a mortal sin?......Page 2577
Article. 3 - Whether fornication is the most grievous of sins?......Page 2579
Article. 4 - Whether there can be mortal sin in touches and kisses?......Page 2580
Article. 5 - Whether nocturnal pollution is a mortal sin?......Page 2581
Article. 6 - Whether seduction should be reckoned a species of lust?......Page 2583
Article. 7 - Whether rape is a species of lust, distinct from seduction?......Page 2584
Article. 8 - Whether adultery is determinate species of lust, distinct from the other species?......Page 2586
Article. 9 - Whether incest is a determinate species of lust?......Page 2587
Article. 10 - Whether sacrilege can be a species of lust?......Page 2589
Article. 12 - Whether the unnatural vice is the greatest sin among the species of lust?......Page 2590
Article. 1 - Whether continence is a virtue?......Page 2592
Article. 2 - Whether desires for pleasures of touch are the matter of continence?......Page 2593
Article. 3 - Whether the subject of continence is the concupiscible power?......Page 2595
Article. 4 - Whether continence is better than temperance?......Page 2596
Article. 1 - Whether incontinence pertains to the soul or to the body?......Page 2597
Article. 2 - Whether incontinence is a sin?......Page 2598
Article. 3 - Whether the incontinent man sins more gravely than the intemperate?......Page 2599
Article. 4 - Whether the incontinent in anger is worse than the incontinent in desire?......Page 2601
Article. 1 - Whether clemency and meekness are absolutely the same?......Page 2602
Article. 2 - Whether both clemency and meekness are virtues?......Page 2603
Article. 3 - Whether the aforesaid virtues are parts of temperance?......Page 2604
Article. 4 - Whether clemency and meekness are the greatest virtues?......Page 2605
Article. 1 - Whether it is lawful to be angry?......Page 2607
Article. 2 - Whether anger is a sin?......Page 2608
Article. 3 - Whether all anger is a mortal sin?......Page 2610
Article. 4 - Whether anger is the most grievous sin?......Page 2611
Article. 5 - Whether the Philosopher suitably assigns the species of anger?......Page 2612
Article. 6 - Whether anger should be reckoned among the capital vices?......Page 2613
Article. 7 - Whether six daughters are fittingly assigned to anger?......Page 2614
Article. 8 - Whether there is a vice opposed to anger resulting from lack of anger?......Page 2615
Article. 1 - Whether cruelty is opposed to clemency?......Page 2616
Article. 2 - Whether cruelty differs from savagery or brutality?......Page 2617
Article. 1 - Whether modesty is a part of temperance?......Page 2618
Article. 2 - Whether modesty is only about outward actions?......Page 2619
Article. 1 - Whether humility is a virtue?......Page 2620
Article. 2 - Whether humility has to do with the appetite?......Page 2621
Article. 3 - Whether one ought, by humility, to subject oneself to all men?......Page 2623
Article. 4 - Whether humility is a part of modesty or temperance?......Page 2624
Article. 5 - Whether humility is the greatest of the virtues?......Page 2625
Article. 6 - Whether twelve degrees of humility are fittingly distinguished in the Rule of the Blessed Benedict?......Page 2627
Article. 1 - Whether pride is a sin?......Page 2629
Article. 2 - Whether pride is a special sin?......Page 2630
Article. 3 - Whether the subject of pride is the irascible faculty?......Page 2632
Article. 4 - Whether the four species of pride are fittingly assigned by Gregory?......Page 2633
Article. 5 - Whether pride is a mortal sin?......Page 2635
Article. 6 - Whether pride is the most grievous of sins?......Page 2636
Article. 7 - Whether pride is the first sin of all?......Page 2638
Article. 8 - Whether pride should be reckoned a capital vice?......Page 2639
Article. 1 - Whether pride was the first man's first sin?......Page 2640
Article. 2 - Whether the first man's pride consisted in his coveting God's likeness?......Page 2641
Article. 4 - Whether Adam's sin was more grievous than Eve's?......Page 2643
Article. 1 - Whether death is the punishment of our first parents' sin?......Page 2645
Article. 2 - Whether the particular punishments of our first parents are suitably appointed in Scripture?......Page 2647
Question. 165 - OF OUR FIRST PARENTS' TEMPTATION (TWO ARTICLES)......Page 2650
Article. 1 - Whether it was fitting for man to be tempted by the devil?......Page 2651
Article. 2 - Whether the manner and order of the first temptation was fitting?......Page 2652
Question. 166 - OF STUDIOUSNESS (TWO ARTICLES)......Page 2653
Article. 2 - Whether studiousness is a part of temperance?......Page 2654
Article. 1 - Whether curiosity can be about intellective knowledge?......Page 2656
Article. 2 - Whether the vice of curiosity is about sensitive knowledge?......Page 2658
Article. 1 - Whether any virtue regards the outward movements of the body?......Page 2659
Article. 2 - Whether there can be a virtue about games?......Page 2661
Article. 3 - Whether there can be sin in the excess of play?......Page 2663
Article. 4 - Whether there is a sin in lack of mirth?......Page 2664
Article. 1 - Whether there can be virtue and vice in connection with outward apparel?......Page 2665
Article. 2 - Whether the adornment of women is devoid of mortal sin?......Page 2667
Question. 170 - OF THE PRECEPTS OF TEMPERANCE (TWO ARTICLES)......Page 2669
Article. 1 - Whether the precepts of temperance are suitably given in the Divine law?......Page 2670
Article. 2 - Whether the precepts of the virtues annexed to temperance are suitably given in the Divine law?......Page 2671
Article. 1 - Whether prophecy pertains to knowledge?......Page 2672
Article. 2 - Whether prophecy is a habit?......Page 2674
Article. 3 - Whether prophecy is only about future contingencies?......Page 2676
Article. 4 - Whether by the Divine revelation a prophet knows all that can be known prophetically?......Page 2677
Article. 5 - Whether the prophet always distinguishes what he says by his own spirit from what he says by the prophetic spirit?......Page 2678
Article. 6 - Whether things known or declared prophetically can be false?......Page 2679
Article. 1 - Whether prophecy can be natural?......Page 2681
Article. 2 - Whether prophetic revelation comes through the angels?......Page 2683
Article. 3 - Whether a natural disposition is requisite for prophecy?......Page 2684
Article. 4 - Whether a good life is requisite for prophecy?......Page 2685
Article. 5 - Whether any prophecy comes from the demons?......Page 2686
Article. 6 - Whether the prophets of the demons ever foretell the truth?......Page 2687
Question. 173 - OF THE MANNER IN WHICH PROPHETIC KNOWLEDGE IS CONVEYED (FOUR ARTICLES)......Page 2688
Article. 1 - Whether the prophets see the very essence of God?......Page 2689
Article. 2 - Whether, in prophetic revelation, new species of things are impressed on the prophet's mind, or merely a new light?......Page 2690
Article. 3 - Whether the prophetic vision is always accompanied by abstraction from the senses?......Page 2692
Article. 4 - Whether prophets always know the things which they prophesy?......Page 2694
Article. 1 - Whether prophecy is fittingly divided into the prophecy of divine predestination, of foreknowledge, and of denunciation?......Page 2695
Article. 2 - Whether the prophecy which is accompanied by intellective and imaginative vision is more excellent than that which is accompanied by intellective vision alone?......Page 2696
Article. 3 - Whether the degrees of prophecy can be distinguished according to the imaginary vision?......Page 2698
Article. 4 - Whether Moses was the greatest of the prophets?......Page 2700
Article. 5 - Whether there is a degree of prophecy in the blessed?......Page 2701
Article. 6 - Whether the degrees of prophecy change as time goes on?......Page 2702
Article. 1 - Whether the soul of man is carried away to things divine?......Page 2704
Article. 2 - Whether rapture pertains to the cognitive rather than to the appetitive power?......Page 2705
Article. 3 - Whether Paul, when in rapture, saw the essence of God?......Page 2707
Article. 4 - Whether Paul, when in rapture, was withdrawn from his senses?......Page 2709
Article. 5 - Whether, while in this state, Paul's soul was wholly separated from his body?......Page 2710
Article. 6 - Did Paul know whether his soul were separated from his body?......Page 2711
Article. 1 - Whether those who received the gift of tongues spoke in every language?......Page 2713
Article. 2 - Whether the gift of tongues is more excellent than the grace of prophecy?......Page 2714
Article. 1 - Whether any gratuitous grace attaches to words?......Page 2716
Article. 2 - Whether the grace of the word of wisdom and knowledge is becoming to women?......Page 2717
Article. 1 - Whether there is a gratuitous grace of working miracles?......Page 2719
Article. 2 - Whether the wicked can work miracles?......Page 2720
Article. 1 - Whether life is fittingly divided into active and contemplative?......Page 2722
Article. 2 - Whether life is adequately divided into active and contemplative?......Page 2723
Article. 1 - Whether the contemplative life has nothing to do with the affections, and pertains wholly to the intellect?......Page 2724
Article. 2 - Whether the moral virtues pertain to the contemplative life?......Page 2725
Article. 3 - Whether there are various actions pertaining to the contemplative life?......Page 2727
Article. 4 - Whether the contemplative life consists in the mere contemplation of God, or also in the consideration of any truth whatever?......Page 2728
Article. 5 - Whether in the present state of life the contemplative life can reach to the vision of the Divine essence?......Page 2730
Article. 6 - Whether the operation of contemplation is fittingly divided into a threefold movement, circular, straight and oblique?......Page 2731
Article. 7 - Whether there is delight in contemplation?......Page 2733
Article. 8 - Whether the contemplative life is continuous?......Page 2735
Article. 1 - Whether all the actions of the moral virtues pertain to the active life?......Page 2736
Article. 2 - Whether prudence pertains to the active life?......Page 2737
Article. 3 - Whether teaching is a work of the active or of the contemplative life?......Page 2738
Article. 4 - Whether the active life remains after this life?......Page 2739
Question. 182 - OF THE ACTIVE LIFE IN COMPARISON WITH THE CONTEMPLATIVE LIFE (FOUR ARTICLES)......Page 2740
Article. 1 - Whether the active life is more excellent than the contemplative?......Page 2741
Article. 2 - Whether the active life is of greater merit than the contemplative?......Page 2742
Article. 3 - Whether the contemplative life is hindered by the active life?......Page 2744
Article. 4 - Whether the active life precedes the contemplative?......Page 2745
Article. 1 - Whether the notion of a state denotes a condition of freedom or servitude?......Page 2746
Article. 2 - Whether there should be different duties or states in the Church?......Page 2747
Article. 3 - Whether duties differ according to their actions?......Page 2749
Article. 4 - Whether the difference of states applies to those who are beginning, progressing, or perfect?......Page 2750
Article. 1 - Whether the perfection of the Christian life consists chiefly in charity?......Page 2751
Article. 2 - Whether any one can be perfect in this life?......Page 2752
Article. 3 - Whether, in this life, perfection consists in the observance of the commandments or of the counsels?......Page 2753
Article. 4 - Whether whoever is perfect is in the state of perfection?......Page 2755
Article. 5 - Whether religious and prelates are in the state of perfection?......Page 2757
Article. 6 - Whether all ecclesiastical prelates are in the state of perfection?......Page 2758
Article. 7 - Whether the religious state is more perfect than that of prelates?......Page 2760
Article. 8 - Whether parish priests and archdeacons are more perfect than religious?......Page 2761
Article. 1 - Whether it is lawful to desire the office of a bishop?......Page 2764
Article. 2 - Whether it is lawful for a man to refuse absolutely an appointment to the episcopate?......Page 2767
Article. 3 - Whether he that is appointed to the episcopate ought to be better than others?......Page 2768
Article. 4 - Whether a bishop may lawfully forsake the episcopal cure, in order to enter religion?......Page 2770
Article. 5 - Whether it is lawful for a bishop on account of bodily persecution to abandon the flock committed to his care?......Page 2771
Article. 6 - Whether it is lawful for a bishop to have property of his own?......Page 2773
Article. 7 - Whether bishops sin mortally if they distribute not to the poor the ecclesiastical goods which accrue to them?......Page 2774
Article. 8 - Whether religious who are raised to the episcopate are bound to religious observances?......Page 2776
Article. 1 - Whether religion implies a state of perfection?......Page 2778
Article. 2 - Whether every religious is bound to keep all the counsels?......Page 2779
Article. 3 - Whether poverty is required for religious perfection?......Page 2781
Article. 4 - Whether perpetual continence is required for religious perfection?......Page 2784
Article. 5 - Whether obedience belongs to religious perfection?......Page 2785
Article. 6 - Whether it is requisite for religious perfection that poverty, continence, and obedience should come under a vow?......Page 2787
Article. 7 - Whether it is right to say that religious perfection consists in these three vows?......Page 2788
Article. 8 - Whether the vow of obedience is the chief of the three religious vows?......Page 2790
Article. 9 - Whether a religious sins mortally whenever he transgresses the things contained in his rule?......Page 2791
Article. 10 - Whether a religious sins more grievously than a secular by the same kind of sin?......Page 2793
Article. 1 - Whether it is lawful for religious to teach, preach, and the like?......Page 2794
Article. 2 - Whether it is lawful for religious to occupy themselves with secular business?......Page 2796
Article. 3 - Whether religious are bound to manual labor?......Page 2797
Article. 4 - Whether it is lawful for religious to live on alms?......Page 2801
Article. 5 - Whether it is lawful for religious to beg?......Page 2804
Article. 6 - Whether it is lawful for religious to wear coarser clothes than others?......Page 2806
Question. 188 - OF THE DIFFERENT KINDS OF RELIGIOUS LIFE (EIGHT ARTICLES)......Page 2807
Article. 1 - Whether there is only one religious order?......Page 2808
Article. 2 - Whether a religious order should be established for the works of the active life?......Page 2809
Article. 3 - Whether a religious order can be directed to soldiering?......Page 2810
Article. 4 - Whether a religious order can be established for preaching or hearing confessions?......Page 2812
Article. 5 - Whether a religious order should be established for the purpose of study?......Page 2814
Article. 6 - Whether a religious order that is devoted to the contemplative life is more excellent than on that is given to the active life?......Page 2816
Article. 7 - Whether religious perfection is diminished by possessing something in common?......Page 2817
Article. 8 - Whether the religious life of those who live in community is more perfect than that of those who lead a solitary life?......Page 2821
Question. 189 - OF THE ENTRANCE INTO RELIGIOUS LIFE (TEN ARTICLES)......Page 2823
Article. 1 - Whether those who are not practiced in keeping the commandments should enter religion?......Page 2824
Article. 2 - Whether one ought to be bound by vow to enter religion?......Page 2827
Article. 3 - Whether one who is bound by a vow to enter religion is under an obligation of entering religion?......Page 2828
Article. 4 - Whether he who has vowed to enter religion is bound to remain in religion in perpetuity?......Page 2829
Article. 5 - Whether children should be received in religion?......Page 2830
Article. 6 - Whether one ought to be withdrawn from entering religion through deference to one's parents?......Page 2832
Article. 7 - Whether parish priests may lawfully enter religion?......Page 2834
Article. 8 - Whether it is lawful to pass from one religious order to another?......Page 2835
Article. 9 - Whether one ought to induce others to enter religion?......Page 2836
Article. 10 - Whether it is praiseworthy to enter religion without taking counsel of many, and previously deliberating for a long time?......Page 2838
Article. 1 - Whether it was fitting that God should become incarnate?......Page 2841
Article. 2 - Whether it was necessary for the restoration of the human race that the Word of God should become incarnate?......Page 2843
Article. 3 - Whether, if man had not sinned, God would have become incarnate?......Page 2845
Article. 4 - Whether God became incarnate in order to take away actual sin, rather than to take away original sin?......Page 2847
Article. 5 - Whether it was fitting that God should become incarnate in the beginning of the human race?......Page 2848
Article. 6 - Whether the Incarnation ought to have been put off till the end of the world?......Page 2849
Article. 1 - Whether the Union of the Incarnate Word took place in the nature?......Page 2851
Article. 2 - Whether the union of the Incarnate Word took place in the Person?......Page 2853
Article. 3 - Whether the union of the Word Incarnate took place in the suppositum or hypostasis?......Page 2855
Article. 5 - Whether in Christ there is any union of soul and body?......Page 2857
Article. 6 - Whether the human nature was united to the Word of God accidentally?......Page 2859
Article. 7 - Whether the union of the Divine nature and the human is anything created?......Page 2861
Article. 8 - Whether union is the same as assumption?......Page 2862
Article. 9 - Whether the union of the two natures in Christ is the greatest of all unions?......Page 2863
Article. 10 - Whether the union of the Incarnation took place by grace?......Page 2864
Article. 11 - Whether any merits preceded the union of the Incarnation?......Page 2865
Article. 12 - Whether the grace of union was natural to the man Christ?......Page 2866
Question. 3 - OF THE MODE OF UNION ON THE PART OF THE PERSON ASSUMING (EIGHT ARTICLES)......Page 2867
Article. 1 - Whether it is befitting for a Divine Person to assume?......Page 2868
Article. 3 - Whether the Nature abstracted from the Personality can assume?......Page 2869
Article. 5 - Whether each of the Divine Persons could have assumed human nature?......Page 2871
Article. 6 - Whether several Divine Persons can assume one and the same individual nature?......Page 2872
Article. 7 - Whether one Divine Person can assume two human natures?......Page 2874
Article. 8 - Whether it was more fitting that the Person of the Son rather than any other Divine Person should assume human nature?......Page 2875
Article. 1 - Whether human nature was more assumable by the Son of God than any other nature?......Page 2877
Article. 2 - Whether the Son of God assumed a person?......Page 2879
Article. 4 - Whether the Son of God ought to have assumed human nature abstracted from all individuals?......Page 2880
Article. 6 - Whether it was fitting for the Son of God to assume human nature of the stock of Adam?......Page 2882
Question. 5 - OF THE PARTS OF HUMAN NATURE WHICH WERE ASSUMED (FOUR ARTICLES)......Page 2883
Article. 1 - Whether the Son of God ought to have assumed a true body?......Page 2884
Article. 2 - Whether the Son of God ought to have assumed a carnal or earthly body?......Page 2885
Article. 3 - Whether the Son of God assumed a soul?......Page 2886
Article. 4 - Whether the Son of God assumed a human mind or intellect?......Page 2888
Article. 1 - Whether the Son of God assumed flesh through the medium of the soul?......Page 2889
Article. 2 - Whether the Son of God assumed a soul through the medium of the spirit or mind?......Page 2890
Article. 3 - Whether the soul was assumed before the flesh by the Son of God?......Page 2891
Article. 4 - Whether the flesh of Christ was assumed by the Word before being united to the soul?......Page 2892
Article. 5 - Whether the whole human nature was assumed through the medium of the parts?......Page 2894
Question. 7 - OF THE GRACE OF CHRIST AS AN INDIVIDUAL MAN (THIRTEEN ARTICLES)......Page 2895
Article. 1 - Whether in the Soul of Christ there was any habitual grace?......Page 2896
Article. 2 - Whether in Christ there were virtues?......Page 2897
Article. 3 - Whether in Christ there was faith?......Page 2898
Article. 4 - Whether in Christ there was hope?......Page 2899
Article. 5 - Whether in Christ there were the gifts?......Page 2900
Article. 7 - Whether the gratuitous graces were in Christ?......Page 2901
Article. 8 - Whether in Christ there was the gift of prophecy?......Page 2902
Article. 9 - Whether in Christ there was the fulness of grace?......Page 2904
Article. 10 - Whether the fulness of grace is proper to Christ?......Page 2905
Article. 11 - Whether the grace of Christ is infinite?......Page 2906
Article. 12 - Whether the grace of Christ could increase?......Page 2907
Article. 13 - Whether the habitual grace of Christ followed after the union?......Page 2908
Article. 1 - Whether Christ is the Head of the Church?......Page 2910
Article. 2 - Whether Christ is the Head of men as to their bodies or only as to their souls?......Page 2911
Article. 3 - Whether Christ is the Head of all men?......Page 2912
Article. 4 - Whether Christ is the Head of the angels?......Page 2913
Article. 5 - Whether the grace of Christ, as Head of the Church, is the same as His habitual grace, inasmuch as He is Man?......Page 2914
Article. 6 - Whether it is proper to Christ to be Head of the Church?......Page 2915
Article. 7 - Whether the devil is the head of all the wicked?......Page 2917
Question. 9 - OF CHRIST'S KNOWLEDGE IN GENERAL (FOUR ARTICLES)......Page 2918
Article. 1 - Whether Christ had any knowledge besides the Divine?......Page 2919
Article. 2 - Whether Christ had the knowledge which the blessed or comprehensors have?......Page 2920
Article. 3 - Whether Christ had an imprinted or infused knowledge?......Page 2921
Article. 4 - Whether Christ had any acquired knowledge?......Page 2922
Article. 1 - Whether the soul of Christ comprehended the Word or the Divine Essence?......Page 2924
Article. 2 - Whether the Son of God knew all things in the Word?......Page 2925
Article. 3 - Whether the soul of Christ can know the infinite in the Word?......Page 2926
Article. 4 - Whether the soul of Christ sees the Word or the Divine Essence more clearly than does any other creature?......Page 2928
Question. 11 - OF THE KNOWLEDGE IMPRINTED OR INFUSED IN THE SOUL OF CHRIST (SIX ARTICLES)......Page 2929
Article. 1 - Whether by this imprinted or infused knowledge Christ knew all things?......Page 2930
Article. 2 - Whether Christ could use this knowledge by turning to phantasms?......Page 2931
Article. 3 - Whether this knowledge is collative?......Page 2932
Article. 5 - Whether this knowledge was habitual?......Page 2933
Article. 6 - Whether this knowledge was distinguished by divers habits?......Page 2934
Question. 12 - OF THE ACQUIRED OR EMPIRIC KNOWLEDGE OF CHRIST'S SOUL (FOUR ARTICLES)......Page 2935
Article. 2 - Whether Christ advanced in acquired or empiric knowledge?......Page 2936
Article. 3 - Whether Christ learned anything from man?......Page 2938
Article. 4 - Whether Christ received knowledge from the angels?......Page 2939
Article. 1 - Whether the soul of Christ had omnipotence?......Page 2940
Article. 2 - Whether the soul of Christ had omnipotence with regard to the transmutation of creatures?......Page 2941
Article. 3 - Whether the soul of Christ had omnipotence with regard to His own body?......Page 2943
Article. 4 - Whether the soul of Christ had omnipotence as regards the execution of His will?......Page 2944
Article. 1 - Whether the Son of God in human nature ought to have assumed defects of body?......Page 2945
Article. 2 - Whether Christ was of necessity subject to these defects?......Page 2947
Article. 3 - Whether Christ contracted these defects?......Page 2948
Article. 4 - Whether Christ ought to have assumed all the bodily defects of men?......Page 2949
Article. 1 - Whether there was sin in Christ?......Page 2950
Article. 2 - Whether there was the 'fomes' of sin in Christ?......Page 2952
Article. 3 - Whether in Christ there was ignorance?......Page 2953
Article. 4 - Whether Christ's soul was passible?......Page 2954
Article. 5 - Whether there was sensible pain in Christ?......Page 2955
Article. 6 - Whether there was sorrow in Christ?......Page 2956
Article. 7 - Whether there was fear in Christ?......Page 2957
Article. 8 - Whether there was wonder in Christ?......Page 2958
Article. 9 - Whether there was anger in Christ?......Page 2959
Article. 10 - Whether Christ was at once a wayfarer and a comprehensor?......Page 2960
Article. 1 - Whether this is true: 'God is man'?......Page 2961
Article. 2 - Whether this is true: 'Man is God'?......Page 2963
Article. 3 - Whether Christ can be called a lordly man?......Page 2964
Article. 4 - Whether what belongs to the human nature can be predicated of God?......Page 2965
Article. 5 - Whether what belongs to the human nature can be predicated of the Divine Nature?......Page 2966
Article. 6 - Whether this is true: 'God was made man'?......Page 2967
Article. 7 - Whether this is true: 'Man was made God'?......Page 2968
Article. 8 - Whether this is true: 'Christ is a creature'?......Page 2970
Article. 9 - Whether this Man, i.e. Christ, began to be?......Page 2971
Article. 10 - Whether this is true: 'Christ as Man is a creature'?......Page 2972
Article. 11 - Whether this is true: 'Christ as Man is God'?......Page 2973
Article. 12 - Whether this is true: 'Christ as Man is a hypostasis or person'?......Page 2974
Article. 1 - Whether Christ is one or two?......Page 2975
Article. 2 - Whether there is only one being in Christ?......Page 2977
Article. 1 - Whether there are two wills in Christ?......Page 2979
Article. 2 - Whether in Christ there was a will of sensuality besides the will of reason?......Page 2981
Article. 4 - Whether there was free-will in Christ?......Page 2982
Article. 5 - Whether the human will of Christ was altogether conformed to the Divine will in the thing willed?......Page 2983
Article. 6 - Whether there was contrariety of wills in Christ?......Page 2984
Article. 1 - Whether in Christ there is only one operation of the Godhead and Manhood?......Page 2986
Article. 2 - Whether in Christ there are several human operations?......Page 2989
Article. 3 - Whether the human action of Christ could be meritorious to Him?......Page 2990
Article. 4 - Whether Christ could merit for others?......Page 2992
Article. 1 - Whether we may say that Christ is subject to the Father?......Page 2993
Article. 2 - Whether Christ is subject to Himself?......Page 2994
Article. 1 - Whether it is becoming of Christ to pray?......Page 2996
Article. 2 - Whether it pertains to Christ to pray according to His sensuality?......Page 2997
Article. 3 - Whether it was fitting that Christ should pray for Himself?......Page 2998
Article. 4 - Whether Christ's prayer was always heard?......Page 2999
Article. 1 - Whether it is fitting that Christ should be a priest?......Page 3001
Article. 2 - Whether Christ was Himself both priest and victim?......Page 3002
Article. 3 - Whether the effect of Christ's priesthood is the expiation of sins?......Page 3003
Article. 4 - Whether the effect of the priesthood of Christ pertained not only to others, but also to Himself?......Page 3005
Article. 5 - Whether the priesthood of Christ endures for ever?......Page 3006
Article. 6 - Whether the priesthood of Christ was according to the order of Melchisedech?......Page 3007
Article. 1 - Whether it is fitting that God should adopt sons?......Page 3008
Article. 2 - Whether it is fitting that the whole Trinity should adopt?......Page 3009
Article. 3 - Whether it is proper to the rational nature to be adopted?......Page 3010
Article. 4 - Whether Christ as man is the adopted Son of God?......Page 3011
Article. 1 - Whether it is befitting that Christ should be predestinated?......Page 3012
Article. 2 - Whether this proposition is false: 'Christ as man was predestinated to be the Son of God'?......Page 3014
Article. 3 - Whether Christ's predestination is the exemplar of ours?......Page 3015
Article. 4 - Whether Christ's predestination is the cause of ours?......Page 3016
Article. 1 - Whether Christ's humanity and Godhead are to be adored with the same adoration?......Page 3017
Article. 2 - Whether Christ's humanity should be adored with the adoration of 'latria'?......Page 3018
Article. 3 - Whether the image of Christ should be adored with the adoration of 'latria'?......Page 3019
Article. 4 - Whether Christ's cross should be worshipped with the adoration of 'latria'?......Page 3021
Article. 5 - Whether the Mother of God should be worshipped with the adoration of 'latria'?......Page 3022
Article. 6 - Whether any kind of worship is due to the relics of the saints?......Page 3023
Article. 1 - Whether it is proper to Christ to be the Mediator of God and man?......Page 3024
Article. 2 - Whether Christ, is the Mediator of God and men?......Page 3025
Article. 1 - Whether the Blessed Virgin was sanctified before her birth from the womb?......Page 3028
Article. 2 - Whether the Blessed Virgin was sanctified before animation?......Page 3030
Article. 3 - Whether the Blessed Virgin was cleansed from the infection of the fomes?......Page 3031
Article. 4 - Whether by being sanctified in the womb the Blessed Virgin was preserved from all actual sin?......Page 3033
Article. 5 - Whether, by her sanctification in the womb, the Blessed Virgin received the fulness of grace?......Page 3035
Article. 6 - Whether after Christ, it was proper to the Blessed Virgin to be sanctified in the womb?......Page 3036
Article. 1 - Whether the Mother of God was a virgin in conceiving Christ?......Page 3038
Article. 2 - Whether Christ's Mother was a virgin in His birth?......Page 3040
Article. 3 - Whether Christ's Mother remained a virgin after His birth?......Page 3041
Article. 4 - Whether the Mother of God took a vow of virginity?......Page 3044
Article. 1 - Whether Christ should have been born of an espoused virgin?......Page 3045
Article. 2 - Whether there was a true marriage between Mary and Joseph?......Page 3048
Article. 1 - Whether it was necessary to announce to the Blessed Virgin that which was to be done in her?......Page 3049
Article. 2 - Whether the annunciation should have been made by an angel to the Blessed Virgin?......Page 3050
Article. 3 - Whether the angel of annunciation should have appeared to the Virgin in a bodily vision?......Page 3052
Article. 4 - Whether the Annunciation took place in becoming order?......Page 3054
Article. 1 - Whether the flesh of Christ was derived from Adam?......Page 3055
Article. 2 - Whether Christ took flesh of the seed of David?......Page 3056
Article. 3 - Whether Christ's genealogy is suitably traced by the evangelists?......Page 3058
Article. 4 - Whether the matter of Christ's body should have been taken from a woman?......Page 3061
Article. 5 - Whether the flesh of Christ was conceived of the Virgin's purest blood?......Page 3063
Article. 6 - Whether Christ's body was in Adam and the other patriarchs, as to something signate?......Page 3064
Article. 7 - Whether Christ's flesh in the patriarchs was infected by sin?......Page 3065
Article. 8 - Whether Christ paid tithes in Abraham's loins?......Page 3067
Article. 1 - Whether the accomplishment of Christ's conception should be attributed to the Holy Ghost?......Page 3068
Article. 2 - Whether it should be said that Christ was conceived of [de] the Holy Ghost?......Page 3070
Article. 3 - Whether the Holy Ghost should be called Christ's father in respect of His humanity?......Page 3071
Article. 4 - Whether the Blessed Virgin cooperated actively in the conception of Christ's body?......Page 3072
Question. 33 - OF THE MODE AND ORDER OF CHRIST'S CONCEPTION (FOUR ARTICLES)......Page 3073
Article. 1 - Whether Christ's body was formed in the first instant of its conception?......Page 3074
Article. 2 - Whether Christ's body was animated in the first instant of its conception?......Page 3075
Article. 3 - Whether Christ's flesh was first of all conceived and afterwards assumed?......Page 3076
Article. 4 - Whether Christ's conception was natural?......Page 3077
Article. 1 - Whether Christ was sanctified in the first instant of His conception?......Page 3078
Article. 2 - Whether Christ as man had the use of free-will in the first instant of His conception?......Page 3079
Article. 3 - Whether Christ could merit in the first instant of His conception?......Page 3081
Article. 4 - Whether Christ was a perfect comprehensor in the first instant of His conception?......Page 3082
Article. 1 - Whether nativity regards the nature rather than the person?......Page 3083
Article. 2 - Whether a temporal nativity should be attributed to Christ?......Page 3084
Article. 3 - Whether the Blessed Virgin can be called Christ's Mother in respect of His temporal nativity?......Page 3085
Article. 4 - Whether the Blessed Virgin should be called the Mother of God?......Page 3086
Article. 5 - Whether there are two filiations in Christ?......Page 3087
Article. 6 - Whether Christ was born without His Mother suffering?......Page 3089
Article. 7 - Whether Christ should have been born in Bethlehem?......Page 3090
Article. 8 - Whether Christ was born at a fitting time?......Page 3091
Article. 1 - Whether Christ's birth should have been made known to all?......Page 3093
Article. 2 - Whether Christ's birth should have been made known to some?......Page 3094
Article. 3 - Whether those to whom Christ's birth was made known were suitably chosen?......Page 3095
Article. 4 - Whether Christ Himself should have made His birth know?......Page 3097
Article. 5 - Whether Christ's birth should have been manifested by means of the angels and the star?......Page 3098
Article. 6 - Whether Christ's birth was made known in a becoming order?......Page 3100
Article. 7 - Whether the star which appeared to the Magi belonged to the heavenly system?......Page 3101
Article. 8 - Whether it was becoming that the Magi should come to adore Christ and pay homage to Him?......Page 3103
Question. 37 - OF CHRIST'S CIRCUMCISION, AND OF THE OTHER LEGAL OBSERVANCES ACCOMPLISHED IN REGARD TO THE CHILD CHRIST (FOUR ARTICLES)......Page 3104
Article. 1 - Whether Christ should have been circumcised?......Page 3105
Article. 2 - Whether His name was suitably given to Christ?......Page 3106
Article. 3 - Whether Christ was becomingly presented in the temple?......Page 3107
Article. 4 - Whether it was fitting that the Mother of God should go to the temple to be purified?......Page 3109
Article. 1 - Whether it was fitting that John should baptize?......Page 3110
Article. 2 - Whether the baptism of John was from God?......Page 3111
Article. 3 - Whether grace was given in the baptism of John?......Page 3112
Article. 4 - Whether Christ alone should have been baptized with the baptism of John?......Page 3113
Article. 5 - Whether John's baptism should have ceased after Christ was baptized?......Page 3114
Article. 6 - Whether those who had been baptized with John's baptism had to be baptized with the baptism of Christ?......Page 3115
Article. 1 - Whether it was fitting that Christ should be baptized?......Page 3117
Article. 2 - Whether it was fitting for Christ to be baptized with John's baptism?......Page 3118
Article. 3 - Whether Christ was baptized at a fitting time?......Page 3119
Article. 5 - Whether the heavens should have been opened unto Christ at His baptism?......Page 3121
Article. 6 - Whether it is fitting to say that when Christ was baptized the Holy Ghost came down on Him in the form of a dove?......Page 3123
Article. 7 - Whether the dove in which the Holy Ghost appeared was real?......Page 3125
Article. 8 - Whether it was becoming, when Christ was baptized that the Father's voice should be heard, bearing witness to the Son?......Page 3126
Article. 1 - Whether Christ should have associated with men, or led a solitary life?......Page 3128
Article. 2 - Whether it was becoming that Christ should lead an austere life in this world?......Page 3129
Article. 3 - Whether Christ should have led a life of poverty in this world?......Page 3131
Article. 4 - Whether Christ conformed His conduct to the Law?......Page 3133
Article. 1 - Whether it was becoming that Christ should be tempted?......Page 3134
Article. 2 - Whether Christ should have been tempted in the desert?......Page 3136
Article. 3 - Whether Christ's temptation should have taken place after His fast?......Page 3137
Article. 4 - Whether the mode and order of the temptation were becoming?......Page 3138
Article. 1 - Whether Christ should have preached not only to the Jews, but also to the Gentiles?......Page 3141
Article. 2 - Whether Christ should have preached to the Jews without offending them?......Page 3143
Article. 3 - Whether Christ should have taught all things openly?......Page 3144
Article. 4 - Whether Christ should have committed His doctrine to writing?......Page 3145
Article. 1 - Whether Christ should have worked miracles?......Page 3147
Article. 2 - Whether Christ worked miracles by Divine power?......Page 3148
Article. 3 - Whether Christ began to work miracles when He changed water into wine at the marriage feast?......Page 3149
Article. 4 - Whether the miracles which Christ worked were a sufficient proof of His Godhead?......Page 3150
Article. 1 - Whether those miracles were fitting which Christ worked in spiritual substances?......Page 3152
Article. 2 - Whether it was fitting that Christ should work miracles in the heavenly bodies?......Page 3154
Article. 3 - Whether Christ worked miracles fittingly on men?......Page 3157
Article. 4 - Whether Christ worked miracles fittingly on irrational creatures?......Page 3160
Article. 1 - Whether it was fitting that Christ should be transfigured?......Page 3161
Article. 2 - Whether this clarity was the clarity of glory?......Page 3162
Article. 3 - Whether the witnesses of the transfiguration were fittingly chosen?......Page 3164
Article. 4 - Whether the testimony of the Father's voice, saying, 'This is My beloved Son,' was fittingly added?......Page 3165
Article. 1 - Whether it was necessary for Christ to suffer for the deliverance of the human race?......Page 3167
Article. 2 - Whether there was any other possible way of human deliverance besides the Passion of Christ?......Page 3168
Article. 3 - Whether there was any more suitable way of delivering the human race than by Christ's Passion?......Page 3170
Article. 4 - Whether Christ ought to have suffered on the cross?......Page 3171
Article. 5 - Whether Christ endured all suffering?......Page 3173
Article. 6 - Whether the pain of Christ's Passion was greater than all other pains?......Page 3174
Article. 7 - Whether Christ suffered in His whole soul?......Page 3177
Article. 8 - Whether Christ's entire soul enjoyed blessed fruition during the Passion?......Page 3178
Article. 9 - Whether Christ suffered at a suitable time?......Page 3179
Article. 10 - Whether Christ suffered in a suitable place?......Page 3181
Article. 11 - Whether it was fitting for Christ to be crucified with thieves?......Page 3183
Article. 12 - Whether Christ's Passion is to be attributed to His Godhead?......Page 3184
Article. 1 - Whether Christ was slain by another or by Himself?......Page 3185
Article. 2 - Whether Christ died out of obedience?......Page 3186
Article. 3 - Whether God the Father delivered up Christ to the Passion?......Page 3188
Article. 5 - Whether Christ's persecutors knew who He was?......Page 3189
Article. 6 - Whether the sin of those who crucified Christ was most grievous?......Page 3191
Article. 1 - Whether Christ's Passion brought about our salvation by way of merit?......Page 3192
Article. 2 - Whether Christ's Passion brought about our salvation by way of atonement?......Page 3193
Article. 3 - Whether Christ's Passion operated by way of sacrifice?......Page 3194
Article. 4 - Whether Christ's Passion brought about our salvation by way of redemption?......Page 3195
Article. 6 - Whether Christ's Passion brought about our salvation efficiently?......Page 3197
Question. 49 - OF THE EFFECTS OF CHRIST'S PASSION (SIX ARTICLES)......Page 3198
Article. 1 - Whether we were delivered from sin through Christ's Passion?......Page 3199
Article. 2 - Whether we were delivered from the devil's power through Christ's Passion?......Page 3200
Article. 3 - Whether men were freed from the punishment of sin through Christ's Passion?......Page 3201
Article. 4 - Whether we were reconciled to God through Christ's Passion?......Page 3202
Article. 5 - Whether Christ opened the gate of heaven to us by His Passion?......Page 3203
Article. 6 - Whether by His Passion Christ merited to be exalted?......Page 3204
Article. 1 - Whether it was fitting that Christ should die?......Page 3206
Article. 2 - Whether the Godhead was separated from the flesh when Christ died?......Page 3207
Article. 3 - Whether in Christ's death there was a severance between His Godhead and His soul?......Page 3208
Article. 4 - Whether Christ was a man during the three days of His death?......Page 3210
Article. 5 - Whether Christ's was identically the same body living and dead?......Page 3211
Article. 6 - Whether Christ's death conduced in any way to our salvation?......Page 3212
Article. 1 - Whether it was fitting for Christ to be buried?......Page 3213
Article. 2 - Whether Christ was buried in a becoming manner?......Page 3214
Article. 3 - Whether Christ's body was reduced to dust in the tomb?......Page 3216
Article. 4 - Whether Christ was in the tomb only one day and two nights?......Page 3217
Article. 1 - Whether it was fitting for Christ to descend into hell?......Page 3218
Article. 2 - Whether Christ went down into the hell of the lost?......Page 3219
Article. 3 - Whether the whole Christ was in hell?......Page 3221
Article. 4 - Whether Christ made any stay in hell?......Page 3222
Article. 5 - Whether Christ descending into hell delivered the holy Fathers from thence?......Page 3223
Article. 6 - Whether Christ delivered any of the lost from hell?......Page 3224
Article. 7 - Whether the children who died in original sin were delivered by Christ?......Page 3225
Article. 8 - Whether Christ by His descent into hell delivered souls from purgatory?......Page 3226
Article. 1 - Whether it was necessary for Christ to rise again?......Page 3228
Article. 2 - Whether it was fitting for Christ to rise again on the third day?......Page 3229
Article. 3 - Whether Christ was the first to rise from the dead?......Page 3231
Article. 4 - Whether Christ was the cause of His own Resurrection?......Page 3232
Article. 1 - Whether Christ had a true body after His Resurrection?......Page 3233
Article. 2 - Whether Christ's body rose glorified? [*Some editions give this article as the third, following the order of the introduction to the question. But this is evident from the first sentence of the body of A[3] (A[2] in the aforesaid editions), that the order of the Leonine edition is correct.]......Page 3235
Article. 3 - Whether Christ's body rose again entire?......Page 3236
Article. 4 - Whether Christ's body ought to have risen with its scars?......Page 3238
Article. 1 - Whether Christ's Resurrection ought to have been manifested to all?......Page 3239
Article. 3 - Whether Christ ought to have lived constantly with His disciples after the Resurrection?......Page 3241
Article. 4 - Whether Christ should have appeared to the disciples 'in another shape'?......Page 3244
Article. 5 - Whether Christ should have demonstrated the truth of His Resurrection by proofs?......Page 3245
Article. 6 - Whether the proofs which Christ made use of manifested sufficiently the truth of His Resurrection?......Page 3246
Article. 1 - Whether Christ's Resurrection is the cause of the resurrection of our bodies?......Page 3249
Article. 2 - Whether Christ's Resurrection is the cause of the resurrection of souls?......Page 3251
Question. 57 - OF THE ASCENSION OF CHRIST (SIX ARTICLES)......Page 3252
Article. 1 - Whether it was fitting for Christ to ascend into heaven?......Page 3253
Article. 2 - Whether Christ's Ascension into heaven belonged to Him according to His Divine Nature?......Page 3254
Article. 3 - Whether Christ ascended by His own power?......Page 3256
Article. 4 - Whether Christ ascended above all the heavens?......Page 3257
Article. 5 - Whether Christ's body ascended above every spiritual creature?......Page 3258
Article. 6 - Whether Christ's Ascension is the cause of our salvation?......Page 3259
Article. 1 - Whether it is fitting that Christ should sit at the right hand of God the Father?......Page 3261
Article. 2 - Whether it belongs to Christ as God to sit at the right hand of the Father?......Page 3262
Article. 3 - Whether it belongs to Christ as man to sit at the right hand of the Father?......Page 3263
Article. 4 - Whether it is proper to Christ to sit at the right hand of the Father?......Page 3264
Article. 1 - Whether judiciary power is to be specially attributed to Christ?......Page 3265
Article. 2 - Whether judiciary power belongs to Christ as man?......Page 3267
Article. 3 - Whether Christ acquired His judiciary power by His merits?......Page 3268
Article. 4 - Whether judiciary power belongs to Christ with respect to all human affairs?......Page 3269
Article. 5 - Whether after the Judgment that takes place in the present time, there remains yet another General Judgment?......Page 3270
Article. 6 - Whether Christ's judiciary power extends to the angels?......Page 3272
Question. 60 - WHAT IS A SACRAMENT? (EIGHT ARTICLES)......Page 3273
Article. 1 - Whether a sacrament is a kind of sign?......Page 3274
Article. 3 - Whether a sacrament is a sign of one thing only?......Page 3275
Article. 4 - Whether a sacrament is always something sensible?......Page 3276
Article. 5 - Whether determinate things are required for a sacrament?......Page 3277
Article. 6 - Whether words are required for the signification of the sacraments?......Page 3279
Article. 7 - Whether determinate words are required in the sacraments?......Page 3280
Article. 8 - Whether it is lawful to add anything to the words in which the sacramental form consists?......Page 3281
Article. 1 - Whether sacraments are necessary for man's salvation?......Page 3283
Article. 2 - Whether before sin sacraments were necessary to man?......Page 3284
Article. 3 - Whether there should have been sacraments after sin, before Christ?......Page 3285
Article. 4 - Whether there was need for any sacraments after Christ came?......Page 3286
Question. 62 - OF THE SACRAMENTS' PRINCIPAL EFFECT, WHICH IS GRACE (SIX ARTICLES)......Page 3287
Article. 1 - Whether the sacraments are the cause of grace?......Page 3288
Article. 2 - Whether sacramental grace confers anything in addition to the grace of the virtues and gifts?......Page 3289
Article. 3 - Whether the sacraments of the New Law contain grace?......Page 3290
Article. 4 - Whether there be in the sacraments a power of causing grace?......Page 3291
Article. 5 - Whether the sacraments of the New Law derive their power from Christ's Passion?......Page 3292
Article. 6 - Whether the sacraments of the Old Law caused grace?......Page 3294
Article. 1 - Whether a sacrament imprints a character on the soul?......Page 3295
Article. 2 - Whether a character is a spiritual power?......Page 3297
Article. 3 - Whether the sacramental character is the character of Christ?......Page 3298
Article. 4 - Whether the character be subjected in the powers of the soul?......Page 3299
Article. 5 - Whether a character can be blotted out from the soul?......Page 3300
Article. 6 - Whether a character is imprinted by each sacrament of the New Law?......Page 3301
Article. 1 - Whether God alone, or the minister also, works inwardly unto the sacramental effect?......Page 3303
Article. 2 - Whether the sacraments are instituted by God alone?......Page 3304
Article. 3 - Whether Christ as man had the power of producing the inward sacramental effect?......Page 3305
Article. 4 - Whether Christ could communicate to ministers the power which He had in the sacraments?......Page 3306
Article. 5 - Whether the sacraments can be conferred by evil ministers?......Page 3307
Article. 6 - Whether wicked men sin in administering the sacraments?......Page 3308
Article. 7 - Whether angels can administer sacraments?......Page 3310
Article. 8 - Whether the minister's intention is required for the validity of a sacrament?......Page 3311
Article. 9 - Whether faith is required of necessity in the minister of a sacrament?......Page 3312
Article. 10 - Whether the validity of a sacrament requires a good intention in the minister?......Page 3313
Article. 1 - Whether there should be seven sacraments?......Page 3314
Article. 2 - Whether the order of the sacraments, as given above, is becoming?......Page 3317
Article. 3 - Whether the Eucharist is the greatest of the sacraments?......Page 3318
Article. 4 - Whether all the sacraments are necessary for salvation?......Page 3320
Article. 1 - Whether Baptism is the mere washing?......Page 3321
Article. 2 - Whether Baptism was instituted after Christ's Passion?......Page 3323
Article. 3 - Whether water is the proper matter of Baptism?......Page 3324
Article. 4 - Whether plain water is necessary for Baptism?......Page 3325
Article. 5 - Whether this be a suitable form of Baptism: 'I baptize thee in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost'?......Page 3327
Article. 6 - Whether Baptism can be conferred in the name of Christ?......Page 3329
Article. 7 - Whether immersion in water is necessary for Baptism?......Page 3330
Article. 8 - Whether trine immersion is essential to Baptism?......Page 3331
Article. 9 - Whether Baptism may be reiterated?......Page 3333
Article. 10 - Whether the Church observes a suitable rite in baptizing?......Page 3335
Article. 11 - Whether three kinds of Baptism are fittingly described---viz. Baptism of Water, of Blood, and of the Spirit?......Page 3336
Article. 12 - Whether the Baptism of Blood is the most excellent of these?......Page 3337
Question. 67 - OF THE MINISTERS BY WHOM THE SACRAMENT OF BAPTISM IS CONFERRED (EIGHT ARTICLES)......Page 3338
Article. 1 - Whether it is part of a deacon's duty to baptize?......Page 3339
Article. 2 - Whether to baptize is part of the priestly office, or proper to that of bishops?......Page 3340
Article. 3 - Whether a layman can baptize?......Page 3341
Article. 4 - Whether a woman can baptize?......Page 3342
Article. 5 - Whether one that is not baptized can confer the sacrament of Baptism?......Page 3343
Article. 6 - Whether several can baptize at the same time?......Page 3344
Article. 7 - Whether in Baptism it is necessary for someone to raise the baptized from the sacred font?......Page 3345
Article. 8 - Whether he who raises anyone from the sacred font is bound to instruct him?......Page 3346
Article. 1 - Whether all are bound to receive Baptism?......Page 3347
Article. 2 - Whether a man can be saved without Baptism?......Page 3349
Article. 3 - Whether Baptism should be deferred?......Page 3350
Article. 4 - Whether sinners should be baptized?......Page 3351
Article. 5 - Whether works of satisfaction should be enjoined on sinners that have been baptized?......Page 3352
Article. 6 - Whether sinners who are going to be baptized are bound to confess their sins?......Page 3353
Article. 8 - Whether faith is required on the part of the one baptized?......Page 3355
Article. 9 - Whether children should be baptized?......Page 3357
Article. 10 - Whether children of Jews or other unbelievers be baptized against the will of their parents?......Page 3358
Article. 11 - Whether a child can be baptized while yet in its mother's womb?......Page 3359
Article. 12 - Whether madmen and imbeciles should be baptized?......Page 3360
Article. 1 - Whether all sins are taken away by Baptism?......Page 3362
Article. 2 - Whether man is freed by Baptism from all debt of punishment due to sin?......Page 3363
Article. 3 - Whether Baptism should take away the penalties of sin that belong to this life?......Page 3364
Article. 4 - Whether grace and virtues are bestowed on man by Baptism?......Page 3365
Article. 5 - Whether certain acts of the virtues are fittingly set down as effects of Baptism, to wit---incorporation in Christ, enlightenment, and fruitfulness?......Page 3366
Article. 6 - Whether children receive grace and virtue in Baptism?......Page 3367
Article. 7 - Whether the effect of Baptism is to open the gates of the heavenly kingdom?......Page 3368
Article. 8 - Whether Baptism has an equal effect in all?......Page 3369
Article. 9 - Whether insincerity hinders the effect of Baptism?......Page 3370
Article. 10 - Whether Baptism produces its effect when the insincerity ceases?......Page 3371
Question. 70 - OF CIRCUMCISION (FOUR ARTICLES)......Page 3372
Article. 2 - Whether circumcision was instituted in a fitting manner?......Page 3373
Article. 3 - Whether the rite of circumcision was fitting?......Page 3375
Article. 4 - Whether circumcision bestowed sanctifying grace?......Page 3376
Article. 1 - Whether catechism should precede Baptism?......Page 3378
Article. 2 - Whether exorcism should precede Baptism?......Page 3379
Article. 3 - Whether what is done in the exorcism effects anything, or is a mere sign?......Page 3380
Article. 4 - Whether it belongs to a priest to catechize and exorcize the person to be baptized?......Page 3381
Question. 72 - CONFIRMATION (Q[72])......Page 3382
Article. 1 - Whether confirmation is a sacrament?......Page 3383
Article. 2 - Whether chrism is a fitting matter for this sacrament?......Page 3384
Article. 3 - Whether it is essential to this sacrament that the chrism which is its matter be previously consecrated by a bishop?......Page 3386
Article. 4 - Whether the proper form of this sacrament is: 'I sign thee with the sign of the cross,' etc.?......Page 3387
Article. 5 - Whether the sacrament of Confirmation imprints a character?......Page 3388
Article. 6 - Whether the character of Confirmation presupposes of necessity, the baptismal character?......Page 3389
Article. 7 - Whether sanctifying grace is bestowed in this sacrament?......Page 3390
Article. 8 - Whether this sacrament should be given to all?......Page 3391
Article. 9 - Whether this sacrament should be given to man on the forehead?......Page 3393
Article. 10 - Whether he who is confirmed needs one to stand* for him? [*Literally, 'to hold him']......Page 3394
Article. 11 - Whether only a bishop can confer this sacrament?......Page 3395
Article. 12 - Whether the rite of this sacrament is appropriate?......Page 3396
Article. 1 - Whether the Eucharist is a sacrament?......Page 3397
Article. 2 - Whether the Eucharist is one sacrament or several?......Page 3398
Article. 3 - Whether the Eucharist is necessary for salvation?......Page 3399
Article. 4 - Whether this sacrament is suitably called by various names?......Page 3401
Article. 5 - Whether the institution of this sacrament was appropriate?......Page 3402
Article. 6 - Whether the Paschal Lamb was the chief figure of this sacrament?......Page 3403
Article. 1 - Whether the matter of this sacrament is bread and wine?......Page 3404
Article. 2 - Whether a determinate quantity of bread and wine is required for the matter of this sacrament?......Page 3405
Article. 3 - Whether wheaten bread is required for the matter of this sacrament?......Page 3406
Article. 4 - Whether this sacrament ought to be made of unleavened bread?......Page 3408
Article. 5 - Whether wine of the grape is the proper matter of this sacrament?......Page 3409
Article. 6 - Whether water should be mixed with the wine?......Page 3410
Article. 7 - Whether the mixing with water is essential to this sacrament?......Page 3411
Article. 8 - Whether water should be added in great quantity?......Page 3412
Question. 75 - OF THE CHANGE OF BREAD AND WINE INTO THE BODY AND BLOOD OF CHRIST (EIGHT ARTICLES)......Page 3413
Article. 1 - Whether the body of Christ be in this sacrament in very truth, or merely as in a figure or sign?......Page 3414
Article. 2 - Whether in this sacrament the substance of the bread and wine remains after the consecration?......Page 3416
Article. 3 - Whether the substance of the bread or wine is annihilated after the consecration of this sacrament, or dissolved into their original matter?......Page 3417
Article. 4 - Whether bread can be converted into the body of Christ?......Page 3418
Article. 5 - Whether the accidents of the bread and wine remain in this sacrament after the change?......Page 3420
Article. 6 - Whether the substantial form of the bread remains in this sacrament after the consecration?......Page 3421
Article. 7 - Whether this change is wrought instantaneously?......Page 3422
Article. 8 - Whether this proposition is false: 'The body of Christ is made out of bread'?......Page 3423
Article. 1 - Whether the whole Christ is contained under this sacrament?......Page 3426
Article. 2 - Whether the whole Christ is contained under each species of this sacrament?......Page 3428
Article. 3 - Whether Christ is entire under every part of the species of the bread and wine?......Page 3429
Article. 4 - Whether the whole dimensive quantity of Christ's body is in this sacrament?......Page 3430
Article. 5 - Whether Christ's body is in this sacrament as in a place?......Page 3431
Article. 6 - Whether Christ's body is in this sacrament movably?......Page 3432
Article. 7 - Whether the body of Christ, as it is in this sacrament, can be seen by any eye, at least by a glorified one?......Page 3434
Article. 8 - Whether Christ's body is truly there when flesh or a child appears miraculously in this sacrament?......Page 3435
Article. 1 - Whether the accidents remain in this sacrament without a subject?......Page 3436
Article. 2 - Whether in this sacrament the dimensive quantity of the bread or wine is the subject of the other accidents?......Page 3438
Article. 3 - Whether the species remaining in this sacrament can change external objects?......Page 3440
Article. 4 - Whether the sacramental species can be corrupted?......Page 3441
Article. 5 - Whether anything can be generated from the sacramental species?......Page 3442
Article. 6 - Whether the sacramental species can nourish?......Page 3444
Article. 7 - Whether the sacramental species are broken in this sacrament?......Page 3445
Article. 8 - Whether any liquid can be mingled with the consecrated wine?......Page 3446
Question. 78 - OF THE FORM OF THIS SACRAMENT (SIX ARTICLES)......Page 3448
Article. 1 - Whether this is the form of this sacrament: 'This is My body,' and 'This is the chalice of My blood'?......Page 3449
Article. 2 - Whether this is the proper form for the consecration of the bread: 'This is My body'?......Page 3451
Article. 3 - Whether this is the proper form for the consecration of the wine: 'This is the chalice of My blood,' etc.?......Page 3452
Article. 4 - Whether in the aforesaid words of the forms there be any created power which causes the consecration?......Page 3455
Article. 5 - Whether the aforesaid expressions are true?......Page 3457
Article. 6 - Whether the form of the consecration of the bread accomplishes its effect before the form of the consecration of the wine be completed?......Page 3458
Question. 79 - OF THE EFFECTS OF THIS SACRAMENT (EIGHT ARTICLES)......Page 3459
Article. 1 - Whether grace is bestowed through this sacrament?......Page 3460
Article. 2 - Whether the attaining of glory is an effect of this sacrament?......Page 3462
Article. 3 - Whether the forgiveness of mortal sin is an effect of this sacrament?......Page 3463
Article. 4 - Whether venial sins are forgiven through this sacrament?......Page 3464
Article. 5 - Whether the entire punishment due to sin is forgiven through this sacrament?......Page 3465
Article. 6 - Whether man is preserved by this sacrament from future sins?......Page 3466
Article. 7 - Whether this sacrament benefit others besides the recipients?......Page 3467
Article. 8 - Whether the effect of this sacrament is hindered by venial sin?......Page 3468
Article. 1 - Whether there are two ways to be distinguished of eating Christ's body?......Page 3469
Article. 2 - Whether it belongs to man alone to eat this sacrament spiritually?......Page 3471
Article. 3 - Whether the just man alone may eat Christ sacramentally?......Page 3472
Article. 4 - Whether the sinner sins in receiving Christ's body sacramentally?......Page 3473
Article. 5 - Whether to approach this sacrament with consciousness of sin is the gravest of all sins?......Page 3475
Article. 6 - Whether the priest ought to deny the body of Christ to the sinner seeking it?......Page 3477
Article. 7 - Whether the seminal loss that occurs during sleep hinders anyone from receiving this sacrament?......Page 3478
Article. 8 - Whether food or drink taken beforehand hinders the receiving of this sacrament?......Page 3481
Article. 9 - Whether those who have not the use of reason ought to receive this sacrament?......Page 3483
Article. 10 - Whether it is lawful to receive this sacrament daily?......Page 3485
Article. 11 - Whether it is lawful to abstain altogether from communion?......Page 3487
Article. 12 - Whether it is lawful to receive the body of Christ without the blood?......Page 3488
Article. 1 - Whether Christ received His own body and blood?......Page 3489
Article. 2 - Whether Christ gave His body to Judas?......Page 3490
Article. 3 - Whether Christ received and gave to the disciples His impassible body?......Page 3491
Article. 4 - Whether, if this sacrament had been reserved in a pyx, or consecrated at the moment of Christ's death by one of the apostles, Christ Himself would have died there?......Page 3493
Article. 1 - Whether the consecration of this sacrament belongs to a priest alone?......Page 3494
Article. 2 - Whether several priests can consecrate one and the same host?......Page 3495
Article. 3 - Whether dispensing of this sacrament belongs to a priest alone?......Page 3496
Article. 4 - Whether the priest who consecrates is bound to receive this sacrament?......Page 3497
Article. 5 - Whether a wicked priest can consecrate the Eucharist?......Page 3498
Article. 6 - Whether the mass of a sinful priest is of less worth than the mass of a good priest?......Page 3499
Article. 7 - Whether heretics, schismatics, and excommunicated persons can consecrate?......Page 3500
Article. 8 - Whether a degraded priest can consecrate this sacrament?......Page 3501
Article. 9 - Whether it is permissible to receive communion from heretical, excommunicate, or sinful priests, and to hear mass said by them?......Page 3502
Article. 10 - Whether it is lawful for a priest to refrain entirely from consecrating the Eucharist?......Page 3503
Article. 1 - Whether Christ is sacrificed in this sacrament?......Page 3505
Article. 2 - Whether the time for celebrating this mystery has been properly determined?......Page 3506
Article. 3 - Whether this sacrament ought to be celebrated in a house and with sacred vessels?......Page 3508
Article. 4 - Whether the words spoken in this sacrament are properly framed?......Page 3512
Article. 5 - Whether the actions performed in celebrating this sacrament are becoming?......Page 3516
Article. 6 - Whether the defects occurring during the celebration of this sacrament can be sufficiently met by observing the Church's statutes?......Page 3521
Question. 84 - OF THE SACRAMENT OF PENANCE (TEN ARTICLES)......Page 3524
Article. 1 - Whether Penance is a sacrament?......Page 3525
Article. 2 - Whether sins are the proper matter of this sacrament?......Page 3526
Article. 3 - Whether the form of this sacrament is: 'I absolve thee'?......Page 3527
Article. 4 - Whether the imposition of the priest's hands is necessary for this sacrament?......Page 3529
Article. 5 - Whether this sacrament is necessary for salvation?......Page 3530
Article. 6 - Whether Penance is a second plank after shipwreck?......Page 3531
Article. 7 - Whether this sacrament was suitably instituted in the New Law?......Page 3532
Article. 8 - Whether Penance should last till the end of life?......Page 3534
Article. 9 - Whether Penance can be continuous?......Page 3535
Article. 10 - Whether the sacrament of Penance may be repeated?......Page 3537
Article. 1 - Whether Penance is a virtue?......Page 3539
Article. 2 - Whether Penance is a special virtue?......Page 3540
Article. 3 - Whether the virtue of penance is a species of justice?......Page 3541
Article. 5 - Whether penance originates from fear?......Page 3543
Article. 6 - Whether penance is the first of the virtues?......Page 3544
Question. 86 - OF THE EFFECT OF PENANCE, AS REGARDS THE PARDON OF MORTAL SIN (SIX ARTICLES)......Page 3545
Article. 1 - Whether all sins are taken away by Penance?......Page 3546
Article. 2 - Whether sin can be pardoned without Penance?......Page 3547
Article. 3 - Whether by Penance one sin can be pardoned without another?......Page 3548
Article. 4 - Whether the debt of punishment remains after the guilt has been forgiven through Penance?......Page 3550
Article. 5 - Whether the remnants of sin are removed when a mortal sin is forgiven?......Page 3551
Article. 6 - Whether the forgiveness of guilt is an effect of Penance?......Page 3552
Article. 1 - Whether venial sin can be forgiven without Penance?......Page 3554
Article. 2 - Whether infusion of grace is necessary for the remission of venial sins?......Page 3555
Article. 3 - Whether venial sins are removed by the sprinkling of holy water and the like?......Page 3556
Article. 4 - Whether venial sin can be taken away without mortal sin?......Page 3557
Article. 1 - Whether sins once forgiven return through a subsequent sin?......Page 3558
Article. 2 - Whether sins that have been forgiven, return through ingratitude which is shown especially in four kinds of sin?......Page 3560
Article. 3 - Whether the debt of punishment that arises through ingratitude in respect of a subsequent sin is as great as that of the sins previously pardoned?......Page 3562
Article. 4 - Whether the ingratitude whereby a subsequent sin causes the return of previous sins, is a special sin?......Page 3563
Article. 1 - Whether the virtues are restored through Penance?......Page 3564
Article. 2 - Whether, after Penance, man rises again to equal virtue?......Page 3565
Article. 3 - Whether, by Penance, man is restored to his former dignity?......Page 3566
Article. 4 - Whether virtuous deeds done in charity can be deadened?......Page 3568
Article. 5 - Whether deeds deadened by sin, are revived by Penance?......Page 3569
Article. 6 - Whether the effect of subsequent Penance is to quicken even dead works?......Page 3570
Question. 90 - OF THE PARTS OF PENANCE, IN GENERAL (FOUR ARTICLES)......Page 3571
Article. 2 - Whether contrition, confession, and satisfaction are fittingly assigned as parts of Penance?......Page 3572
Article. 3 - Whether these three are integral parts of Penance?......Page 3574
Article. 4 - Whether Penance is fittingly divided into penance before Baptism, penance for mortal sins, and penance for venial sins?......Page 3575
Article. 1 - Whether contrition is an assumed sorrow for sins, together with the purpose of confessing them and of making satisfaction for them?......Page 3577
Article. 2 - Whether contrition is an act of virtue?......Page 3579
Question. 2 - OF THE OBJECT OF CONTRITION (SIX ARTICLES)......Page 3580
Article. 2 - Whether contrition should be on account of original sin?......Page 3581
Article. 3 - Whether we should have contrition for every actual sin?......Page 3582
Article. 4 - Whether a man is bound to have contrition for his future sins?......Page 3583
Article. 5 - Whether a man ought to have contrition for another's sin?......Page 3584
Article. 6 - Whether it is necessary to have contrition for each mortal sin?......Page 3585
Article. 1 - Whether contrition is the greatest possible sorrow in the world?......Page 3586
Article. 2 - Whether the sorrow of contrition can be too great?......Page 3588
Article. 3 - Whether sorrow for one sin should be greater than for another?......Page 3589
Article. 1 - Whether the whole of this life is the time for contrition?......Page 3590
Article. 2 - Whether it is expedient to grieve for sin continually?......Page 3591
Article. 3 - Whether our souls are contrite for sins even after this life?......Page 3592
Article. 1 - Whether the forgiveness of sin is the effect of contrition?......Page 3593
Article. 2 - Whether contrition can take away the debt of punishment entirely?......Page 3594
Article. 3 - Whether slight contrition suffices to blot out great sins?......Page 3595
Article. 1 - Whether confession is necessary for salvation?......Page 3596
Article. 2 - Whether confession is according to the natural law?......Page 3597
Article. 3 - Whether all are bound to confession?......Page 3598
Article. 4 - Whether it is lawful for a man to confess a sin which he has not committed?......Page 3599
Article. 5 - Whether one is bound to confess at once?......Page 3600
Article. 6 - Whether one can be dispensed from confession?......Page 3602
Article. 1 - Whether Augustine fittingly defines confession?......Page 3603
Article. 2 - Whether confession is an act of virtue?......Page 3604
Article. 3 - Whether confession is an act of the virtue of penance?......Page 3605
Article. 1 - Whether it is necessary to confess to a priest?......Page 3606
Article. 2 - Whether it is ever lawful to confess to another than a priest?......Page 3608
Article. 4 - Whether it is necessary for one to confess to one's own priest?......Page 3609
Article. 5 - Whether it is lawful for anyone to confess to another than his own priest, in virtue of a privilege or a command given by a superior?......Page 3611
Article. 6 - Whether a penitent, at the point of death, can be absolved by any priest?......Page 3613
Article. 7 - Whether the temporal punishment is imposed according to the degree of the fault?......Page 3614
Article. 1 - Whether confession can be lacking in form?......Page 3616
Article. 2 - Whether confession should be entire?......Page 3617
Article. 3 - Whether one may confess through another, or by writing?......Page 3618
Article. 4 - Whether the sixteen conditions usually assigned are necessary for confession?......Page 3619
Article. 1 - Whether confession delivers one from the death of sin?......Page 3621
Article. 2 - Whether confession delivers from punishment in some way?......Page 3622
Article. 4 - Whether confession gives hope of salvation?......Page 3623
Article. 5 - Whether a general confession suffices to blot out forgotten mortal sins?......Page 3624
Article. 1 - Whether in every case the priest is bound to hide the sins which he knows under the seal of confession?......Page 3625
Article. 2 - Whether the seal of confession extends to other matters than those which have reference to confession?......Page 3627
Article. 4 - Whether by the penitent's permission, a priest may reveal to another a sin which he knows under the seal of confession?......Page 3628
Article. 5 - Whether a man may reveal that which he knows through confession and through some other source besides?......Page 3629
Article. 1 - Whether satisfaction is a virtue or an act of virtue?......Page 3631
Article. 2 - Whether satisfaction is an act of justice?......Page 3632
Article. 3 - Whether the definition of satisfaction given in the text is suitable?......Page 3633
Article. 1 - Whether man can make satisfaction to God?......Page 3635
Article. 2 - Whether one man can fulfill satisfactory punishment for another?......Page 3637
Article. 1 - Whether a man can satisfy for one sin without satisfying for another?......Page 3638
Article. 2 - Whether, when deprived of charity, a man can make satisfaction for sins for which he was previously contrite?......Page 3639
Article. 3 - Whether previous satisfaction begins to avail after man is restored to charity?......Page 3640
Article. 4 - Whether works done without charity merit any, at least temporal, good?......Page 3642
Article. 5 - Whether the aforesaid works avail for the mitigation of the pains of hell?......Page 3643
Article. 1 - Whether satisfaction must be made by means of penal works?......Page 3644
Article. 2 - Whether the scourges of the present life are satisfactory?......Page 3645
Article. 3 - Whether the works of satisfaction are suitably enumerated?......Page 3646
Article. 1 - Whether penance can be in the innocent?......Page 3647
Article. 2 - Whether the saints in glory have penance?......Page 3648
Article. 3 - Whether an angel can be the subject of penance?......Page 3649
Question. 17 - OF THE POWER OF THE KEYS (THREE ARTICLES)......Page 3650
Article. 1 - Whether there should be keys in the Church?......Page 3651
Article. 2 - Whether the key is the power of binding and loosing, etc.?......Page 3652
Article. 3 - Whether there are two keys or only one?......Page 3653
Article. 1 - Whether the power of the keys extends to the remission of guilt? [*St. Thomas here follows the opinion of Peter Lombard, and replies in the negative. Later in life he altered his opinion. Cf. TP, Q[62], A[1]; TP, Q[64], A[1]; TP, Q[86], A[6]]......Page 3655
Article. 2 - Whether a priest can remit sin as to the punishment?......Page 3657
Article. 3 - Whether the priest can bind through the power of the keys?......Page 3659
Article. 4 - Whether the priest can bind and loose according to his own judgment?......Page 3660
Article. 1 - Whether the priest of the Law had the keys?......Page 3661
Article. 2 - Whether Christ had the key?......Page 3662
Article. 3 - Whether priests alone have the keys?......Page 3663
Article. 4 - Whether holy men who are not priests have the keys?......Page 3664
Article. 5 - Whether wicked priests have the use of the keys?......Page 3665
Article. 6 - Whether those who are schismatics, heretics, excommunicate, suspended or degraded have the use of the keys?......Page 3666
Article. 1 - Whether a priest can use the key which he has, on any man?......Page 3667
Article. 2 - Whether a priest can always absolve his subject?......Page 3668
Article. 3 - Whether a man can use the keys with regard to his superior?......Page 3669
Question. 21 - OF THE DEFINITION, CONGRUITY AND CAUSE OF EXCOMMUNICATION (FOUR ARTICLES)......Page 3670
Article. 1 - Whether excommunication is suitably defined as separation from the communion of the Church, etc?......Page 3671
Article. 2 - Whether the Church should excommunicate anyone?......Page 3672
Article. 3 - Whether anyone should be excommunicated for inflicting temporal harm?......Page 3673
Article. 4 - Whether an excommunication unjustly pronounced has any effect?......Page 3674
Article. 1 - Whether every priest can excommunicate?......Page 3675
Article. 3 - Whether a man who is excommunicated or suspended can excommunicate another?......Page 3676
Article. 4 - Whether a man can excommunicate himself, his equal, or his superior?......Page 3677
Article. 5 - Whether a sentence of excommunication can be passed on a body of men?......Page 3678
Article. 1 - Whether it is lawful, in matters purely corporal, to communicate with an excommunicated person?......Page 3679
Article. 2 - Whether a person incurs excommunication for communicating with one who is excommunicated?......Page 3680
Article. 3 - Whether it is always a mortal sin to communicate with an excommunicated person in other cases than those in which it is allowed?......Page 3681
Article. 1 - Whether any priest can absolve his subject from excommunication?......Page 3682
Article. 3 - Whether a man can be absolved from one excommunication without being absolved from all?......Page 3684
Article. 1 - Whether an indulgence can remit any part of the punishment due for the satisfaction of sins?......Page 3685
Article. 2 - Whether indulgences are as effective as they claim to be?......Page 3687
Article. 1 - Whether every parish priest can grant indulgences?......Page 3690
Article. 3 - Whether a bishop can grant indulgences?......Page 3692
Article. 1 - Whether an indulgence avails those who are in mortal sin?......Page 3693
Article. 2 - Whether indulgences avail religious?......Page 3694
Article. 4 - Whether an indulgence avails the person who grants it?......Page 3695
Article. 1 - Whether a penance should be published or solemnized?......Page 3696
Article. 2 - Whether a solemn penance can be repeated?......Page 3697
Article. 3 - Whether solemn penance should be imposed on women and clerics, and whether any priest can impose it?......Page 3698
Article. 1 - Whether Extreme Unction is a sacrament?......Page 3699
Article. 2 - Whether Extreme Unction is one sacrament?......Page 3700
Article. 3 - Whether this sacrament was instituted by Christ?......Page 3701
Article. 4 - Whether olive oil is a suitable matter for this sacrament?......Page 3702
Article. 5 - Whether the oil ought to be consecrated?......Page 3703
Article. 6 - Whether the matter of this sacrament need be consecrated by a bishop?......Page 3704
Article. 7 - Whether this sacrament has a form?......Page 3705
Article. 8 - Whether the form of this sacrament should be expressed by way of assertion or of petition?......Page 3706
Article. 9 - Whether the foregoing prayer is a suitable form for this sacrament?......Page 3707
Article. 1 - Whether Extreme Unction avails for the remission of sins?......Page 3708
Article. 2 - Whether bodily health is an effect of this sacrament?......Page 3709
Article. 3 - Whether this sacrament imprints a character?......Page 3710
Article. 2 - Whether deacons can confer this sacrament?......Page 3711
Article. 3 - Whether none but a bishop can confer this sacrament?......Page 3712
Article. 2 - Whether this sacrament ought to be given in any kind of sickness?......Page 3713
Article. 3 - Whether this sacrament ought to be given to madmen and imbeciles?......Page 3714
Article. 5 - Whether the whole body should be anointed in this sacrament?......Page 3715
Article. 6 - Whether the parts to be anointed are suitably assigned?......Page 3716
Article. 1 - Whether this sacrament ought to be repeated?......Page 3717
Question. 34 - HOLY ORDERS (QQ[34]-40)......Page 3718
Article. 1 - Whether there should be Order in the Church?......Page 3719
Article. 2 - Whether Order is properly defined?......Page 3720
Article. 3 - Whether Order is a sacrament?......Page 3721
Article. 4 - Whether the form of this sacrament is suitably expressed?......Page 3722
Article. 5 - Whether this sacrament has any matter?......Page 3723
Article. 1 - Whether sanctifying grace is conferred in the sacrament of Order?......Page 3724
Article. 2 - Whether in the sacrament of Order a character is imprinted in connection with all the Orders?......Page 3725
Article. 4 - Whether the character of Order necessarily presupposes the character of Confirmation?......Page 3726
Article. 5 - Whether the character of one Order necessarily presupposes the character of another Order?......Page 3727
Article. 1 - Whether goodness of life is required of those who receive Orders?......Page 3728
Article. 2 - Whether knowledge of all Holy Writ is required?......Page 3729
Article. 3 - Whether a man obtains the degrees of Order by the merit of one's life?......Page 3730
Article. 4 - Whether he who raises the unworthy to Orders commits a sin?......Page 3731
Article. 5 - Whether a man who is in sin can without sin exercise the Order he has received? [*Cf. TP, Q[64], A[6]]......Page 3732
Article. 1 - Whether we ought to distinguish several Orders?......Page 3733
Article. 2 - Whether there are seven Orders?......Page 3734
Article. 3 - Whether the Order should be divided into those that are sacred and those that are not?......Page 3737
Article. 4 - Whether the acts of the Orders are rightly assigned in the text?......Page 3738
Article. 5 - Whether the character is imprinted on a priest when the chalice is handed to him?......Page 3740
Article. 1 - Whether a bishop alone confers the sacrament of Order?......Page 3742
Article. 2 - Whether heretics and those who are cut off from the Church can confer Orders? [*Cf. TP, Q[64], AA[5],9]......Page 3743
Article. 1 - Whether the female sex is an impediment to receiving Orders?......Page 3745
Article. 2 - Whether boys and those who lack the use of reason can receive Orders?......Page 3746
Article. 3 - Whether the state of slavery is an impediment to receiving Orders?......Page 3747
Article. 4 - Whether a man should be debarred from receiving Orders on account of homicide?......Page 3748
Article. 5 - Whether those of illegitimate birth should be debarred from receiving Orders?......Page 3749
Question. 40 - OF THE THINGS ANNEXED TO THE SACRAMENT OF ORDER (SEVEN ARTICLES)......Page 3750
Article. 1 - Whether those who are ordained ought to wear the tonsure?......Page 3751
Article. 3 - Whether by receiving the tonsure a man renounces temporal goods?......Page 3752
Article. 4 - Whether above the priestly Order there ought to be an episcopal power?......Page 3753
Article. 5 - Whether the episcopate is an Order?......Page 3754
Article. 6 - Whether in the Church there can be anyone above the bishops?......Page 3755
Article. 7 - Whether the vestments of the ministers are fittingly instituted in the Church?......Page 3756
Article. 1 - Whether matrimony is of natural law?......Page 3759
Article. 2 - Whether matrimony still comes under a precept?......Page 3760
Article. 3 - Whether the marriage act is always sinful?......Page 3762
Article. 4 - Whether the marriage act is meritorious?......Page 3763
Article. 1 - Whether matrimony is a sacrament?......Page 3764
Article. 2 - Whether this sacrament ought to have been instituted before sin was committed?......Page 3765
Article. 3 - Whether matrimony confers grace?......Page 3766
Article. 4 - Whether carnal intercourse is an integral part of this sacrament?......Page 3768
Article. 1 - Whether a betrothal is a promise of future marriage?......Page 3769
Article. 2 - Whether seven years is fittingly assigned as the age for betrothal?......Page 3771
Article. 3 - Whether a betrothal can be dissolved?......Page 3773
Article. 1 - Whether matrimony is a kind of joining?......Page 3775
Article. 2 - Whether matrimony is fittingly named?......Page 3776
Article. 3 - Whether matrimony is fittingly defined in the text?......Page 3777
Article. 1 - Whether consent is the efficient cause of matrimony?......Page 3778
Article. 2 - Whether the consent needs to be expressed in words?......Page 3779
Article. 3 - Whether consent given in words expressive of the future makes a marriage?......Page 3780
Article. 4 - Whether, in the absence of inward consent, a marriage is made by consent given in words of the present?......Page 3781
Article. 5 - Whether consent given secretly in words of the present makes a marriage?......Page 3782
Question. 46 - OF THE CONSENT TO WHICH AN OATH OR CARNAL INTERCOURSE IS APPENDED (TWO ARTICLES)......Page 3783
Article. 1 - Whether an oath added to the consent that is expressed in words of the future tense makes a marriage?......Page 3784
Article. 2 - Whether carnal intercourse after consent expressed in words of the future makes a marriage?......Page 3785
Article. 1 - Whether a compulsory consent is possible?......Page 3786
Article. 2 - Whether a constant man can be compelled by fear?......Page 3787
Article. 3 - Whether compulsory consent invalidates a marriage?......Page 3788
Article. 4 - Whether compulsory consent makes a marriage as regards the party who uses compulsion?......Page 3789
Article. 6 - Whether one can be compelled by one's father's command to marry?......Page 3790
Question. 48 - OF THE OBJECT OF THE CONSENT (TWO ARTICLES)......Page 3791
Article. 1 - Whether the consent that makes a marriage is a consent to carnal intercourse?......Page 3792
Article. 2 - Whether marriage can result from one person's consent to take another for a base motive?......Page 3793
Article. 1 - Whether certain blessings are necessary in order to excuse marriage?......Page 3794
Article. 2 - Whether the goods of marriage are sufficiently enumerated?......Page 3796
Article. 3 - Whether the sacrament is the chief of the marriage goods?......Page 3797
Article. 4 - Whether the marriage act is excused by the aforesaid goods?......Page 3799
Article. 5 - Whether the marriage act can be excused without the marriage goods?......Page 3800
Article. 6 - Whether it is a mortal sin for a man to have knowledge of his wife, with the intention not of a marriage good but merely of pleasure?......Page 3801
Article. 1 - Whether it is fitting that impediments should be assigned to marriage?......Page 3803
Article. 1 - Whether it is right to reckon error as an impediment to marriage?......Page 3806
Article. 2 - Whether every error is an impediment to matrimony?......Page 3807
Article. 1 - Whether the condition of slavery is an impediment to matrimony?......Page 3809
Article. 2 - Whether a slave can marry without his master's consent?......Page 3811
Article. 3 - Whether slavery can supervene to marriage?......Page 3812
Article. 4 - Whether children should follow the condition of their father?......Page 3814
Article. 1 - Whether marriage already contracted should be annulled by the obligation of a simple vow?......Page 3815
Article. 2 - Whether a solemn vow dissolves a marriage already contracted?......Page 3816
Article. 3 - Whether order is an impediment to matrimony?......Page 3818
Article. 4 - Whether a sacred order cannot supervene to matrimony?......Page 3819
Article. 1 - Whether consanguinity is rightly defined?......Page 3820
Article. 2 - Whether consanguinity is fittingly distinguished by degrees and lines?......Page 3822
Article. 3 - Whether consanguinity is an impediment to marriage by virtue of the natural law?......Page 3825
Article. 4 - Whether the degrees of consanguinity that are an impediment to marriage could be fixed by the Church?......Page 3827
Article. 1 - Whether a person contracts affinity through the marriage of a blood-relation?......Page 3830
Article. 2 - Whether affinity remains after the death of husband or wife?......Page 3831
Article. 3 - Whether unlawful intercourse causes affinity?......Page 3832
Article. 4 - Whether affinity is caused by betrothal?......Page 3833
Article. 5 - Whether affinity is a cause of affinity?......Page 3834
Article. 6 - Whether affinity is an impediment to marriage?......Page 3836
Article. 8 - Whether the degrees of affinity extend in the same way as the degrees of consanguinity?......Page 3837
Article. 9 - Whether a marriage contracted by persons with the degrees of affinity or consanguinity should always be annulled?......Page 3838
Article. 10 - Whether it is necessary to proceed by way of accusation for the annulment of a marriage contracted by persons related to each other by affinity or consanguinity?......Page 3839
Question. 56 - OF THE IMPEDIMENT OF SPIRITUAL RELATIONSHIP (FIVE ARTICLES)......Page 3841
Article. 1 - Whether spiritual relationship is an impediment to marriage?......Page 3842
Article. 2 - Whether spiritual relationship is contracted by baptism only?......Page 3843
Article. 3 - Whether spiritual relationship is contracted between the person baptized and the person who raises him from the sacred font?......Page 3845
Article. 4 - Whether spiritual relationship passes from husband to wife?......Page 3846
Article. 1 - Whether adoption is rightly defined?......Page 3847
Article. 2 - Whether a tie that is an impediment to marriage is contracted through adoption?......Page 3849
Article. 3 - Whether legal relationship is contracted only between the adopting father and the adopted child?......Page 3850
Question. 58 - OF THE IMPEDIMENTS OF IMPOTENCE, SPELL, FRENZY OR MADNESS, INCEST AND DEFECTIVE AGE (FIVE ARTICLES)......Page 3851
Article. 1 - Whether impotence is an impediment to marriage?......Page 3852
Article. 2 - Whether a spell can be an impediment to marriage?......Page 3854
Article. 3 - Whether madness is an impediment to marriage?......Page 3855
Article. 4 - Whether marriage is annulled by the husband committing incest with his wife's sister?......Page 3856
Article. 5 - Whether defective age is an impediment to marriage?......Page 3857
Article. 1 - Whether a believer can marry an unbeliever?......Page 3858
Article. 2 - Whether there can be marriage between unbelievers?......Page 3860
Article. 3 - Whether the husband, being converted to the faith, may remain with his wife is she be unwilling to be converted?......Page 3861
Article. 4 - Whether a believer can, after his conversion, put away his unbelieving wife if she be willing to cohabit with him without insult to the Creator?......Page 3863
Article. 5 - Whether the believer who leaves his unbelieving wife can take another wife?......Page 3864
Article. 6 - Whether other sins dissolve marriage?......Page 3866
Article. 1 - Whether it is lawful for a man to kill his wife if she be discovered in the act of adultery?......Page 3867
Article. 2 - Whether wife-murder is an impediment to marriage?......Page 3869
Article. 1 - Whether one party after the marriage has been consummated can enter religion without the other's consent?......Page 3870
Article. 2 - Whether before the marriage has been consummated one consort can enter religion without the other's consent?......Page 3871
Question. 62 - OF THE IMPEDIMENT THAT SUPERVENES TO MARRIAGE AFTER ITS CONSUMMATION, NAMELY FORNICATION (SIX ARTICLES)......Page 3872
Article. 1 - Whether it is lawful for a husband to put away his wife on account of fornication?......Page 3873
Article. 2 - Whether the husband is bound by precept to put away his wife when she is guilty of fornication?......Page 3874
Article. 3 - Whether the husband can on his own judgment put away his wife on account of fornication?......Page 3875
Article. 4 - Whether in a case of divorce husband and wife should be judged on a par with each other?......Page 3876
Article. 5 - Whether a husband can marry again after having a divorce?......Page 3878
Article. 6 - Whether husband and wife may be reconciled after being divorced?......Page 3879
Article. 1 - Whether a second marriage is lawful?......Page 3880
Article. 2 - Whether a second marriage is a sacrament?......Page 3881
Question. 64 - OF THE THINGS ANNEXED TO MARRIAGE, AND FIRST OF THE PAYMENT OF THE MARRIAGE DEBT (TEN ARTICLES)......Page 3882
Article. 1 - Whether husband and wife are mutually bound to the payment of the marriage debt?......Page 3883
Article. 2 - Whether a husband is bound to pay the debt if his wife does not ask for it?......Page 3884
Article. 3 - Whether it is allowable for a menstruous wife to ask for the marriage debt? [*This and the Fourth Article are omitted in the Leonine edition.]......Page 3885
Article. 4 - Whether a menstruous woman should or may lawfully pay the marriage debt to her husband if he ask for it? [*This and the previous article are omitted in the Leonine edition.]......Page 3886
Article. 5 - Whether husband and wife are equal in the marriage act?......Page 3887
Article. 6 - Whether husband and wife can take a vow contrary to the marriage debt without their mutual consent?......Page 3888
Article. 7 - Whether it is forbidden to demand the debt on holy days?......Page 3889
Article. 8 - Whether it is a mortal sin to ask for the debt at a holy time?......Page 3890
Article. 10 - Whether weddings should be forbidden at certain times? [*This article is omitted in the Leonine edition.]......Page 3891
Article. 1 - Whether it is against the natural law to have several wives?......Page 3892
Article. 2 - Whether it was ever lawful to have several wives?......Page 3896
Article. 3 - Whether it is against the natural law to have a concubine?......Page 3898
Article. 4 - Whether it is a mortal sin to have intercourse with a concubine?......Page 3899
Article. 5 - Whether it was ever lawful to have a concubine?......Page 3901
Article. 1 - Whether irregularity attaches to bigamy?......Page 3902
Article. 2 - Whether irregularity results from bigamy, when one husband has two wives, one in law, the other in fact?......Page 3903
Article. 3 - Whether irregularity is contracted by marrying one who is not a virgin?......Page 3904
Article. 5 - Whether it is lawful for a bigamist to receive a dispensation?......Page 3906
Question. 67 - OF THE BILL OF DIVORCE (SEVEN ARTICLES)......Page 3907
Article. 1 - Whether inseparableness of the wife is of natural law?......Page 3908
Article. 2 - Whether it may have been lawful by dispensation to put away a wife?......Page 3909
Article. 3 - Whether it was lawful to divorce a wife under the Mosaic law?......Page 3910
Article. 4 - Whether it was lawful for a divorced wife to have another husband?......Page 3912
Article. 5 - Whether a husband could lawfully take back the wife he had divorced?......Page 3913
Article. 6 - Whether the reason for divorce was hatred for the wife?......Page 3914
Question. 68 - OF ILLEGITIMATE CHILDREN (THREE ARTICLES)......Page 3915
Article. 2 - Whether children should suffer any loss through being illegitimate?......Page 3916
Article. 3 - Whether an illegitimate son can be legitimized?......Page 3917
Article. 1 - Whether places are appointed to receive souls after death?......Page 3918
Article. 2 - Whether souls are conveyed to heaven or hell immediately after death?......Page 3920
Article. 3 - Whether the souls who are in heaven or hell are able to go from thence?......Page 3921
Article. 4 - Whether the limbo of hell is the same as Abraham's bosom?......Page 3923
Article. 5 - Whether limbo is the same as the hell of the damned?......Page 3925
Article. 7 - Whether so many abodes should be distinguished?......Page 3926
Article. 1 - Whether the sensitive powers remain in the separated soul? [*Cf. FP, Q[77], A[8]]......Page 3929
Article. 2 - Whether the acts of the sensitive powers remain in the separated soul?......Page 3932
Article. 3 - Whether the separated soul can suffer from a bodily fire?......Page 3934
Article. 1 - Whether the suffrages of one person can profit others?......Page 3938
Article. 2 - Whether the dead can be assisted by the works of the living?......Page 3940
Article. 3 - Whether suffrages performed by sinners profit the dead?......Page 3941
Article. 5 - Whether suffrages profit those who are in hell?......Page 3943
Article. 6 - Whether suffrages profit those who are in purgatory?......Page 3947
Article. 7 - Whether suffrages avail the children who are in limbo?......Page 3948
Article. 8 - Whether suffrages profit the saints in heaven?......Page 3949
Article. 9 - Whether the prayers of the Church, the sacrifice of the altar and alms profit the departed?......Page 3950
Article. 10 - Whether the indulgences of the Church profit the dead?......Page 3952
Article. 11 - Whether the burial service profits the dead?......Page 3953
Article. 12 - Whether suffrages offered for one deceased person profit the person for whom they are offered more than others?......Page 3954
Article. 13 - Whether suffrages offered for several are of as much value to each one as if they had been offered for each in particular?......Page 3956
Article. 14 - Whether general suffrages avail those for whom special suffrages are not offered, as much as special suffrages avail those for whom they are offered in addition to general suffrages?......Page 3957
Article. 1 - Whether the saints have knowledge of our prayers?......Page 3958
Article. 2 - Whether we ought to call upon the saints to pray for us?......Page 3960
Article. 3 - Whether the prayers which the saints pour forth to God for us are always granted?......Page 3962
Article. 1 - Whether any signs will precede the Lord's coming to judgment?......Page 3964
Article. 2 - Whether towards the time of the judgment the sun and moon will be darkened in very truth?......Page 3966
Article. 3 - Whether the virtues of heaven will be moved when our Lord shall come?......Page 3967
Article. 1 - Whether the world is to be cleansed?......Page 3968
Article. 2 - Whether the cleansing of the world will be effected by fire?......Page 3970
Article. 3 - Whether the fire whereby the world will be cleansed will be of the same species with elemental fire?......Page 3971
Article. 4 - Whether that fire will cleanse also the higher heavens?......Page 3973
Article. 5 - Whether that fire will consume the other elements?......Page 3974
Article. 6 - Whether all the elements will be cleansed by that fire?......Page 3976
Article. 7 - Whether the fire of the final conflagration is to follow the judgment?......Page 3977
Article. 8 - Whether that fire will have such an effect on men as is described?......Page 3978
Article. 9 - Whether that fire will engulf the wicked?......Page 3979
Article. 1 - Whether there is to be a resurrection of the body?......Page 3981
Article. 2 - Whether the resurrection will be for all without exception?......Page 3983
Article. 3 - Whether the resurrection is natural?......Page 3984
Article. 1 - Whether the resurrection of Christ is the cause of our resurrection?......Page 3986
Article. 2 - Whether the sound of the trumpet will be the cause of our resurrection?......Page 3988
Question. 77 - OF THE TIME AND MANNER OF THE RESURRECTION (FOUR ARTICLES)......Page 3990
Article. 1 - Whether the time of our resurrection should be delayed till the end of the world?......Page 3991
Article. 2 - Whether the time of our resurrection is hidden?......Page 3993
Article. 4 - Whether the resurrection will happen suddenly or by degrees?......Page 3995
Question. 78 - OF THE TERM 'WHEREFROM' OF THE RESURRECTION (THREE ARTICLES)......Page 3996
Article. 1 - Whether death will be the term 'wherefrom' of the resurrection in all cases?......Page 3997
Article. 2 - Whether all will rise again from ashes?......Page 3998
Article. 3 - Whether the ashes from which the human body will be restored have any natural inclination towards the soul which will be united to them?......Page 4000
Article. 1 - Whether in the resurrection the soul will be reunited to the same identical body?......Page 4001
Article. 2 - Whether it will be identically the same man that shall rise again?......Page 4003
Article. 3 - Whether the ashes of the human body must needs, by the resurrection, return to the same parts of the body that were dissolved into them?......Page 4006
Article. 1 - Whether all the members of the human body will rise again?......Page 4007
Article. 2 - Whether the hair and nails will rise again in the human body?......Page 4009
Article. 3 - Whether the humors will rise again in the body?......Page 4010
Article. 4 - Whether whatever in the body belonged to the truth of human nature will rise again in it?......Page 4011
Article. 5 - Whether whatever was materially in a man's members will all rise again?......Page 4015
Article. 1 - Whether all will rise again of the same age?......Page 4017
Article. 2 - Whether all will rise again of the same stature?......Page 4018
Article. 3 - Whether all will rise again of the male sex?......Page 4019
Article. 4 - Whether all will rise again to animal life so as to exercise the functions of nutrition and generation?......Page 4020
Article. 1 - Whether the bodies of the saints will be impassible after the resurrection?......Page 4022
Article. 3 - Whether impassibility excludes actual sensation from glorified bodies?......Page 4025
Article. 4 - Whether in the blessed, after the resurrection, all the senses will be in act?......Page 4028
Article. 1 - Whether subtlety is a property of the glorified body?......Page 4030
Article. 2 - Whether by reason of this subtlety a glorified body is able to be in the same place with another body not glorified?......Page 4032
Article. 3 - Whether it is possible, by a miracle, for two bodies to be in the same place?......Page 4035
Article. 4 - Whether one glorified body can be in the same place together with another glorified body?......Page 4037
Article. 5 - Whether by virtue of its subtlety a glorified body will no longer need to be in an equal place?......Page 4038
Article. 6 - Whether the glorified body, by reason of its subtlety, will be impalpable?......Page 4040
Article. 1 - Whether the glorified bodies will be agile?......Page 4041
Article. 2 - Whether the saints will never use their agility for the purpose of movement?......Page 4042
Article. 3 - Whether the movement of the saints will be instantaneous?......Page 4044
Article. 1 - Whether clarity is becoming to the glorified body?......Page 4049
Article. 2 - Whether the clarity of the glorified body is visible to the non-glorified eye?......Page 4050
Article. 3 - Whether a glorified body will be necessarily seen by a non-glorified body?......Page 4051
Article. 1 - Whether the bodies of the damned will rise again with their deformities?......Page 4052
Article. 2 - Whether the bodies of the damned will be incorruptible?......Page 4054
Article. 3 - Whether the bodies of the damned will be impassible?......Page 4056
Article. 1 - Whether after the resurrection every one will know what sins he has committed?......Page 4058
Article. 2 - Whether every one will be able to read all that is in another's conscience?......Page 4060
Article. 3 - Whether all merits and demerits, one's own as well as those of others, will be seen by anyone at a single glance?......Page 4061
Article. 1 - Whether there will be a general judgment?......Page 4062
Article. 2 - Whether the judgment will take place by word of mouth?......Page 4064
Article. 3 - Whether the time of the future judgment is unknown?......Page 4065
Article. 4 - Whether the judgment will take place in the valley of Josaphat?......Page 4067
Article. 1 - Whether any men will judge together with Christ?......Page 4068
Article. 2 - Whether the judicial power corresponds to voluntary poverty?......Page 4070
Article. 3 - Whether the angels will judge?......Page 4071
Article. 4 - Whether the demons will carry out the sentence of the Judge on the damned?......Page 4072
Article. 5 - Whether all men will be present at the judgment?......Page 4073
Article. 6 - Whether the good will be judged at the judgment?......Page 4074
Article. 7 - Whether the wicked will be judged?......Page 4075
Article. 8 - Whether at the coming judgment the angels will be judged?......Page 4076
Article. 1 - Whether Christ will judge under the form of His humanity?......Page 4077
Article. 2 - Whether at the judgment Christ will appear in His glorified humanity?......Page 4079
Article. 3 - Whether the Godhead can be seen by the wicked without joy?......Page 4081
Article. 1 - Whether the world will be renewed?......Page 4082
Article. 2 - Whether the movement of the heavenly bodies will cease?......Page 4084
Article. 3 - Whether the brightness of the heavenly bodies will be increased at this renewal?......Page 4088
Article. 4 - Whether the elements will be renewed by an addition of brightness?......Page 4091
Article. 5 - Whether the plants and animals will remain in this renewal?......Page 4092
Article. 1 - Whether the human intellect can attain to the vision of God in His essence?......Page 4094
Article. 2 - Whether after the resurrection the saints will see God with the eyes of the body? [*Cf. FP, Q[12], A[3]]......Page 4102
Article. 3 - Whether the saints, seeing God, see all that God sees? [*Cf. FP, Q[12], AA[7],8]......Page 4105
Article. 1 - Whether the happiness of the saints will be greater after the judgment than before?......Page 4109
Article. 2 - Whether the degrees of beatitude should be called mansions?......Page 4111
Article. 3 - Whether the various mansions are distinguished according to the various degrees of charity?......Page 4112
Article. 1 - Whether the blessed in heaven will see the sufferings of the damned?......Page 4113
Article. 2 - Whether the blessed pity the unhappiness of the damned?......Page 4114
Question. 95 - OF THE GIFTS* OF THE BLESSED (FIVE ARTICLES) [*The Latin 'dos' signifies a dowry.]......Page 4115
Article. 1 - Whether any gifts should be assigned as dowry to the blessed?......Page 4116
Article. 2 - Whether the dowry is the same as beatitude*? [*Cf. FP, Q[12], A[7], ad 1; FS, Q[4], A[3]]......Page 4118
Article. 3 - Whether it is fitting that Christ should receive a dowry?......Page 4119
Article. 4 - Whether the angels receive the dowries?......Page 4121
Article. 5 - Whether three dowries of the soul are suitably assigned?......Page 4122
Article. 1 - Whether the aureole is the same as the essential reward which is called the aurea?......Page 4125
Article. 2 - Whether the aureole differs from the fruit?......Page 4128
Article. 3 - Whether a fruit is due to the virtue of continence alone?......Page 4129
Article. 4 - Whether three fruits are fittingly assigned to the three parts of continence?......Page 4130
Article. 5 - Whether an aureole is due on account of virginity?......Page 4132
Article. 6 - Whether an aureole is due to martyrs?......Page 4135
Article. 7 - Whether an aureole is due to doctors?......Page 4139
Article. 8 - Whether an aureole is due to Christ?......Page 4140
Article. 9 - Whether an aureole is due to the angels?......Page 4141
Article. 10 - Whether an aureole is also due to the body?......Page 4142
Article. 11 - Whether three aureoles are fittingly assigned, those of virgins, of martyrs, and of doctors?......Page 4143
Article. 12 - Whether the virgin's aureole is the greatest of all?......Page 4144
Question. 97 - OF THE PUNISHMENT OF THE DAMNED (SEVEN ARTICLES)......Page 4145
Article. 1 - Whether in hell the damned are tormented by the sole punishment of fire?......Page 4146
Article. 3 - Whether the weeping of the damned will be corporeal?......Page 4147
Article. 4 - Whether the damned are in material darkness?......Page 4148
Article. 5 - Whether the fire of hell will be corporeal?......Page 4149
Article. 6 - Whether the fire of hell is of the same species as ours?......Page 4151
Article. 7 - Whether the fire of hell is beneath the earth?......Page 4152
Article. 1 - Whether every act of will in the damned is evil?......Page 4154
Article. 2 - Whether the damned repent of the evil they have done?......Page 4155
Article. 3 - Whether the damned by right and deliberate reason would wish not to be?......Page 4156
Article. 4 - Whether in hell the damned would wish others were damned who are not damned?......Page 4157
Article. 6 - Whether the damned demerit?......Page 4158
Article. 7 - Whether the damned can make use of the knowledge they had in this world? [*Cf. FP, Q[89]]......Page 4159
Article. 8 - Whether the damned will ever think of God?......Page 4160
Article. 9 - Whether the damned see the glory of the blessed?......Page 4161
Article. 1 - Whether by Divine justice an eternal punishment is inflicted on sinners? [*Cf. FS, Q[87], AA[3],4]......Page 4162
Article. 2 - Whether by God's mercy all punishment of the damned, both men and demons, comes to an end?......Page 4165
Article. 3 - Whether God's mercy suffers at least men to be punished eternally?......Page 4166
Article. 4 - Whether the punishment of Christians is brought to an end by the mercy of God?......Page 4167
Article. 5 - Whether all those who perform works of mercy will be punished eternally?......Page 4169
Article. 1 - Whether those souls which depart with original sin alone, suffer from a bodily fire, and are punished by fire?......Page 4171
Article. 2 - Whether these same souls suffer spiritual affliction on account of the state in which they are?......Page 4173
Question. 2 - OF THE QUALITY OF SOULS WHO EXPIATE ACTUAL SIN OR ITS PUNISHMENT IN PURGATORY (SIX ARTICLES)......Page 4175
Article. 1 - Whether the pains of Purgatory surpass all the temporal pains of this life?......Page 4176
Article. 3 - Whether the soul in Purgatory are punished by the demons?......Page 4177
Article. 4 - Whether venial sin is expiated by the pains of Purgatory as regards the guilt?......Page 4178
Article. 5 - Whether the fire of Purgatory delivers from the debt of punishment?......Page 4180
Article. 6 - Whether one person is delivered from this punishment sooner than another?......Page 4181
Article. 1 - Whether there is a Purgatory after this life?......Page 4182
Article. 2 - Whether it is the same place where souls are cleansed, and the damned punished?......Page 4183
Index of Scripture References......Page 4185