Sugar Beet Cultivation, Management and Processing

Foreword
Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgment
Contents
Editors and Contributors
List of Figures
List of Tables
Part I: Domestication to Ameliorated Cultivation
1: Evolution and History of Sugar Beet in the World: An Overview
1.1 Introduction
1.1.1 Domestication of Sugar Beet (About 8500 B.C.)
1.1.2 Sugar Beet Processing in Europe
1.1.3 Sugar Beet Introduction to Western Hemisphere (The Americas)
1.1.4 Beet Industries in Europe
1.1.5 Australian Colonial Era
1.1.6 History of Sugar Beet in India
1.2 Current Scenario of Sugar Beet in India
1.3 Future Prospects
References
2: Understanding the Sugar Beet Crop and Its Physiology
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Classification of Sugar Beet
2.3 Morphological Components of Sugar Beet Crop
2.3.1 Stem
2.3.2 Leaves
2.3.2.1 Stomata
2.3.3 Root
2.3.3.1 Composition of Sugar Beet Roots and Its Molasses
2.3.3.2 Fangy Roots
2.3.3.3 Problems of Fangy Roots
2.3.4 Flowers
2.3.5 Fruits
2.3.6 Seeds
2.3.7 Pollination
2.4 Photosynthesis and Sucrose Synthesis
2.5 Development of Cambial Rings in Roots and Their Activity
2.6 Process of Sucrose Storage
2.7 Future Prospects
2.8 Conclusion
References
3: Physiological and Molecular Aspects of Sucrose Accumulation in Sugar Beet
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Physiology of Sugar Accumulation During Growth Stages
3.2.1 Allocation of Photosynthetic Materials
3.3 Sugar Storage Stage
3.4 The Relationship Between Source and Sink
3.5 Impurities (Non-Sugar Components) in the Root
3.6 Post-Harvest Root Physiology
3.7 Increasing the Sugar Content via Breeding Techniques
3.7.1 Inheritance
3.7.2 Genome Mapping
3.7.3 Sucrose Transporter Genes
3.8 Future Prospects
3.9 Conclusion
References
4: Shaping the Sugar Beet of Tomorrow: Current Advances in Sugar Beet Biotechnology and New Breeding Techniques
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Sugar Beet Transformation
4.3 Plastid Transformation
4.4 Transient Expression
4.5 Heterologous Genes Transformed in Sugar Beet
4.5.1 GMO Sugar Beet for Improvement of Biotic Stress
4.5.1.1 Herbicide Tolerance
4.5.1.2 Insect Resistance
4.5.1.3 Nematode Resistance
4.5.1.4 Fungal Resistance
4.5.1.5 Viral Resistance
4.6 Abiotic Stress
4.6.1 Drought Tolerance
4.6.2 Salt Tolerance
4.7 Development and Metabolism
4.7.1 Bolting Resistance
4.7.2 High Sucrose Yield
4.7.3 Fructan Production
4.8 Sugar Beet as a Source of Genes for Biotechnological Applications
4.8.1 Biotic Stress
4.8.2 Abiotic Stress
4.8.3 Development and Metabolism
4.9 New Breeding Techniques in Sugar Beet
4.10 Future Prospects
References
5: Biotechnological Approaches in Sugar Beet Development
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Molecular Studies and Advances in Sugar Beet
5.2.1 Genetic Diversity in Sugar Beet
5.2.2 OMICS Approaches in Sugar Beet
5.2.2.1 Genome Mapping for Useful Traits in B. vulgaris
5.2.2.2 Next-Generation Sequencing and Other Sequencing Applications in Sugar Beet
5.2.2.3 Transcriptomics and Proteomics Study in Sugar Beet
5.2.2.4 Genetic Manipulation Through Transgenics in Beta vulgaris
5.2.3 Plant Tissue Culture Techniques in Sugar Beet
5.2.3.1 Sugar Beet Micropropagation
5.2.3.2 Somaclonal Variation in Sugar Beet
5.3 Future Prospects
5.4 Conclusion
References
6: Seed Productionand Certification in Sugar Beet
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Production Regions
6.3 Plant Material
6.4 Seed Production
6.5 Indirect Method
6.5.1 Generality
6.5.2 Stecklings Production
6.5.2.1 Field Requirements
6.5.2.2 Sowing of Basic Seed
6.5.2.3 Irrigation
6.5.2.4 Mineral Nutrition
6.5.2.5 Weed and Pest Control
6.5.2.6 Overwintering and Steckling Harvest
6.6 Seed Production Through Steckling Method
6.6.1 Field and Rotation Requirements
6.6.2 Stecklings Transplanting
6.6.3 Crop Management
6.7 Direct Method
6.7.1 Field and Rotation Requirements
6.8 Flowering
6.9 Maturation
6.10 Seed Harvest
6.10.1 Cutting on Swath
6.10.2 Direct Threshing After Desiccation
6.11 Seed Processing
6.12 Processing of Cleaned Seed
6.12.1 Pelleting
6.12.2 Coating
6.13 Seed Certification
6.14 Certification Scheme
6.15 Crop Inspections
6.15.1 Nurseries Inspections
6.15.2 Seed Bearing Crops Inspections
6.15.3 Seed Analyses
6.15.4 Sampling
6.15.5 Laboratory Analyses
6.15.6 Analytical Purity
6.15.7 Germination Test
6.15.8 Moisture Content
6.15.9 Other Conditions
6.15.10 Labelling
6.16 Future Prospects
6.17 Conclusions
References
7: India's Sugar Beet Seed Technology and Production
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Seed Production in Indian Hills
7.3 Multigerm Seeds and Its Development
7.4 Multigerm Seed Grading
7.5 Sugar Beet Indigenous Varieties for Commercial Production in India
7.6 IISR, India Developed Commercial Sugar Beet Varieties
7.7 Germplasm Collection, Maintenance, and Evaluation
7.8 Future Prospects
7.9 Conclusion
References
8: Artificial Seed Technology
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Advantages of Artificial Seed
8.3 Production of Artificial Seeds: The Prerequisites
8.3.1 Explants
8.3.2 Shoot Tips, Axillary Buds, Internode Cuttings, Microshoots
8.3.3 Encapsulation of Explants
8.3.4 Artificial Endosperm
8.4 Steps of Producing Artificial Seeds
8.5 Types of Artificial Seeds
8.5.1 Desiccated or Hydrated Artificial Seeds
8.5.2 Uncoated Non-Quiescent or Uncoated Quiescent Artificial Seed
8.6 Production of Artificial Seeds in Sugar Beet
8.7 Future Prospects
8.7.1 Limitations Associated with Artificial Seed Production
8.8 Conclusion
References
9: Scope of Cultivation of Sugar Beet Under Indian Subtropical Conditions
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Uses of Sugar Beet
9.3 Sustainability Through Sugar Beet Cultivation
9.4 Scientific Cultivation of Sugar Beet Under Subtropical Conditions
9.4.1 Selection of Varieties
9.4.2 Planting Time
9.4.3 Planting Methods, Density and Depth of Sowing
9.4.4 Nutrient Management
9.4.5 Irrigation Management
9.4.6 Pest Management
9.5 Economics of Cultivation
9.6 Major Constraints in Cultivation of Sugar Beet in Indo-Gangetic Plains
9.7 Future Prospects
9.8 Conclusion
References
10: Factors Affecting Production Potentials and Adaptability of Sugar Beet Under Subtropical Conditions of Punjab
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Production Needs of Sugar Beet Crop
10.2.1 Favourable Climatic Conditions
10.2.2 Ideal Soil Type
10.2.2.1 Role of Varieties/Hybrid
10.2.3 Pure and Healthy Seed
10.3 Indian Perspective of Sugar Beet Varieties
10.4 Agronomic Interventions for Higher Productivity
10.4.1 Land Preparation
10.4.2 Date of Sowing
10.4.3 Planting Methods
10.5 Integrated Nutrient Management
10.6 Irrigation: Role of Micro-Irrigation Systems
10.7 Effective Weed Management
10.8 Management of Important Pest and Diseases of Sugar beet
10.8.1 Diseases
10.8.1.1 Seed Borne Diseases
10.8.1.2 Soil Borne Diseases
10.8.1.3 Foliar Diseases
10.8.1.4 Root Diseases
10.8.2 Insects and Pests
10.9 Harvesting and Post-Harvesting Constraints
10.10 Comparative Economics of Sugar beet Cultivation
10.11 Future Prospects
10.12 Conclusions
References
11: Sugar Beet Crop Production and Management
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Soil Management and Preparation
11.3 Autumn Tillage
11.4 Seedbed Preparations
11.5 Soil Requirements of Sugar Beet
11.6 Water Use and Irrigation
11.7 Irrigation Methods
11.7.1 Surface Irrigation
11.7.2 Drip Irrigation
11.7.2.1 Advantages of the Drip Irrigation Method
11.7.2.2 Disadvantages of the Drip Irrigation Method
11.7.3 Sprinkler Irrigation
11.7.3.1 Elements of the Sprinkler System (Fig. 11.12).
11.7.3.2 Advantages of the Sprinkler Irrigation Method
11.7.3.3 Disadvantages of the Sprinkler Irrigation Method
11.7.3.4 Installation of Sprinkler Irrigation System
11.7.4 Center and Linear Pivot Irrigation System
11.7.5 Subsurface Drip Irrigation
11.8 Crop Establishment
11.8.1 Sowing
11.8.2 Plant Population
11.8.3 Weed Competition and Hoeing
11.9 Future Prospects
11.10 Conclusions
References
12: Economical Crop Production and Management of Sugar Beet in Serbia and Montenegro
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Soil Properties and Preparation
12.2.1 Soil Requirements
12.2.2 Fertility
12.2.3 Land Tillage
12.2.3.1 Basic Tillage
12.2.4 Pre-Sowing Treatment
12.2.5 Nutrient Requirement, Nutrient Deficiency, and Management
12.2.5.1 Sugar Beet Nutrients
12.2.5.2 Sugar Beet Nutrition
12.2.5.3 Water Needs and Irrigation
12.2.5.4 Relative Humidity
12.2.5.5 Hydrothermal Coefficient
12.2.5.6 Irrigation
12.2.6 Crop Establishment
12.2.6.1 Sowing
12.2.7 Weed and Control: Cultural, Chemical, Nanotechnology, etc.
12.2.8 Interculturing
12.2.8.1 Cultivation Technology
Crop Rotation
12.2.9 Crop Care Measures
12.2.10 Intercropping
12.2.11 Crop Management under Abiotic Stress Condition: Drought, Salt, and High Temperature Stress
12.2.11.1 Conditions of Cultivating
12.2.12 Thermal Conditions
12.2.13 Light
12.2.14 Relation to CO2
12.2.15 Salt Impact
12.3 Future Prospects
12.4 Conclusion
References
13: Agronomic Management of Sugar Beet
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Soil and Climate
13.3 Varietal Performance
13.4 Sowing Time
13.5 Planting Methods
13.6 Sowing Depth
13.7 Plant Density and Geometry
13.8 Weed Management
13.9 Cultural Control
13.9.1 Crop Rotation
13.9.2 Cover Crop or Mulching
13.9.3 Tillage
13.10 Mechanical Control
13.11 Chemical Control
13.12 Biological Weed Control
13.13 Nutrient Management
13.14 Irrigation
13.15 Harvesting
13.16 Stress Management
13.17 Future Prospects
13.18 Conclusion
References
14: Autumn-Sown Sugar Beet Cultivationin Semiarid Regions
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Challenges of Spring Planting in Arid and Semiarid Regions
14.3 Alternative Planting
14.3.1 Early Spring Planting
14.3.2 Dormant Seeding
14.3.3 Autumn-Winter Planting
14.4 Autumn Cultivation of Sugar Beet
14.5 Comparison of Spring and Autumn Sugar Beet Cultivation
14.6 Advantages of Autumn Cultivation of Sugar Beet
14.7 Challenges of Autumn-Sown Sugar Beet Cultivationin Arid and Semiarid Regions
14.7.1 Bolting
14.7.1.1 Flowering in Sugar Beet
14.7.1.2 Devernalization
14.7.1.3 Growth Habits: The Role of the Bolting Gene B
14.7.2 Freezing Stress
14.7.3 Birds´ Damage
14.8 Future Prospects
14.9 Conclusion
References
15: New Approach to Utilize Nano-Micronutrients in Sugar Beet (Beta vulgaris L.)
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Definition of Nano-Fertilization
15.3 The Importance and Advantages of Nano-Fertilization
15.4 Using the Nanotechnology Image on Micronutrients Fertilizers
15.4.1 Zinc (Zn)
15.4.2 Iron (Fe)
15.4.3 Boron (B)
15.4.4 Manganese (Mn)
15.4.5 Copper (Cu)
15.4.6 Titanium (Ti)
15.4.7 Silicon (Si)
15.5 Applications of Nano-Fertilization on Crops
15.6 Nano-Applications Microelements Fertilizing on Sugar Beet
15.7 Future Prospects
15.8 Conclusions
References
16: Silicon Foliar Application in Sugar Beet Production
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Influence of Silicon Foliar Usage on the Yielding and Technological Quality of Roots of Sugar Beet
16.3 Effect of Silicon Foliar Usage on the Chemical Composition of Sugar Beet Plants
16.4 Influence of Silicon Foliar Usage on the Morphological Traits of Sugar Beet Plants
16.5 Influence of Silicon Foliar Usage on the Sugar Beet Physiological Parameters
16.6 Disease Impact of Silicon Foliar Application in Sugar Production
16.7 Profitability of Silicon Foliar Usage in Sugar Beet Production
16.8 Future Prospects
16.9 Conclusion
References
17: Mechanization of Weed Management in Sugar Beet
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Weed Control
17.3 Manual Weed Control
17.3.1 Hand Weeding
17.3.2 Rogue
17.3.3 Hand Hoeing
17.4 Mechanical Weeding
17.4.1 Mechanical Inter-row Weeding
17.4.1.1 Cage Weeders
17.4.1.2 Rotary Hoe
17.4.1.3 Brush Weeder
17.4.1.4 Rotary Cultivator
17.4.2 Mechanical Intra-row Weeding
17.4.2.1 Finger Weeder
17.4.2.2 Torsion Weeder
17.4.2.3 Brush Weeders
17.4.2.4 ECO Weeder
17.4.3 Broad-spectrum Multipurpose Machines
17.4.3.1 Spring Tines
17.4.3.2 Chain Harrow
17.4.3.3 Topper
17.5 Other Weed Control Machines
17.5.1 Thermal Weeders
17.5.2 Pneumatic Weeders
17.6 Factors Affecting Mechanical Weeding
17.6.1 Timing and Frequency of Inter-Row Weeding
17.6.2 Depth of Soil Coverage
17.6.3 Type of Tool
17.6.4 Type of Machine
17.7 Effectiveness of Mechanical Weeding in Sugar Beet
17.8 Comparison Between Different Weed Control Methods
17.9 Automation in Weeding Machines
17.10 Robotic Weeding Machines
17.11 Future Prospects
17.12 Conclusion
References
18: Chemical Strategy for Weed Management in Sugar Beet
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Problematic Weeds in Sugar Beet
18.2.1 Broad Leaf Weeds
18.2.2 Grasses (Narrow Leaf Weeds)
18.2.3 Parasitic Weeds
18.3 Chemical Weed Management
18.3.1 Herbicides Used in Sugar Beet
18.3.1.1 Combination of Herbicides
18.3.1.2 Reduced Doses
18.3.2 Herbicide Residues
18.3.3 Sensitivity of Sugar Beet to Persistent Herbicides
18.4 Future Prospect
18.5 Conclusion
References
19: Intercropping Sugar Beet with Different Agricultural Crops
19.1 Introduction
19.2 The Most Important Relations of the Intercropping Systems
19.3 Crop Maturity
19.4 Crop Compatibility
19.5 Plant Density
19.6 Sowing Time
19.7 Positive Aspects of Intercropping
19.7.1 Resource Usage
19.7.2 Weed Management
19.7.3 Pest and Disease Control
19.7.4 Soil Preservation and Erosion Control
19.7.5 Yield Grain
19.8 Economic Aspects
19.9 Intercropping with Sugar Beet
19.9.1 Intercropping Sugar Beet with Cereal Crops and Sugar Cane
19.9.2 Intercropping Sugar Beet with Legumes
19.9.3 Intercropping Sugar Beet with Forage Crops
19.9.4 Intercropping Sugar Beet with Oil Crops
19.9.5 Intercropping Sugar Beet with Vegetable Plants
19.9.6 Intercropping Sugar Beet with Aromatic Plants
19.10 Future Prospects
19.11 Conclusion
References
20: Sugar Beet Production Under Changing Climate: Opportunities and Challenges
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Levels of Sugar Beet Yields
20.3 A Route Map to Successful Sugar Beet Production
20.4 Sugar Yield Increase in the Past
20.5 Opportunities
20.6 Challenges
20.7 Future Prospects
20.8 Conclusion
References
21: Drought Stress Management in Sugar Beet (Beta vulgaris L.) Cultivation
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Sugar in the World
21.3 Sugar Industry in Iran
21.4 Drought Stress and Sugar Beet Production
21.5 Mitigation of Drought Stress Effects on Sugar Beet Crop
21.5.1 Use of Drought-Tolerant Varieties
21.5.2 Use of Short-Vegetation-Period Varieties
21.6 Deficit Irrigation
21.7 Modification of Planting Pattern
21.8 Transplanting
21.9 Autumn Sowing
21.9.1 Methyl Jasmonate (MeJA)
21.10 Future Prospects
21.11 Conclusions
References
22: Exogenous Putrescine-Mediated Modulation of Drought Stress Tolerance in Sugar Beet: Possible Mechanisms
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Polyamines and Their Stress Response in Plants
22.3 Putrescine Biosynthesis Pathway
22.4 Effect of Drought on Sugar Beet
22.5 Application of Exogenous Put on Sugar Beet Grown Under Drought Stress
22.5.1 Growth and Morphological Recovery of Sugar Beet by Exogenous Put Under Drought Stress
22.5.2 Changes in Osmoprotectants in Drought-Stressed Sugar Beet Plants by Exogenous Put
22.5.3 Changes in Mineral Contents and Secondary Metabolites in Sugar Beet Plants by Exogenous Put Under Drought Stress
22.5.4 Changes in Antioxidant Enzymatic Activities and Molecular Events in Drought-Stressed Sugar Beet Plants by Exogenous Put
22.6 Future Prospects
22.7 Conclusion
References
23: Improving Sugar Beet Production Under Salinity Conditions
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Agronomic Management Approaches in the Salt-Affected Areas
23.2.1 Leaching and Drainage
23.2.2 Sugar Beet Crop Rotation
23.2.3 Planting Pattern
23.2.4 Plant Density
23.2.5 Fertilization
23.3 Future Prospect
23.4 Conclusion
References
24: Mechanization in Sugar Beet Cultivation
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Soil Cultivation Machines
24.2.1 Some Application Guidelines for Tillage Practices
24.3 Soil Tillage Systems
24.3.1 Conventional Tillage
24.3.2 Conservational Soil Tillage
24.3.3 Reduced Tillage
24.3.4 Mulch Tillage
24.3.5 Strip Tillage
24.3.6 Direct Sowing (No Tillage, Zero Tillage)
24.4 Sowing, Planting Machines
24.5 Hoeing Machines
24.5.1 Rigid Tine Hoes
24.5.2 Rotary Interrow Cultivator
24.6 Fertilizing Machines
24.6.1 Broadcasting
24.6.2 Banding
24.6.3 Fertigation
24.6.4 Foliar Application
24.7 Types of Fertilizing Machines
24.7.1 Organic Fertilizing Machines
24.7.1.1 Liquid Farm Fertilizer Distribution Machine
24.7.1.2 Solid Farm Fertilizer Distribution Machine
24.7.2 Inorganic Fertilizing Machines: Solid (Mineral) Fertilizer Distribution Machine
24.7.2.1 Tank Type Fertilizer Spreader
24.7.2.2 Centrifugal Fertilizer Spreader
24.7.2.3 Liquid and Gas Fertilizer Spreader
24.8 Harvesting Machines
24.9 Topping System
24.10 Lifting System
24.11 Cleaning System
24.12 Loading System
24.13 Suggestions for an Ideal Harvest
24.14 Machinery Harvesting Systems
24.14.1 Types of Harvesting Machine
24.14.1.1 One-Row Trailed Harvester (without Bunker)
24.14.1.2 One-Row Trailed Harvester
24.14.1.3 Six-Row Self-Propelled Beet Harvester
24.15 Cleaning and Loading Machines
24.16 Drone Use in Sugar Beet Farming
24.17 Future Prospects
24.18 Conclusions
References
Part II: Biotic Stress, Post-harvest and Processing Technologies
25: Etiology, Epidemiology, and Management of Sugar Beet Diseases
25.1 Introduction
25.2 Foliar Diseases
25.2.1 Leaf Spot Diseases
25.2.1.1 Cercospora Leaf Spot Disease (CLS)
Causal Agent
Pathogenesis
Symptoms
Favorable Conditions
Control
25.2.1.2 Ramularia Leaf Spot Disease
Causal Agent
Pathogenesis
Symptoms
Favorable Conditions
Control
25.2.1.3 Alternaria Leaf Spot Disease
Causal Agent
Pathogenesis
Symptom
Control
25.2.1.4 Phoma Leaf Spot Disease
Causal Agent
Pathogenesis
Symptoms
Favorable Conditions
Control
25.2.1.5 Rust Disease
Causal Agent
Pathogenesis
Symptoms
Favorable Conditions
Control
25.2.1.6 Powdery Mildew
Causal Agent
Pathogenesis
Symptoms
Favorable Conditions
Control
25.2.1.7 Bacterial Leaf Spot (Bacterial Blight)
Causal Agent
Pathogenesis
Symptoms
Favorable Conditions
Control
25.2.2 Viral Diseases
25.2.2.1 Beet Curly Top Virus (BCTV)
Causal Agent
Pathogenesis
Symptoms
Favorable Conditions
Control
25.2.2.2 Sugar Beet Yellows Virus (BYV)
Causal Agent
Symptoms
Control
25.2.3 Seedling and Root Rot Diseases
25.2.3.1 Seedling Diseases (Damping-off Diseases)
Causal Agent
Pathogenesis
Symptoms
Favorable Conditions
Control
25.2.3.2 Rhizoctonia Root and Crown Rot
Causal Agent
Pathogenesis
Symptoms
Favorable Conditions
Control
25.2.3.3 Wet Rot of Sugar Beet Roots
Causal Agent
Pathogenesis
Symptoms
Favorable Conditions
Control
25.2.3.4 Sclerotium Root Rot
Causal Agent
Symptoms
Favorable Conditions
Control
25.2.3.5 Fusarium Root Rot
Causal Agent
Pathogenesis
Symptoms
Favorable Conditions
Control
25.2.3.6 Charcoal Rot
Causal Agent
Symptoms
Favorable Conditions
25.2.4 Root Bacterial Diseases
25.2.4.1 Tuberculosis Disease (Bacterial Pockets)
Causal Agent
Symptoms
Favorable Conditions
Control
25.2.4.2 Crown-Gall Disease
Causal Agent
Symptoms
Control
25.2.4.3 Root Soft Rot
Causal Agent
Pathogenesis
Symptoms
Favorable Conditions
Control
25.2.4.4 Root Viral Diseases
Beet Necrotic Yellow Vein Virus (Rizomania)
Causal Agent
Pathogenesis
Symptoms
Favorable Conditions
Control
25.3 Conclusion
References
26: Foliar Sugar Beet Diseases and Their Management Approaches in India
26.1 Introduction
26.2 Major Foliar Diseases of Sugar Beet in India
26.2.1 Cercospora Leaf Spot
26.2.1.1 Causal Agent
26.2.1.2 Symptomatology
26.2.1.3 Management
Fungicidal Spray
Developing Resistant/Tolerant Varieties
Cultural Methods
26.2.2 Alternaria Leaf Blight
26.2.2.1 Causal Agent
26.2.2.2 Symptomatology
26.2.2.3 Management
Control with Nonsystemic Fungicides
Developing Resistant/Tolerant Varieties
26.2.3 Powdery Mildew
26.2.3.1 Causal Agent
26.2.3.2 Symptomatology
26.2.3.3 Management
With Systemic and Protective Fungicides
With Bioagent
Developing Resistant/Tolerant Varieties
26.2.3.4 Cultural Methods
26.2.3.5 Integrated Management
26.2.4 Minor Foliar Diseases of Sugar Beet in India
26.2.4.1 Ramularia Leaf Spot
26.2.4.2 Causal Agent
26.2.4.3 Symptomatology
26.2.4.4 Management
Control with Triazole Fungicide
Rotation of Crop up to 4 Years
26.2.5 Phoma Leaf Spot
26.2.5.1 Causal Agent
26.2.5.2 Symptomatology
26.2.5.3 Management
Cultural Control
Control with Fungicides
Crop Rotation
Seed Cleaning
26.3 Future Prospects
26.4 Conclusion
References
27: Cercospora Leaf Spot Disease
27.1 Introduction
27.2 Causal Agent
27.3 Symptoms
27.4 Distribution
27.5 Epidemiology
27.6 Effects of Disease on Yield and Growing Traits of Sugar Beet
27.7 Disease Management
27.7.1 Cultural Control
27.7.2 Crop Rotation
27.7.3 Using Disease-Free Seeds
27.7.4 Good Farming Techniques
27.7.5 Sowing Resistant Varieties
27.8 Fungicide Application
27.9 Integrated Management
27.10 Biocontrol
27.11 Conclusion
References
28: Soil-Borne Pathogen-Mediated Root Rot Diseases of Sugar Beet and Their Management
28.1 Introduction
28.2 Types of Biotic Stresses
28.2.1 Phytophthora Root Rot
28.2.2 Rhizoctonia Crown and Root Rot
28.2.3 Fusarium Root Rot
28.2.4 Violet Root Rot
28.2.5 Phoma Root Rot
28.2.6 Charcoal Rot
28.2.7 Sclerotium Root Rot
28.2.8 Pythium Root Rot
28.2.9 Aphanomyces Black Root
28.2.10 Rhizopus Root Rot
28.3 Future Prospects
28.4 Conclusion
References
29: Integrated Disease Management in Sugar Beet for Sustainable Productivity
29.1 Introduction
29.2 Components of Integrated Disease Management (IDM) and their Application in Sugar Beet
29.2.1 Host Resistance
29.2.2 Cultural Practices
29.2.2.1 Use of Healthy Seeds
29.2.2.2 Crop Rotation
29.2.2.3 Other Miscellaneous Cultural Practices
29.2.3 Chemical Control
29.2.4 Biological Control
29.2.4.1 Trichoderma Spp. as Biocontrol Agent
29.2.4.2 Bacillus Spp. as Biocontrol Agent
29.2.4.3 Other Miscellaneous Fungi as Biocontrol Agent
29.3 Benefits of Integrated Disease Management Approaches
29.4 Future Prospects
29.5 Conclusion
References
30: The Technology Uses in the Determination of Sugar Beet Diseases
30.1 Introduction
30.2 Sugar Beet Diseases
30.3 Drone and Equipments
30.3.1 Components of Drone
30.3.2 Cameras and Sensors Used with Drone
30.3.2.1 Optical Cameras
30.3.2.2 Multispectral Cameras
30.3.2.3 Hyperspectral Cameras
30.3.2.4 Thermal Cameras
30.3.2.5 Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR)
30.3.2.6 Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR)
30.4 Disease Detection with Technological Methods
30.4.1 Image Processing Technique
30.4.2 Deep Learning Technique
30.5 Conclusion
30.6 Future Prospect
References
31: Insect-Pests of Sugar Beet and Their Integrated Management
31.1 Introduction
31.2 Insect-Pests of Sugar Beet
31.2.1 Leaf and Crown Feeders or Defoliators
31.2.1.1 Sugar Beet Moth, Scrobipalpa ocellatella Boyd. (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)
31.2.1.2 Sugar Beet Army Worm, Spodoptera litura Fabr. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
31.2.1.3 Black Cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
31.2.1.4 Bihar Hairy Caterpillar, Spilosoma obliqua (Lepidoptera: Erebidae)
31.2.2 Root Feeders
31.2.2.1 Sugar Beet Root Maggot Tetanops myopaeformis Roder (Diptera: Ulidiidae)
31.2.2.2 White Grubs (Lachnostema Sp., Phyllophaga. Sp.) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)
31.2.2.3 Root Aphids (Pemphigus populivenae Fitch) (Hemiptera: Aphididae)
31.2.3 Sucking Pests
31.2.4 Virus Vectors
31.3 Integrated Pest Management
31.3.1 Cultural Practices
31.3.2 Resistant Variety
31.3.3 Biological Control and Use of Pheromone
31.3.4 Insecticides
31.4 Future Prospects
31.5 Conclusion
References
32: Biological Control of Sugar Beet Insect-Pests
32.1 Introduction
32.2 Amount of Isolation and Abundance of the Entomopathogenic Fungi (EPFs)
32.3 Process of Isolation from Insects Cadavers
32.4 Mass Production of Entomopathogenic Fungi (EPFs)
32.4.1 Peptone Medium
32.4.2 Potato Dextrose Agar Medium
32.5 Field Applications of EPFs Against Insect-Pest Control
32.5.1 Tortoise Beetle (Cassida vittata)
32.5.1.1 Effect on Mortality of C. vittata
32.5.1.2 Mortality Variation of C. vittata
32.5.2 Sugar Beet Mining Moth/Beet Moth (Scrobipalpa ocellatella)
32.5.2.1 Effect on Mortality of S. ocellatella
32.5.2.2 Insect Susceptibility Against EPFs
32.5.3 Sugar Beet Fly, Pegomyia mixta
32.5.3.1 Effect on Mortality of Pegomyia mixta
Mortality % of Pegomyia mixta Eggs
Mortality % of Pegomyia mixta Larvae
Mortality % of Pegomyia mixta Pupae
32.6 Field Experiments
32.7 Future Prospects
32.8 Conclusion
References
33: Biology, Pest Status and Management of Armyworm Spodoptera litura and Cutworm Agrotis ipsilon (Noctuidae: Lepidoptera) on ...
33.1 Introduction
33.2 Sugar Beet Pest Status in India
33.2.1 Insect Pest Spectrum on Sugar Beet
33.3 Economic Losses of Sugar Beet Due to Pests
33.3.1 Assessment of Losses by Artificial Defoliation
33.4 Biology of the Armyworm and Cutworm Infesting Sugar Beet
33.4.1 Armyworm Spodoptera litura Hübner, 1808 (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
33.4.2 Distribution
33.4.3 Habitat
33.4.4 Host
33.4.5 Nature of Damage
33.4.6 Biology of the Pest
33.4.6.1 Egg
33.4.6.2 Larva
33.4.6.3 Pupa
33.4.6.4 Adult
33.5 Cutworm Agrotis ipsilon Hufnagel, 1766 (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
33.5.1 Distribution
33.5.2 Habitat
33.5.3 Host
33.5.4 Nature of Damage
33.5.5 Biology of the Pest
33.5.5.1 Egg
33.5.5.2 Larva
33.5.5.3 Pupa
33.5.5.4 Adult
33.6 Management
33.6.1 Management of Armyworm
33.6.1.1 Cultural Control
33.6.1.2 Biological Control
33.6.1.3 Chemical Control
33.6.2 Management of cut Worm
33.6.2.1 Cultural Control
33.6.2.2 Biological Control
33.6.2.3 Chemical Control
33.7 Future Prospects
33.8 Conclusion
References
34: Natural Enemies of Sugar Beet
34.1 Introduction
34.2 Aspects of Natural Enemies
34.2.1 Basic Studies
34.2.2 Importation
34.2.3 Augmentation
34.2.3.1 Periodic Colonization
34.2.3.2 Selective Breeding
34.2.4 Conservation
34.3 Status of Natural Enemies in the Sugar Beet Ecosystem
34.3.1 Parasitoids and Predators
34.4 Inundative Releases of Natural Enemies
34.5 Conservations of Natural Enemies
34.6 Future Prospects
34.7 Conclusion
References
35: Sugar Beet Nematodes: Their Occurrence, Epidemiology, and Management in Ukraine
35.1 Introduction
35.2 The Species of Plant Parasitic Nematodes in the Sugar Beet-Cultivated Areas in Ukraine, Their Occurrence, Host Plants, Bi...
35.2.1 Beet Cyst Nematode Heterodera schachtii (Nematoda, Order Rhabditida, Family Heteroderidae)
35.2.1.1 Occurrence
35.2.1.2 Host Plants
35.2.1.3 Biology
35.2.1.4 Symptoms
35.2.1.5 Harmfulness
35.2.2 Rootknot Nematodes, Meloidogyne Spp. (Nematoda, Order Rhabditida, Family Meloidogynidae, Meloidogyne)
35.2.2.1 Species Composition and Occurrence
35.2.2.2 Host Plants
35.2.2.3 Biology
35.2.2.4 Symptoms
35.2.2.5 Harmfulness
35.2.3 False Root-Knot Nematode Nacobbus Aberrans (Nematoda, Order Rhabditida, Family Pratylenchidae)
35.2.4 Stem Nematode, Ditylenchus dipsaci (Nematoda, Order Tylenchida, Family Anguinidae, Ditylenchus)
35.2.4.1 Occurrence
35.2.4.2 Host Plants
35.2.4.3 Biology
35.2.4.4 Symptoms
35.2.4.5 Harmfulness
35.2.5 Needle Nematode, Longidorus elongatus (Nematode, Order Dorylaimida, Family Longidoridae)
35.2.5.1 Occurrence
35.2.5.2 Host Plants
35.2.5.3 Biology
35.2.5.4 Symptoms
35.2.5.5 Harmfulness
35.2.6 Stubby Root Nematodes, Trichodorus Spp. (Nematoda, Order Dorylaimida, Family Trichodoridae) and Paratrichodorus Spp. (N...
35.2.6.1 Occurrence
35.2.6.2 Host Plants
35.2.6.3 Biology
35.2.6.4 Symptoms of Infestation
35.2.6.5 Harmfulness
35.2.7 Other Nematode Species
35.3 Measures to Prevent and Control Parasitic Nematode Species in Sugar Beet Cultivation
35.3.1 Soil Sampling
35.3.2 Crop Rotation Schemes
35.3.3 General Agricultural Practices
35.3.4 Trap Crops
35.3.5 Resistant and Tolerant Varieties of Sugar Beet
35.3.6 Resistant and Tolerant Varieties of Oil Seed Radish and Yellow Mustard
35.3.7 Use of Pesticides
35.4 Future Prospects
35.5 Conclusion
References
36: Diseases Caused by Nematodes on the Sugar Beet
36.1 Introduction
36.2 Sugar Beet Cyst Nematode
36.2.1 Symptoms and Sign
36.2.2 Host Range
36.2.3 Life Cycle and Survival
36.2.4 Epidemiology and Spread
36.2.5 Management
36.3 Stubby Root Nematode
36.3.1 Symptoms
36.3.2 Causal Organism
36.3.3 Host Range
36.3.4 Life Cycle and Survival
36.3.5 Epidemiology and Movement
36.3.6 Management
36.4 Other Nematode Parasites of the Sugar Beet
36.5 Nematode Sampling
36.6 Future Prospects
36.7 Conclusion
References
37: Sugar Beet Cyst Nematode (Heterodera schachtii Schmidt): Identification and Antagonists
37.1 Introduction
37.2 Identification
37.2.1 Morphology
37.2.1.1 Description of Heterodera schachtii Schmidt, 1871 (After Turner and Rowe 2006)
Female
Cyst
Male
Second Stage Juvenile (J2)
37.2.1.2 Light Microscopy
37.2.1.3 Scanning Electron Microscopy
37.2.1.4 Morphometrics
37.2.2 Molecular Identification
37.3 Antagonists
37.3.1 Bacterial Antagonists
37.3.2 Fungal Antagonists
37.3.3 Other Antagonists
37.4 Future Prospects
References
38: Endophytes for Sustainable Sugar Beet Production
38.1 Introduction
38.2 Major Types of Endophytes
38.2.1 Bacterial
38.2.2 Fungal
38.3 Colonization of Plants by the Endophytes
38.3.1 Rhizosphere Colonization by the Endophytic Microorganism
38.3.2 Root Colonization by the Endophytic Microorganism
38.3.3 Colonization of Above-Ground Plant Parts by the Endophytes
38.4 Factors Affecting Endophytic Bacterial Diversity
38.4.1 Environmental
38.4.2 Plant Factors
38.5 Mechanisms of Sugar Beet Plant Growth Promotion
38.6 Endophytic Bacterial Diversity of Sugar Beet
38.7 Future Prospects
38.8 Conclusion
References
39: Rhizoctonia Disease and Its Management
39.1 Introduction
39.2 Prevalence of Rhizoctonia solani and Symptomatology
39.3 Conditions for the Development of Rhizoctonia solani
39.3.1 Life Cycle of R. solani
39.3.2 Rhizoctonia solani Infection Realization
39.3.3 Anastamosis Groups of Rhizoctonia solani
39.4 Management of Rhizoctonia solani
39.4.1 Management of R. solani by Tolerant Variety
39.4.2 Management of Rhizoctonia solani by Crop Rotation
39.4.3 Management of R. solani by Chemical Control
39.5 Future Prospects
39.6 Conclusion
References
40: Post-harvest Sucrose Deterioration in Sugar Beet
40.1 Introduction
40.2 Post-harvest Sugar Degradation Issues
40.3 Causes of Sugar Beet Deterioration
40.4 Types of Deterioration in Sugar Beet
40.4.1 Physiological Deterioration
40.4.1.1 Temperature
40.4.2 Physical Deterioration
40.4.2.1 Physical and Mechanical Damage
40.4.2.2 Microbial Deterioration
40.5 Future Prospects
40.6 Conclusion
References
41: Management Strategies for Reducing Post-harvest Deterioration of Sugar Beet (Beta vulgaris L.)
41.1 Introduction
41.2 Strategies of Reducing Post-harvest Deterioration
41.2.1 Proper Harvesting Practices
41.2.1.1 Harvest at Correct Stage of Maturity
41.2.1.2 Harvesting at the Proper Time of the Day
41.2.1.3 Correct Harvesting Method
41.2.2 Post-harvest Handling
41.2.2.1 Transportation to Packing House
41.2.2.2 Packing House Operations
Packing House Dumping
Pre-cooling in Packing House
Pre-sorting
Washing and Cleaning
Grading and Sizing
41.2.2.3 Post-harvest Treatments
Chemical Treatments
Ethylene Inhibitor
Application of Calcium Chloride
Thermal Treatment
Irradiation
Curing
Waxing
41.2.2.4 Packing
41.2.2.5 Storage
In situ or Natural Storage Method
Sand Method
Cellars Method
Night Ventilation
Natural Ventilation
Forced-Air Ventilation
Refrigeration
Modified Atmosphere Packaging (MAP)
41.3 Future Prospects
41.4 Conclusion
41.5 Recommendations
References
42: Sugar Beet Processing to Sugars
42.1 Introduction
42.2 Beet Harvesting Campaign
42.3 Beet Reception
42.4 Yard Operations
42.5 Cleaning
42.6 Slicing
42.7 Extraction
42.8 Pressed Pulp
42.9 Purification
42.9.1 Production of Milk of Lime and Carbon Dioxide
42.9.2 Liming of Diffusion Juice
42.9.3 Pre-liming
42.9.4 Main Liming
42.9.5 Carbonation 1st and 2nd
42.9.6 Decalcification
42.10 Sulphitation
42.11 Evaporation
42.12 Crystallisation
42.13 Sugar Drying, Cooling, and Conditioning
42.14 Thick Juice Campaign
42.14.1 Thick Juice Storage
42.14.2 Syrup Processing
42.15 Sucrose Losses
42.16 Future Prospects
42.17 Conclusion
References
43: Bioethanol: Technologies, Trends, and Prospects
43.1 Introduction
43.2 Fuel Ethanol Prospects in India
43.3 Alcoholic Fermentation
43.3.1 Feedstock for Alcohol Fermentation
43.4 Fermentation Types
43.4.1 Batch Fermentation
43.4.2 Cascade Continuous Fermentation
43.4.3 Fed-Batch Fermentation
43.4.4 Recovery of Alcohol
43.4.5 Atmospheric Distillation
43.4.6 Multi-pressure Distillation
43.4.7 Dehydration with Entrainer Process (Azeotropic Distillation)
43.4.8 Dehydration with Molecular Sieve Process
43.5 Effluent Treatment Options
43.5.1 Raw Spent Wash to Biomethanation to Evaporation to Bio-Composting
43.5.2 Raw SW Concentration by Multiple Effect Evaporation Followed by Incineration
43.5.3 Treatment of Process Condensate and Distillation Spent Lees Through Condensate Polishing Unit (CPU)
43.5.4 Sugar Beet to Ethanol
43.6 Future Prospects
43.7 Conclusion
References
44: Sugar Beet Molasses Production and Utilization
44.1 Introduction
44.2 Quality of Beet Molasses
44.2.1 Soft Molasses and Hard Molasses
44.3 Chemical Components of Sugar Beet Molasses
44.3.1 Production of Sugar Beet Molasses
44.3.1.1 Industrial Process Processing of Sugar Beet
Extraction
Beet Juice Purification
Beet Juice Concentration
Crystallization
44.3.2 Prospect of Production of Beet Molasses
44.3.3 The Advantages and Disadvantages of Beet Molasses Production
44.3.3.1 Advantages
44.3.3.2 Disadvantages
44.3.4 Desugaring of Beet Molasses
44.3.5 Utilization of Beet Molasses
44.3.5.1 Utilization for Consumption of Beet Molasses
44.3.5.2 Human Food
44.3.5.3 Beverages
44.3.5.4 Feed for Livestock
44.3.5.5 Pharmaceuticals
44.3.5.6 Bio Fuel/Fuel Additives
44.3.5.7 Industrial Utilization of Beet Molasses: Experiment on Industrial Utilization of Beet Molasses
44.3.5.8 Methane Production
44.4 Future Scope in Production and Utilization of Beet Molasses
44.4.1 Future Research and Development Could Focus on the Following Areas
44.5 Conclusion
References
45: Bioethanol Production from Sugar Beet Juices and Molasses for Economic and Environmental Perspectives
45.1 Introduction
45.2 Global Scenario of Bioethanol Production
45.3 Feedstocks for Bioethanol Production
45.4 Sugar Beet for Bioethanol Production
45.5 Technology for Bioethanol Production
45.5.1 Harvesting and Transportation
45.5.2 Beet Washing and Cleaning
45.5.3 Beet Slicing
45.5.4 Diffusion (Juice Extraction)
45.6 Pre-treatment of Molasses and Other Lignocellulosic Materials
45.7 Biochemical Compound in Molasses and Their Importance
45.8 Fermentation Technology
45.8.1 Batch Fermentation
45.8.2 Fed-Batch Fermentation
45.8.3 Continuous Fermentation
45.9 Impact of Different Factors on Fermentation Ethanol Production
45.9.1 Temperature and pH
45.9.2 Fermentation Time and Agitation Rate
45.9.3 Sugar Concentration
45.9.4 Distillation and Bioethanol Recovery
45.9.4.1 Molecular Sieve by the Adsorption
45.9.4.2 Solvent Extraction
45.9.4.3 Pervaporation (Membrane Distillation)
45.9.4.4 Gas Stripping
45.9.4.5 Vacuum Fermentation
45.10 Utilization of Molasses
45.11 Livestock Feed Material
45.12 Food Quality Enhancer
45.13 Production of Pectin
45.14 Plastics and Composites Manufacturing
45.15 Transformation to Platform Chemicals
45.16 Source of Carbon to Remove the Contaminants
45.17 Production of Cellulose
45.18 Future Perspective
45.19 Conclusion
References
46: Sugar Beet as Cattle Feed: Scope and Prospects
46.1 Introduction
46.2 Parts of Sugar Beet and Its By-products Used as Cattle Feed
46.3 Nutritional Aspects of Sugar Beet
46.3.1 Carbohydrate Composition
46.3.2 Other Nutritional Constituents
46.4 Digestibility
46.4.1 Digestibility of Carbohydrates
46.4.2 Digestibility of Proteins
46.4.3 Digestion of Fats
46.5 Anti-nutritional Aspects of Sugar Beet
46.5.1 Nitrate Content
46.5.2 Oxalate
46.6 Conclusion
References
47: Sugar Beet Pulp and Research Efforts to Diversify Its Use
47.1 Introduction
47.2 Sugar Beet Process and By-products
47.3 Sugar Beet Pulp Applications
47.3.1 Sugar Beet Pulp as a Raw Material for Particleboard
47.3.2 Sugar Beet Pulp in the Paper Industry
47.3.3 Compost of Sugar Beet Pulp
47.4 Sugar Beet Pulp as Energy Source
47.4.1 Biogas
47.4.2 Bioethanol
47.4.3 Hydrogen
47.4.4 Biodiesel
47.5 Animal Feed from Sugar Beet Pulp
47.6 Food and Aggregated of Sugar Beet Pulp
47.7 Bio-products of Sugar Beet Pulp
47.7.1 Lactic Acid
47.7.2 Biopolyols
47.7.3 Prebiotics
47.8 Keywords Associated to Beet Pulp
47.9 Future Prospects
47.10 Conclusion
References
48: Sugar Beet Pectin and Its Diverse Uses
48.1 Introduction
48.2 Sugar Beet Pectin Structure
48.2.1 Sugar Beet Pectin Structural Elements
48.2.2 Sugar Beet Pectin Structural Models
48.3 Sugar Beet Pectin Extraction Methods
48.3.1 Conventional Extraction Methods
48.3.2 Emerging Extraction Methods
48.4 Sugar Beet Pectin Properties
48.4.1 Emulsifying Properties
48.4.2 Gelling Properties
48.4.3 Viscosity
48.4.4 Prebiotic Properties
48.5 Sugar Beet Pectin Uses
48.5.1 Sugar Beet Pectin as Encapsulation Agent
48.5.2 Sugar Beet Pectin in Food Packaging
48.5.3 Sugar Beet Pectin Gels in Heavy Metals Removal
48.6 Future Prospects
48.7 Conclusion
References