Sughosh Madhav, Pardeep Sing, Vandana Mishra, Sirajuddin Ahmed, Pradeep Kumar Mishra

Contents
About the Editors
Chapter 1: Water Quality Characterization of Industrial and Municipal Wastewater, Issues, Challenges, Health Effects, and Control Techniques
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Industrial Wastewater: Sources and Composition
1.3 Municipal Wastewater: Sources and Composition
1.4 Wastewater Related Issues and Challenges Worldwide
1.5 Health Concerns Due to Water Pollution
1.6 Control and Treatment Technologies for Water Pollution
1.7 Major Action Taken by Various Organizations
1.8 Conclusion
References
Chapter 2: Adsorptive Remediation of Pollutants from Wastewater
2.1 Introduction to Water Pollutants
2.2 Treatment Technology
2.3 Adsorption
2.4 Types of Adsorptions
2.5 Different Types of Adsorbents and Their Properties
2.5.1 Nanocellulose-Based Composite Materials
2.5.2 Carbon-Based Nanomaterials
2.5.3 Clay Minerals
2.5.4 Metal-Organic Frameworks
2.5.5 Graphene
2.5.6 Low-Costs Adsorbents
2.6 Properties of Adsorbents Effecting Adsorption
2.7 Pollutants Remediation by Adsorbent
2.8 Adsorption Kinetics Models
2.8.1 Pseudo-First-Order (PFO) Model
2.8.2 Pseudo-Second-Order (PSO) Model
2.8.3 Mixed-Order (MO) Model
2.8.4 Elovich Model
2.8.5 Ritchie’s Equation
2.9 Future Aspects
2.10 Conclusion
References
Chapter 3: Technological Outline of Constructed Wetlands: An Alternative for Sustainable and Decentralized Wastewater Treatment
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Background
3.3 Constructed Treatment Wetlands
3.4 Development of Constructed Wetlands: Historical Approach
3.5 Classification of Constructed Wetlands
3.6 Frequently Used Media
3.7 Treatment Mechanism of CWs
3.8 Advantages and Disadvantages
References
Chapter 4: Membrane-Based Remediation of Wastewater
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Membrane-Based Techniques
4.2.1 Pressure-Assisted Membrane Techniques
4.2.2 Non-pressure Assisted Membrane Techniques
4.3 Membrane Development
4.3.1 Membrane Fabrication
4.3.2 Membrane Modifications
4.3.3 Innovative Membranes
4.4 Membrane-Based Remediation of Wastewater
4.4.1 Removal of Heavy Metal Ions
4.4.2 Removal of Colour
4.4.3 Treatment of Oily Wastewater
4.5 Innovative and Sustainable Membrane Techniques
4.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 5: Recent Advancement and Efficiency Hindering Factors in the Wastewater Treatment Plant: A Review
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Methodology
5.3 State of the Art in the Wastewater Treatment Processes
5.3.1 Preliminary Treatment
5.3.1.1 Screening
5.3.1.2 Grit Chamber
5.3.1.3 Equalization Tank
5.3.2 Primary Treatment
5.3.3 Secondary Clarifier
5.3.3.1 Activated Sludge (AS) Method
5.3.3.2 Extended Aeration (EA)
5.3.3.3 Trickling Filter (TF)
5.3.3.4 Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor (MBBR)
5.3.4 Tertiary Treatment
5.4 Conclusions
References
Chapter 6: Nutrient Removal Efficiency of Aquatic Macrophytes in Wastewater
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Nitrogen Contamination
6.3 Phosphorus Contamination
6.4 Phytoremediation
6.5 Nitrogen and Phosphorus Removal Efficiency of Quintessential Aquatic Macrophytes
6.5.1 Water Hyacinth
6.5.2 Azolla
6.5.3 Duckweed
6.5.4 Cattails
6.5.5 Water Lettuce
6.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 7: Microbial Degradation of Wastewater
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Current Status of Water Pollution in India and World
7.2.1 Toxic Contaminants in the Wastewater, Their Sources and Effects
7.2.2 Heavy Metals
7.2.3 Pesticides
7.2.4 Various Sources of Wastewater
7.3 Sustainable Approach
7.3.1 Bioremediation Process
7.3.2 Factors Influencing Microbial Remediation
7.3.3 Physicochemical Variables
7.3.4 Biotic Factors
7.3.5 Climatic Conditions
7.4 Types of Bioremediation
7.4.1 Biostimulation
7.4.2 Bioattenuation
7.4.3 Bioaugmentation
7.4.4 Bioventing
7.4.5 Biopiles
7.5 Advantages of Bioremediation
7.6 Disadvantages of Bioremediation
7.7 Remediation of Wastewater
7.7.1 Phycoremediation
7.7.2 Mycoremediation
7.7.3 Mechanism Involved in Microbial Remediation
7.7.4 Bacterial Remediation
7.7.5 Genetic Engineering’s Role in Bacterial Bioremediation
7.7.6 Fungi Remediation
7.7.7 Algal Remediation
7.7.8 Wastewater Treatment by Alga
7.8 Nanotechnology Involved in Wastewater Treatment
7.8.1 Nanobioremediation
7.8.2 Remediation Using Nanomaterials and Nanoparticles
7.8.3 Success Stories Related to Bioremediation
7.9 Conclusion
7.10 Future Perspectives
References
Chapter 8: Phytoremediation and Phycoremediation: A Sustainable Solution for Wastewater Treatment
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Potential Candidates Used for Wastewater Treatment
8.2.1 Aquatic Plants
8.2.2 Microalgae
8.2.3 Macroalgae
8.3 Role of Aquatic Plants and Algae in Wastewater Treatment
8.3.1 Nitrogen and Phosphorus Acquisition from Wastewater
8.3.2 Utilization of Organic Waste as a Source of Energy
8.3.3 Heavy Metal Uptake and Utilization
8.4 Challenges of Phytoremediation and Phycoremediation
8.5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
Chapter 9: Application of Nanomaterials for the Remediation of Heavy Metals Ions from the Wastewater
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Toxicity of Heavy Metals
9.3 Nanomaterials as Adsorbents
9.4 Metal Oxide Nanoparticles
9.5 Magnetic Based Nanoparticles (MNPs)
9.6 Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs)
9.7 Chitosan Formulated Nanomaterials
9.8 Silica Based Nanomaterials
9.9 Graphene Based Nano-Adsorbents
9.10 Factors Affecting Adsorption Processes
9.11 Nano-Catalysts
9.12 Nano-Materials as Photocatalysts
9.13 Nano-Membranes
9.14 Conclusion
References
Chapter 10: Remediation of Heavy Metals form Wastewater by Nanomaterials
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Sources of Heavy Metals and Their Health Impacts
10.3 Conventional Treatment Technologies
10.3.1 Adsorption
10.3.2 Chemical Co-precipitation and Coagulation-Flocculation
10.3.3 Membrane and Filters
10.3.4 Biological and Electrochemical Remediation
10.4 Application of Nanomaterials
10.4.1 Adsorption Treatment
10.4.2 Magnetic Removal
10.4.3 Nanomembranes and Nanofilters
10.4.4 Electrochemical Nanomaterials
10.5 Limitations and Plausible Solution
10.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 11: Agricultural Residue-Derived Sustainable Nanoadsorbents for Wastewater Treatment
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Available Wastewater Treatment Techniques
11.3 Wastewater Treatment Through Adsorption Method
11.3.1 Nanoadsorbents for Wastewater Treatment
11.3.2 Agricultural Residue-Derived Nanoadsorbents for Wastewater Treatment
11.3.2.1 Silica-Based Nanoadsorbents
11.3.2.2 Cellulose-Based Nanoadsorbents
11.3.2.3 Lignin-Based Nanoadsorbents
11.3.2.4 Biochar-Based Nanoadsorbents
11.3.3 Mechanism Involved in Adsorptive Removal of Inorganic and Organic Pollutants
11.3.4 Adsorbent Selection and Regeneration
11.4 Conclusion and Recommendations
References
Chapter 12: State-of-the-Art and Perspectives of Agro-Waste-Derived Green Nanomaterials for Wastewater Remediation
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Conventional Technologies Used for Wastewater Remediation
12.3 Nanomaterials for Wastewater Remediation and Their Advantages
12.3.1 Some Advantages of Nanomaterials in Wastewater Remediation
12.4 Agro-Waste-Derived Green Nanomaterials for Wastewater Remediation
12.4.1 Carbon-Based Nanomaterials for Water Remediation
12.4.1.1 Activated Carbon
12.4.1.2 Biochar
12.4.1.3 Carbon Nanotubes
12.4.2 Metal Oxide-Based Nanomaterials
12.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 13: Removal of Organic Pollutants from Waste Water by Adsorption onto Rice Husk-Based Adsorbents, an Agricultural Waste
13.1 Introduction
13.1.1 Efficacy of Adsorption Technique in Waste Water Treatment
13.1.2 Importance of Agricultural Wastes as Adsorbents
13.1.3 Composition of Agricultural Wastes
13.1.4 Characterization of Waste Water
13.1.5 Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)
13.1.6 Organic Pollutants in Waste Water and Their Toxicity
13.2 Development of Rice Husk-Based Adsorbents
13.2.1 Rice Husks (RH)
13.2.2 Rice Husk Ash, ‘RHA’
13.2.3 Characterization of RH and RHA
13.2.4 Brief Applications of RH Based Adsorbents
13.3 Adsorption Study
13.3.1 Adsorption Kinetics
13.3.2 Adsorption Isotherms
13.3.3 Mechanism of Adsorption
13.3.4 Regeneration of Adsorbent or Desorption Studies
13.4 Adsorption of Organic Pollutants Onto Rice Husk-Based Adsorbents
13.4.1 Adsorption of Organic Dyes onto RH and RHA
13.4.2 Adsorption of Detergents and Oils
13.4.3 Adsorption of Pesticides, Herbicides, Pharmaceuticals and Fertilizers
13.4.3.1 Adsorption of Pesticides
13.4.3.2 Adsorption of Herbicides
13.4.3.3 Adsorption of Pharmaceuticals
13.4.3.4 Adsorption of Fertilizers
13.4.4 Adsorption of Phenol and Its Derivatives
13.5 Conclusions and Future Prospects
References
Chapter 14: Nanomaterial Composite Based Nanofiber Membrane: Synthesis to Functionalization for Wastewater Purification
14.1 Introduction
14.1.1 Sources and Composition of Wastewater
14.2 Nanomaterial Based Purification Methodologies
14.2.1 Nanophotocatalysts
14.2.2 Nanosorbents
14.2.3 Nanomembranes
14.3 Fabrication of Nanofiber Membrane
14.3.1 Functionalization of Nanofiber Membrane
14.3.1.1 Nanofiber Functionalization Methods
Polymer Surface Activation
Covalent Bonding
Radical Polymerization Process
Noncovalent Immobilization Process
14.3.2 Factors Effecting Morphology of Nanofiber Membrane
14.3.2.1 Solution Parameter Effect
14.3.2.2 Processing Parameter Effect
14.3.2.3 Ambient Parameter Effect
14.3.3 Filtration process
14.3.3.1 Microfiltration
14.3.3.2 Ultrafiltration
14.3.3.3 Nanofiltration
14.3.3.4 Reverse Osmosis
14.3.3.5 Forward Osmosis
14.4 Application of Nanofiber Membrane for Water Purification
14.4.1 Cations
14.4.2 Anions
14.4.3 Nanoparticles Filtration
14.4.4 Organic Contaminants
14.4.5 Biological Contaminants
14.5 Barriers Associated with Nanomaterial-Based Water Purification
14.5.1 Toxicity
14.5.2 Cost Effectiveness
14.5.3 Nanomaterial Ecotoxicity
14.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 15: Enzymes and Its Nano-scaffold for Remediation of Organic Matter in Wastewater: A Green Bioprocess
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Organic Pollutants
15.3 Impact on Environment and Human Health
15.4 Bioremediation
15.5 Enzymatic Bioremediation: A Green Bioprocess
15.5.1 Enzymes Used in Bioremediation of Organic Pollutants
15.5.2 Major Challenges
15.6 Advances in Enzyme Technology: A Nanobiocatalyst for Bioremediation
15.7 Conclusion and Future Prospects
References
Chapter 16: Nanomaterial Hybridized Hydrogels as a Potential Adsorbent for Toxic Remediation of Substances from Wastewater
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Carbon Nanomaterial-Hybridized Hydrogels for Wastewater Treatment
16.3 Silica Nanoparticle-Hybridized Hydrogels for Remediation of Organic Dye
16.4 Metal and Metal Oxide Nanoparticle-Hybridized Hydrogels for Elimination of Toxic Dye
16.5 Nanomaterial’s Hybridized Polysaccharide Hybrid Hydrogels for Organic Dye Removal
16.6 Summary, Challenges, and Future Perspectives
References
Chapter 17: Legislative Policies and Industrial Responsibilities for Discharge of Wastewater in the Environment
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Present-Day Scenario of Wastewater Management in the World and Asian Countries
17.3 Policies and Initiatives by the Government of Asian Countries
17.3.1 India
17.3.2 Russia
17.3.3 China
17.3.4 Pakistan
17.3.5 Japan
17.3.6 Korea
17.3.7 Indonesia
17.3.8 Saudi Arabia
17.3.9 Turkey
17.3.10 Thailand
17.4 Prevailing Problems and Critical Issues in the Wastewater Management
17.4.1 Inefficient Treatment Technologies
17.4.1.1 Wear and Tear of Plant Structures
17.4.1.2 Variable Flow
17.4.1.3 Variable Turbidity
17.4.1.4 Scale Builds Up
17.4.1.5 High BOD
17.4.1.6 Pin Floc
17.4.1.7 Sludge Management
17.4.2 Chemicals That Escape Treatment
17.4.2.1 High Nutrient Levels
17.4.2.2 Excessive FOG
17.4.2.3 Microplastics
17.4.2.4 Xenobiotics/Recalcitrants
17.4.2.5 Heavy Metals
17.4.2.6 Per-/Poly-Fluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS)
17.5 Advanced Techniques for the Treatment of Wastewaters Adopted by Industries
17.5.1 Techniques to Overcome Operational Difficulties
17.5.2 Techniques to Treat Persistent Chemicals and Microplastics
17.5.2.1 Advanced Oxidation Technologies
17.5.2.2 Advance Anaerobic Sludge Digestion Processes
17.5.2.3 Membrane Bioreactors
17.5.2.4 Phytoremediation
17.5.2.5 Heavy Metal Removal and Reuse Techniques
17.5.3 Tecniques to Cope with Management Flaws
17.5.3.1 Online SCADA-Based Monitoring with IoT
17.6 Future Prospects of Reuse and Recycle of Wastewater
17.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 18: Potential Role of Blue Carbon in Phytoremediation of Heavy Metals
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Overview of Heavy Metals
18.2.1 Definition and Sources
18.2.2 Effects of Heavy Metals
18.2.2.1 Human Health
18.2.2.2 Ecosystem
18.3 Overview of Coastal Water and Blue Carbon
18.4 Sources of Heavy Metals in Coastal Water Along the Bay of Bengal
18.4.1 Sewage Effluents
18.4.2 Land Run-Off
18.4.3 Industrial Effluents
18.4.4 Antifouling Paints
18.5 Phytoremediation
18.5.1 Definition
18.5.2 Mechanism of Phytoremediation
18.5.2.1 Phytoextraction
18.5.2.2 Phytofiltration
18.5.2.3 Phytostabilization
18.5.2.4 Phytovolatilization
18.5.2.5 Phytodegradation
18.5.2.6 Rhizodegradation
18.5.2.7 Phytodesalination
18.5.3 Selection of Plant Species
18.5.4 Factors Affecting Phytoremediation
18.6 Uptake of Heavy Metals by Coastal Vegetation
18.6.1 Mangroves
18.6.2 Saltmarsh Grass
18.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 19: Biodegradation Potentials of Cassava Wastewater by Indigenous Microorganisms
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Characteristics of Cassava Wastewater
19.3 Environmental Impacts of Cassava Wastewater
19.4 Concept of Biotechnology
19.5 Biodegradation Efficiency of Cassava Wastewater by Indigenous Microbes
19.6 Factors that Influence the Biodegradation of Cassava Wastewater by Microorganisms
19.6.1 Presence of Inhibitory Materials
19.6.2 Inoculum Size
19.6.3 The Concentration of Toxic Substances
19.6.4 pH
19.6.5 Incubation Period
19.6.6 Choice of Microorganisms
19.6.7 Nutrients
19.6.8 Hydraulic Retention Time and Organic Loading Rate
19.7 Conclusion
References
Index