Substance and Non-Substance Related Addictions: A Global Approach

Foreword
Preface
Contents
Contributors
Part I: Comorbid and Age Related Drug Use
1: Drug Use and Mental Health: Comorbidity between Substance Use and Psychiatric Disorders
Introduction
Epidemiology: Prevalence of Psychiatric and Substance Use Disorder Comorbidity
Comorbidity of Substance Use Disorder (SUD) and Anxiety Disorders
Comorbidity of SUD and Mood Disorders
Comorbidity of SUD and Schizophrenia
Comorbidity of SUD and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Dual Diagnosis
Neurobiology of Comorbid Substance Use Disorders and Psychiatric Disorders
Diagnostic Considerations and Therapeutic Approaches
Treatment Course: Prognostic Implications
Conclusion
References
2: ADHD and Co-Occurring Substance Use Disorders
Epidemiology, Comorbidity, and Risk
Outcomes
Co-Occurring ADHD and SUD
Neural Correlates and Genetics
Diagnostic Considerations for ADHD
Assessment and Diagnosis of Comorbid ADHD and SUD
Treatment Options for ADHD and Co-Occurring SUD
Stimulant Medications
Non-Stimulant Medications
Pharmacotherapy in Co-occurring ADHD and SUD
Psychosocial Interventions for ADHD and SUD
Conclusion
References
3: Substance Use in Older Adults
Introduction
Alcohol Use
Diagnosis
Screening
The CAGE
The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT)
The Michigan Alcohol Screening Test-Geriatric
Short Michigan Alcohol Screening Test-Geriatric [22]
The Comorbidity-Alcohol Risk Evaluation Tool [23, 24]
Treatment in the Elderly
Non-pharmacological
Pharmacological Treatment
Tobacco Use Disorder
Illicit Drug Use
Prescriptions Drug Misuse
Special Populations
Conclusion
References
Recommended Reading
4: Child and Adolescent Substance Abuse Disorders
Background
Etiology and Availability
Gender and Ethnic Factors
Familial and Environmental Factors
Comorbid Disorders
Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Conduct Disorder
Post-traumatic Stress Disorder
Anxiety Disorders
Depressive Disorders
Neurobiological Developmental Change
Developmental Consequences of Alcohol and Marijuana
Substances of Abuse
The Gateway Drug Theory
Marijuana
Nicotine – Tobacco and Vaping
Diagnosis and Treatment
Laboratory Screening Methods
Urine Drug Screen
Serum Analysis
Drug Screening Using Hair, Saliva, and Sweat
Evidence-Based Treatments for Adolescent Substance Use
Psychosocial Interventions
Motivational Interviewing
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
Multidimensional Family Therapy
Adolescent Community Reinforcement Approach (ACRA)
Pharmacotherapy
References
Part II: Nonsubstance Addictions
5: Compulsive Sexual Behavior
Introduction
Epidemiology
Evolution of Epidemiological Characterization
Hypersexual Disorder in the DSM-5
Compulsive Sexual Behavior Disorder in the ICD-11
Prevalence and Primary Regional Diagnosis Around the World
United States
Prevalence and Sociodemographics
Family History
Comorbidity
Differential Diagnosis
Outside of the United States
Prevalence and Sociodemographics
Comorbidity
Differential Diagnosis
Resource Poor Settings
Treatment Around the World
General Concepts
Work-Up for CSBs
Treatment of Compulsive Sexual Behaviors
Pharmacologic Treatment – Psychotropic Medications
Pharmacologic Treatment – Hormonal Therapies
Non-Pharmacologic Treatment – Psychological Interventions
Non-Pharmacologic Treatments – Surgical Interventions
Variations in Treatment Around the World
Europe
North America
South America
Africa
Asia
Oceania
Treatment Protocol
Prognosis
Conclusions and Future Directions
Bibliography
6: Food Addiction
Introduction
Epidemiology
Neurobiology of Food Addiction
Animal Models and Human Clinical Studies
Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis
Management of Food Addiction
Psychotherapy Management
Pharmacotherapy
References
7: Internet Addiction
Introduction
Classification
Diagnostic Considerations
Differential Diagnosis
Epidemiology
Etiology
Treatment (Pharmacotherapy and Psychotherapy)
Neurobiology of Behavioral Addictions
Smartphones and Social Media, Pornography, Gambling, and Gaming
Social Media and Smartphones
Online Gambling
Internet Gaming
Problematic Online Pornography Use
Conclusions
References
8: Gambling Disorder
Introduction
Similarity Between Substance Use and Behavioral Disorders [47, 48]
Pharmacotherapy
Behavioral Treatments
Conclusion
References
Part III: Mechanisms, Race and Gender
9: Neurobiological Process of Addiction
Overview in Addiction-Related Brain Regions
Neurotransmitter Involved in Addiction
Reward Pathway in Addiction: Concept and Physiology
Substances and Respective Proposed Neurobiological Pathway
Tolerance and Withdrawal: Concept and Physiology
The Development of Addiction
References
10: The Genetics of Substance Abuse
Introduction
Gene Structure and Expression in Humans
Inheritance of Addictions
Candidate Gene Search
Pavlovian-Conditioned Learning and Place Preference
Genome-Wide Association Studies
Rare and Common Variants
Summary
References
11: Drug Abuse and Race
Introduction
Racial/Ethnic Differences [5]
Review of Data from the National Survey of Drug Use and Health 2018
Conclusions and Future Directions
References
12: Women and Substance Use Disorders
Introduction
Substance Use in Women
Alcohol Use Disorder
Tobacco Use Disorder
Opioid Use Disorder
Cocaine Use Disorder
Cannabis Use Disorder
Conclusion
References
Part IV: Key Drugs of Abuse
13: Cannabinoids: The Case for Legal Regulation That Permits Recreational Adult Use
Introduction
Medical Marijuana
Adult Recreational Cannabis Use
Synthetic Cannabinoids
Recreational Appeal of Synthetic Cannabinoids
Little Is Known About the Effects of Synthetic Cannabinoids in Humans
Unintended Consequences of Prohibition
Incorporating Evidence Into Policy and Practice
References
14: Cocaine
A Brief History of Cocaine
Current Global Impact of Cocaine
Epidemiology of Cocaine Use
Pharmacology
Diagnosis
Screening for Cocaine Use Disorder
Toxicology Testing for Cocaine
Treatment of Cocaine Use Disorder
Pharmacotherapy of Cocaine Use Disorder
Psychotherapy/Psychosocial Treatments for Cocaine Use Disorder
Conclusions
Future Directions
References
15: Opioids
Introduction
Prescription Opioids and Heroin
Short-Term Effects
Long-Term Effects
Injection Drug Use, HIV, and Hepatitis
Other Potential Effects
Treatment
Overdose Treatment
Withdrawal and Chronic Treatment
Conclusion
References
16: Designer Drugs
Synthetic Cannabinoids
History of SCBs
Classification
Mechanism of Action
Metabolism of SCBs
Detection of SCBs
Adverse Effects and Treatment
Synthetic Stimulants
History
Mechanism of Action
Metabolism of Synthetic Cathinones
Detection of Synthetic Cathinones
Adverse Effects and Treatments
Synthetic Hallucinogens
History
Mechanism of Action
Detection and Screening
Adverse Effects and Management
Synthetic Opioids
History
Pharmacological Properties
Acute and Adverse Effects
Detection and Screening
Management
References
17: Prescription Drugs
Introduction
Terminology
Epidemiology
Prescription Opioid Abuse
Prescription CNS Depressants Abuse
Prescription Stimulant Abuse
Differences with Nonprescription Drug Abuse
Comorbidity
Treatment
Risk Factors
Prevention
References
Part V: Special Issues in Substance Use
18: Drug Policy
Introduction
International Drug Control
Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs of 1961 as Amended by the 1972 Protocol
Convention on Psychotropic Substances of 1971
United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances of 1988
International Schedules of Narcotic Drugs
Conclusion
References
19: Global Drug Use
Introduction
Cannabis Trends
Cocaine
Health Consequences of Cocaine
Marijuana
Opioids
Health Consequence
Conclusion
References
20: Drug Abuse and Education
Introduction
Background
Medical Learner’s Curriculum
Resident’s Exposure to Addiction
Fellows’ Exposure to Addiction
Practicing Physician’s Ability to Continue Education in Addiction
Potential Improvements in the Establishment of Medical Education
References
21: Drug Abuse and Pain
Conclusion
Bibliography
Index